Anatomy Respiratory system

1. Anatomy & Physiology of
Respiratory System

2. Pathway of Respiratory Tract
Nasal passages
Nasal cavity
Epiglottis
Larynx Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveolus

3. What is Respiratory System ?
 The respiratory system is the organs and other parts of your body involved in breathing, when you
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Parts of the Respiratory System :
 Nose and nasal cavity
 Sinuses
 Mouth
 Throat (pharynx)
 Voice box (larynx)
 Windpipe (trachea)
 Diaphragm
 Lungs
 Bronchial tubes/bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Air sacs (alveoli)
 Capillaries

4. Types of Respiration
Internal respiration : Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.
External respiration : Also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing
air to the atmosphere (exhalation).
 Diaphragm
 Lungs
 Bronchial tubes/bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Air sacs (alveoli)
 Capillaries

5. Types of Respiration
Inhalation Exhalation
Inhalation is the action of
breathing in or inhaling
Exhalation is the action of
breathing out or exhaling
Size of the chest cavity increases.
Diaphragm contracts, moves
down and became flattened.
Size of the chest cavity decreases.
Diaphragm relaxes, moves up and
becomes dome-shaped.
Lungs are inflated and air from
the outside rushes into the lungs
Lungs are deflated and air goes
out of the lungs.
Oxygen is taken into the blood. Carbon dioxide is taken off from
the blood.
Ribcage moves forward and
outward because of intercostal
muscles.
Ribcage moves downward and
inward because of intercostal
muscles.

6. Upper & Lower Respiratory Tract
• Upper Respiratory tracts:
 Nose
 Nasal Cavity
 Sinuses
 Pharynx
 Larynx
Lower Respiratory tracts:
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
 Lungs

7. Nose – UR Tract
Nose:
 Palantine bone: separates nasal cavity from mouth
 Cleft palate: Palantine bone does not form
correctly, difficulty in swallowing and speaking
 Septum: separates right and left nostrils
 Functions:
 Provides an airway for respiration
 Moistens and warms entering air
 Filters and cleans inspired air
 Resonating chamber for speech
 Detects odors in the airstream

8. Nose - Upper Respiratory Tract
Globet cells:
Respiratory mucosa-contains goblet cells that secrete mucus
 Mucus
 Stickiness traps inhaled particles
 Lysozymes killsbacteria
 Vibrissae (guard hairs): stiff hairs that filter large particles from the air
 Nasal cilia: hair-like projections that propel trapped particles towards
the throat for digestion by digestive enzymes
 Nasal conchae: – folds in the mucous membrane that increase air
turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes
 Olfactory mucosa: – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors

9. Upper Respiratory Tract
Pharynx:
 Funnel shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral
cavities to the larynx
 Three regions of the pharynx
 Nasopharynx - air passage
 Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx- passageway for air, food,
and drink

10. Larynx (Voice box)
Functions :
 Keeps food and drink out of the airway
 Sound production
Anatomical Features:
 9 c-rings of hyaline cartilage form the framework of the larynx (the apex is called the Adam’s apple
 Muscular walls aid in voice production and the swallowing reflex
 Glottis – the superior opening of the larynx
 Epiglottis – prevents food and drink from entering airway when swallowing
 False vocal cords – aid in closing the glottis when swallowing
 True vocal cords – produce sound when air passes between them

11. Trachea (wind pipe) LR-Tract
Functions :
 Air passageway Cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
Anatomical Features:
 Rings of hyaline cartilage – reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing when you inhale
 Traps inhaled debris and propels mucus to the pharynx where it is swallowed

12. Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchi :
Functions:
 Solely an air passageway
Anatomical features :
 Left and right primary bronchi branch off from trachea
 Once the primary bronchi enter the lungs they are subdivided into smaller tubes:
 Secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles →
terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs

13. Lower Respiratory Tract
Lungs :
 Left:
 Divided into 2 lobes
 Smaller than the right lung
 Cardiac notch accommodates the heart
 Right:
 Divided into 3 lobes
 Each lobe is separated by connective tissue and has its
own arteries and veins.
 Serous membranes-cover the entire surface of the lungs and
produce pleural fluid -enables the lungs to expand and
contract with minimal friction
 Visceral –adheres to the surface of the lung
 Parietal- lines the thoracic cavity

14. Alveoli (LR – Tract)
 Alveoli- tiny sacs that are the final branching of the
respiratory tree and act as the gas exchange units of the
lung.
 Alveolar sacs- clusters of alveoli
 Alveolar cells – allow for diffusion of gases & secretion of
surfactant
 Surfactants are substances that reduce surface tension of
fluid in the lungs and helps make (alveoli) more stable.
keeps them from collapsing when an individual exhales
 Surface tension-the tendency of molecules in a fluid to be
pulled toward the center of the fluid
 High surface tension would tend to decrease the surface
area of the lungs, thus making it harder to absorb air.

15. Lungs covering layers
Pleura :
 Parietal pleura
 Visceral pleura
 Pleural cavity
 Pleural fluid
 Apex
 Base
 Cardiac notch

16. Pathology – Respiratory system
Asthma :
 Asthma is a long-term problem in the tubes that carry air into lungs that can make it hard for to
breathe. These airways get so narrow that air can't move freely. It can cause serious wheezing and
breathlessness, known as asthma attacks
COPD: (Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
 A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe. Emphysema and chronic
bronchitis are the most common conditions that make up COPD.

17. Pathology – Respiratory system
Emphysema:
The linings of the tiny air sacs in the lungs become damaged beyond repair. The fragile tissues between air
sacs
are destroyed and air pockets form in the lungs
Bronchitis:
Inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. Two types
acute and chronic bronchitis

18. Pathology – Respiratory system
Pneumonia:
Inflammation of one or both lungs, with dense areas of lung inflammation.
Pneumonia is frequently but not always due to infection. The infection may
be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic
Pleural effusion:
Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space
resulting from excess fluid production or decreased absorption or both
Sinusitis:
Sinus infection is inflammation of the air cavities within the passages of the
nose.
Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs,
though it can affect any organ in the body. It can develop when bacteria
spread through droplets in the air. TB can be fatal, but in many cases, it is
preventable and treatable.

19. Pathology – Respiratory system
Pneumoconiosis:
 A disease of the lungs due to inhalation of dust, characterized by
inflammation, coughing, and fibrosis.
 Three types of pneumoconiosis:
 Coal workers' pneumoconiosis, due to coal dust,
 Silicosis, due to silica dust,
 Asbestosis, due to asbestos fibers
Interstitial lung disease
 Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a group of many lung conditions. All
interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs. The
interstitium is a lace-like network of tissue that goes throughout both lungs.
It supports the lungs' tiny air sacs, called alveoli

20. Pathology – Respiratory system
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
It is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved
from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism)
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects
the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is when one or more lobes (sections) of the lung collapse
because of a blockage or pressure inside or outside the bronchial tubes
in the lungs. The blockage causes air to become trapped, creating a
sensation of shortness of breath.
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitisis an infection of the tonsils, two masses of tissue at the back
of the throat

21. Procedures – Respiratory system
Nebulizers Treatment : A nebulizer changes medication from a liquid to a mist so patient can inhale it
into the lungs. Nebulizers come in home (tabletop) and portable models.
Indications: (COPD), management of cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, HIV/AIDS
CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure therapy, is a treatment method for patients who have sleep
apnea. CPAP machines use mild air pressure to keep the airways open, and are typically used by patients
who have breathing problems during sleep
Indications: Obstructive sleep apnea, infants whose lungs have not fully
developed.

22. Upper Respiratory Tract
BiPAP
BiPAP Stands for Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure, and is very
similar in function and design to a CPAP machine (continuous
positive airway pressure). Similar to a CPAP machine, A BiPAP
machine is a noninvasive form of therapy for patients suffering
from sleep apnea. The main difference between BiPAP and CPAP
machines is that BiPAP machines have two pressure settings: the
prescribed pressure for inhalation and a lower pressure for
exhalation
Spirometry
A spirometry is a pulmonary function test that measures how
much air a person breathes out, and how quickly. Pulmonary
function tests measure how well the lungs are working
Indications: Evaluate dyspnea, detect pulmonary disease, and
monitor effects of therapies used to treat respiratory disease.

23. Upper Respiratory Tract
Pneumonectomy:
A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of
just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that
of a segment of the lung as a wedge resection
Indications: Chronic lung infection (multiple abscesses, bronchiectasis,
fungal infection, tuberculosis), Traumatic lung injury, Bronchial
obstruction with destroyed lung, congenital lung disease
VATS:
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a type of surgery for
diagnosing and treating a variety of conditions involving the chest area
(thorax).

24. Upper Respiratory Tract
Thoracoscopy
Thoracoscopy is a medical procedure involving internal examination,
biopsy, and/or resection of disease or masses within the pleural
cavity and thoracic cavity. Indications: Idiopathic pleural effusions,
Staging of lung cancer, Pleurodesis, Staging for mesothelioma.
Thoracotomy
thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to gain access into the pleural
space of the chest. It is performed by surgeons to gain access to the
thoracic organs, most commonly the heart, the lungs, or the
esophagus, or for access to the thoracic aorta or the anterior spine
Indications: Lung cancer surgery, Esophageal cancer surgery,
Heart/aortic surgery, Chest trauma, Persistent pneumothorax
(collapsed lung), Management of COPD, Tuberculosis.

25. Upper Respiratory Tract
Thoracentesis:
Thoracentesis is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into
the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall.This
procedure is done to remove excess fluid, known as a pleural
effusion, from the pleural space to help to breathe easier
Indications: Pleural effusions or for treatment of empyema’s,
relieve pressure on the lungs
Bronchoscopy:
Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the
inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
Indications: persistent or unexplained cough, blood in the
sputum, inflammation or mass of the lung

26. Upper Respiratory Tract
Control Nasal hemorrhage:
Nosebleeds (also called epistaxis) can occur easily because of
the location of the nose and the close-to-the-surface location
of blood vessels in the lining of the nose.
Indications: Nasal dryness, nose picking or injury, High blood
pressure, Nasal polyps
ET tube:
An endotracheal tube is a flexible plastic tube that is placed
through the mouth into the trachea (windpipe) to help a
patient breathe.
Indications: Congenital malformations and diseases of the
upper airway, mechanical ventilation, perinatal resuscitation
and various forms of acute respiratory distress.