Computers Have Been Used For Thousands Of Years Essay

Computers Have Been Used For Thousands Of Years Essay
Computers have been in use for thousands of years. The concept began with the abacus which was
one of the first arithmetic inventions. Solving mathematic equations became easier and were mainly
used when counting money. Digital computers did not become available until sometime during
World War II. After this invention, the computer continued to steadily advance. More complicated
programing was constantly being utilized in the computer and smaller versions became readily
available. However, not everything on a computer was used for good. With the invention of the
internet, hackers started to appear. Many things were created due to the invention of the computer,
most notably being companies like Google, Microsoft, and Apple. The definition of a computer can
vary depending on the time. The first time the word computer was used was in a book named The
Yong Mans Gleanings written by Richard Braithwait in 1613. In it he says, "I haue read the truest
computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a
short number." (1). This term used here referred to someone that was skilled at math and
calculations. The term remained the same until sometime in the 20th century. Shortly after, it took
on the more modern term of a machine that solves computations, replacing the older term of, "One
Who Calculates". The abacus, a primitive form of a computer, was invented by the Romans. It was a
device that was commonly used for counting money and
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Pros And Cons Of Technology In The Digital Era
Many items that we used today were technology. Technology no doubt has helped us and the world
to advance through times. Technology has helped us a lot in many ways such as making us
advancing towards to digital lifestyle, helping advancing in medical ways and much more. No doubt
that technology has helped us improved our health and lifestyle. Even though technology is our life
saver, they also have their pros and cons. Technology comes from 2 words of 'techne' and 'logy'
which meaning of each 'craft' for techne and scientific study of for 'logy'. When you combine them
together, they become what is today technology has offered us. But, like I mention just now,
technology has their pros and cons. In this essay of comparison, I will examine the the difference
between technology in analog era and technology in digital era. By the end of this essay, a short
summary will be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Never think that technology has become one of our need in our daily life. We can't live without
technology. Without technology, we would not have an fast internet now, a chat call programme and
many more. The conclsuion is that in analog world, we were limited by physics thus making our
physical quantities and our capability to measure is very low. Eventough analog technology, the start
to digital pathway has many imperfection back then, still we can find the advantages of analog
technology in their imperfections. While for digital technology, digital has proven to us that it has
the power to change and shape our life and world to its finest. Eventhough digital domains prove to
be much power than analog, it's still cheap to produce and more convience to use it. Although digital
is more digitize, there are problems that digital has but analog does not have and making analog has
the advantages. But in the end, its up to the people itself how they see technology from their point of
view and how they using

The Italian Agriculture Business Industry
Those oils are shipped tax–free to Italy, where they are bottled for the order and profit of the
multinational corporations. The labels on bottles will read "Packed in Italy" and are sold at prices
very close to the "Made in Italy" products. The knowledge of the origin the date of the product and
the way that it was produced, including the chemicals that were added plus the sanitary issues
involved are hidden or not disclosed, on labels thanks to the favoritism of the laws formulated that
are putting at stake the consumer health.
This is a downfall for the Italian image that before the multinationals entered the market was known
for their high quality goods and the reputation in the field. The Italian agriculture business has to
deal with the "Food Piracy." Six million euro per hour that's the amount of the made in Italy
turnover loss; as it is reported by Confagricoltura (organization of representation and guardianship
of the Italian agricultural enterprise.) A loss caused by the so–called "Italian sounding" whose
images, names and colors imitate the Italian products, but actually those products have nothing to do
with the original made in Italy quality, culture and traditions.
Of course, it is a rip off for the consumer that is easily lured, especially if the consumer is not aware
of the differences between the "Made in Italy" and "Product of Italy" or "Packed in Italy" labels. The
Italian flag and its "Tricolore" (3 colors) "green–white–red" is always very visible, on

Essay On Launching A Small Business
Launching Your Own Small Business The new century has brought upon the most advanced
consumer products that are simply magical. The smartest man from only a few decades ago could
never imagined that a hunk of metal, electricity, and glass the size of a wallet could give the average
American access to all of the worlds documented information. Technology has shaped the world at
an alarming rate, it is a crazy time to be alive. Technology changed how we interact with our peers
and loved ones, in my opinion, humanity has evolved. I was born in 1999, I was born into the age of
Tech, I lived all my life right near silicon Valley. Computers have been surrounded me all my life,
they're something I know, understand, and love. I got my first ... Show more content on
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If I were to start a business, it would be something I am passionate about, and I would want my
dad's support as a partner right by my side. We would start a computer store together, one where we
can build computers to the customers specifications, as well as repair computers that are sent in by
anybody who needs help and doesn't know what they're doing. I have met so many people that
complain about companies that do the same job messing up the product computer, or just simply not
getting what they really want. We have the knowledge that others don't, my dad has background
with I.T. on a business and consumer level, as well as has being an entrepreneur in the past. We
work immensely well with each other, and he's told me countless times that he wants to be in
business with me some day. The first step in opening a business would be choosing what type of
business to be, knowing my dad he would suggest a Limited Liability Corporation, it's what he did
before and he very much enjoyed it. For that we need a name for our Company, let's call it DalSky,
the first three letters of both of our names combined. Then I would say we should get an Registered
Agent do be efficient with our time management. Preparing an LLC operating agreement and filing
our articles of organization would be the next step, my dad again has experience with this,making it
much easier to accomplish this process. Lastly, we need to obtain certificate from the state and

I Am An Former Navy Seal Commander With Many Aptitudes And...
Essay #3 First and foremost, Let me introduce myself I 'm Mr. Survivalist, I am an ex navy seal
commander with many aptitudes and survival tactics. One of my aptitudes that I acquired form my
services was the operations and complete servicing of modern day internal combustion engines as a
Senior Tech Mechanic. As I moved up the ranks, my training started to become educational, after
which I was educated in the field of Communications, Networks and Satellite Operations. Like I
mentioned earlier I have many aptitudes, but most of which I am in no liberty to discuss. You may
however now that I am 52 years of age, furthermore after my navy service, I took an interest and
pursued and attained a Masters in Bio Agriculture which later ... Show more content on
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This shelter is composed of many individuals with many traits, skills, and fundamental qualities that
will aid in the survival and development of our society in the coming years after the Nuclear war.
For the moment, our I cannot give too many details of my plan for our shelter as it may be hindered
by unknown enemies, but I can share with you my philosophies. I believe that a society needs order,
it needs discipline, commitment and most importantly good people with a good heart. I believe
every resident of this shelter has those qualities within them. I have six main goals for us: survive,
educate, clean–up, rebuild/restructure, repopulate and re–unite. Our shelter has all the proper
defenses and shields to prevent any harm to us from the chaos and radiation that will transpiring
outside of these walls. Our walls are 15 ft. thick of many layers of protection. We have our very own
water supply, food supply both grown here and preserved. We generate our own electricity and have
many energy efficient appliances. I have put into place many emergency plants of surviving incase
for some reason our shelter becomes compromised. The next goal is educating our young ones.
While we wait for the radiation levels to minimize, everyone will be educated for specific roles to
better prepare our survival after leaving the shelter. Children however, will receive proper basic
education. Those that wish to continue in education will have that option or they may

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Analog Signal Processing
Firstly I will explain what is signal ,signal processing ,analogue viruses digital signal types of signal
processing their advantages and disadvantages and their comparison .I–e which one is better
.......why analog signal processing (ASP) is replaced with digital signal processing (DSP). What is
Signal???
Any physical quantity that varies with time or any other independent variable is called signal.
What is signal processing???
Signal processing is concerned with the improvement of quality of a signal that is under observation.
Its particular aim is to reduce noise that will not reduce by the careful design of measurement
system.in signal processing we basically apply some algorithm on analogues and digital signal to
make them higher quality signal as compere to original signal.
Mostly we deal with two following two type of signal processing
1) Analog signal processing
2) Digital signal processing
First I will explain what is analogue signal and digital signal their advantages and disadvantages and
their application .then I will explain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its implementation is very easy but its difficulty in calibration and maintains increases as the order
of filter increases.one can easily design and modify a filter using digital signal processing
(DSP).Filter function in digital signal processing (DSP) is software based, flexible and repeatable. In
digital signal processing (DSP) filter with higher order only require software modification .whereas
in analogue circuit we need additionally hardware implementation also. In short digital signal
processing (DSP) is defined as the converting the continuously changing waveform (analog) into a
series of discrete levels

Analog and Digital Signal
ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
1.1 Analog signal
An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable)
of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analog to another time
varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies
continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which a
continuous quantity is represented by a discrete function which can only take on one of a finite
number of values. The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical,
hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals.
An analog signal uses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In computer architecture and other digital systems, a waveform that switches between two voltage
levels representing the two states of a Boolean value (0 and 1) is referred to as a digital signal, even
though it is an analog voltage waveform, since it is interpreted in terms of only two levels.
1.3 Difference between digital and analog signal
Analog signal
1. It produces a continuous signal.
2. Signal that is continuous in a time and can assume an infinite number of values in a given range.
3. It is denoted by sine wave.
4. Analog hardware is not flexible.
5. It Store data in the form of wave signal.
6. Analog instrument consume more power.
7. It is of low cost and portable. For e.g.:– thermometer.
Wave form in analog signal Digital signal
1. It produce a discrete signal
2. Signal that is continuous in a time and assumes only a limited number of values.
3. It is denoted by square wave.
4. Digital hardware is flexible in implementation
5. It store data in the form of binary bit.
6. Digital instrument consume less power.
7. It is expensive and not easily portable. For e.g.: computers.

Wave form in digital

Compare And Contrast E-Cigarettes Vs Analog Cigarettes
Vaping is a much better alternative to smoking, than smoking analog cigarettes. There are many
differences between e–cigarettes and analog cigarettes. Many people are generally confused by this
method of smoking, especially non–smokers. They see smoke, something that resembles an analog
cigarette and automatically they assume that you are a smoker. Yes, it is true that when you use
vapors; smoke is going to come out of it. One of the differences is that, vapor smoke is not harmful
like traditional cigarette smoke. You can smoke an analog cigarette and there will 599 additives in
that one cigarette. Once that cigarette is burned, the additives create 4000 chemical compounds.
There are 43 carcinogens that come with actual

Case Questions: Analog Devices Strategy
Case Questions:
What was Analog Devices' strategy in the second half of the 1980s?
Analog Devices Inc strategized the objectives based on Quality Improvements and Manufacturing
cost reduction. ADI was able to achieve this by implementing the control mechanisms like QIP and
Scorecards.
Critically evaluate the "half–life" concept, in light of Analog Devices' strategy. What are the
potential and limitations of the half–life concept? How would a company develop the half–life for
different processes? How is the half–life concept different from the experience curve concept?
The ADI's strategy in 1986 is based on Quality Improvements and Manufacturing Cost Reduction.
The Quality specialist of ADI, Schneiderman believed that if the efficient ... Show more content on
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Since ADI is into technological market, innovation and time are two sides of a coin.
If ADI does not innovate then some other company may innovate and market their product thus
decreasing ADIs profit. This section motivates the team to be innovative in performing their tasks.
QIP consists of On–Time Delivery, Cycle time, Yield, Outgoing Defects, Cost, Employee
Productivity, Turnover. Parameters like On–time delivery, Outgoing defects are directly related to
the customer satisfaction. A miss in these would give rise to decrease in customer satisfaction and
they may do their future business with the ADI's competitors. Factors like Cycle time, Outgoing
defects, Cost deals with reducing the cost of production which in turn affects the product pricing.
A product with less price is better placed in the market than with the same product with higher cost.
Yield, Employee productivity are directly related to the employee utilization. It shows how well the
employees are utilized in the manufacturing cycle. The productivity also includes how innovative
the teams

Analog and Consensus of Islamic Religion Essay
As one of the Islamic tradition, the creation of the law was a significant accomplishment in Islamic
history. After the disordered period when the numerous schools of religious law emerged, a unified
jurisprudence –– "Shari'a" finally was established in the tenth century. The term of "Shari'a" used to
refer to the path leading to the water hole in the desert; now, it represented the rules that Muslims
needed to follow, which means the Islamic law. Followed by the emergence of "Shari'a", Sunni
experienced the consolidation of the Madhhabs which referred to the different schools of law; Shii,
on the other hand, developed its own madhhabs distinguishing from the Sunni madhhabs. The four
sources of Shari'a included Qur'an, Hadith, analogy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the complete procedure of Shari'a would include a legal problem that would be expected
to get the solution by the Qur'an and Hadith at first. However, if the issue would not be able to solve
by neither the Qur'an nor Hadith, it would be resolved by analogy. What's more, if the problem was
involved with other rules, the ulama would confirm a consensus for the problem. Under the
authorized background of Shari'a, Sunni developed its own madhhabs. The term of madhhabs
originally referred to the hundreds of different schools of law during the ninth century. However,
because of the idea of uniformity of legal method, the numerous schools of law experienced the
consolidation. Then, by the end of the thirteenth century, madhhbas only included four different
schools: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali, which would represent the majority of Muslims. Hanafi
school was named after the scholar Abu Hanifa and adopt the consensus of analogy; and it
dominated in Iraq and Syria, and spread to Anatolia, Central Asia, and India. Maliki school was
named after the scholar Malik Ibn Anas. It started in Medina and adopts the Hadith, and then
dominated in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula and later in West Africa. Shafii was based on the
disciples of al–Shafi'i. It could be seen as the combination of Hanafi and Malik, but put stress on
consensus. Shafii dominated in Egypt, Yeman, East Africa, certain regions of India, and Southeast
Asia. Hanbali, which

Current Situation Of The New World Project Coordinate...
Current situation
Virtually all transportation engineering firms today produce digital data for their designs, mostly in
the form of 2D files in either Microstation (.dgn) or Autocad (.dwg) format. These files represent the
plan layout, in the real world project coordinate system, of each discipline of work: roadway,
drainage, structure, electrical, communications, and so on. Some of the digital data represents other
views, such as profile, elevation, cross sections, and highly complex digital data contains non–
graphic data such as coordinate geometry, templates, and networks. This digital design data isn't
new; it's been growing in use since the early 80's and reached critical mass in the early 90's
However, even with all of this digital data being created, the focus of the work is still on producing
traditional deliverables in the form of plans (also referred to as drawings) who's format has changed
very little since the blueprint was invented in the mid 1800's.
Traditional Plans Are Analog Information
Traditional plans or drawings are analog information printed by referencing the underlying digital
information. The only means of interpreting them is by visual recognition (shape), scaling
(approximate distance), or by reading a callout (text and numbers). They are a mimicry of what past
technology caused the format of communication to be. However, even though the technology has
changed, the mimicry of past form stays the same, in much the same manner as an

Case Study Of Analog Devices Inc
Analog Devices, INC. (A)
Abstract
While we got through the case of Analog Devices, Inc, we see there is connection between quality
improvement and financial results intend to be weak. The company is a leading manufacturer of
integrated circuits. Analog's TQM program was a huge success. They yields doubled, cycle time was
cut in half .The product defects were fallen by factor of ten. While all these were moving to success
there was financial performance which was getting worse. There was improvement programs
introduced like TQM. Tradeoff between short and long run. In short run the focus was on the
financials where in long run the complete focus was on the productivity and quality improvement.
So the overall study gives the brief about the policies which ... Show more content on
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That was the stage when the first introduced the concept of total quality management (TQM).
By end of 1984 sales reached $313 million, revenue grown by 46 percent, profits by 105
They planned to become $1 billion Company by 1988. But then the problem started as they growth
rate only 6.7 percent and profits fallen by 30 percent by the end of 1986. The defect level was
increasing. In that scenario the revenue became stagnant and profitability started decining.
The Quality Specialist
1986 hired Art Schneiderman as vice president for quality and productivity improvement. He
wanted quality improvement process (QIP), called it as total quality program. To overcome the
company's and quality conflict of goals he reinforced this belief.

Design Of Continuous Time Second Order Sigma
Design of Continuous Time Second Order Sigma–Delta Modulator Using Feedback Element Mr.
Ravinder Choudhary University Institute of Engineering and Technology Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra, India E–mail– erravindera@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper discuss the continuous time second order Sigma–Modulator with the feedback
element having negative feedback. The modulator is of second order that decreases the complexity
of the circuit and also decreases the power consumption of the circuit. The circuit works on the
analog input signal in the form of jitter sine wave. The feedback element generates the feedback
pulse. An efficient
Sigma–Delta modulator is designed with the bandwidth of 10 MHz and sampling frequency of 350
MHz. The modulator is designed using a Matlab code and the circuit is then designed on
SIMULINK. The evaluation indicates that the second order modulator achieves 73.5 dB peak SNDR
and 73 dB of peak SNR.
Keywords: Delta–Sigma Modulator, SNR, SNDR, Dynamic Range
1.INTRODUCTION
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties
of a periodic waveform, called the career signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains
information to be transmitted. In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a
message

The Function Of Insulin Or Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs
insulin or rapid–acting insulin analogs Preparations included with phenolic excipients serves two
purposes: retaining solution sterility and stabilization of the insulin molecule in the hexameric form
to avoid aggregation(35). These compounds are may cause problems since they are proved to be
toxic and irritant, and are being investigated for their role as sensitizers and carcinogens (36).
Generally the human insulin monomers may assemble into insulin dimer and insulin hexamer which
is more stable than that of dimeric form. Regarding the main function of insulin which is regulating
the uptake of glucose, both insulin dimer and hexamer are inactive in biological environment.
However they are much more stable from conformational viewpoint ... Show more content on
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When phenolic preservatives were depleted insulin glulisine dissociated or broke down from a
structure with higher molecular weight (hexamer) structures into a number of intermediate
molecular weight one, usually between monomer and hexamer, whereas insulin aspart and insulin
lispro separated into monomers and dimmers. The ultimate disintegration of Insulin lispro and aspart
was due to the large extent of their dissociation when they were depleted of their excipients while
insulin glulisine was dissociated to intermediate molecular weight molecules in the absence of the
phenol and m–cresol (39).
In general they concluded that insulin degradation was inversely related to the concentration of
phenol and m–cresol as phenolic preservatives.
Tissue response and inflammation (cytotoxic effect of insulin with and without excipients)
CD54, CD11b and CD14 are surface proteins considered as markers of inflammatory cell activation.
Weber et al explored these markers to investigate whether the phenol and m–cresol could cause the
inflammatory response. In order to study the potential inflammatory effect of phenolic preservatives
of insulin they selected monocytic cell line THP–1. The mentioned cell lines were exposed to sub–
toxic concentration of phenol and m–cresol as well as insulin analogues formulation for 24 hours.
Since they found that insulin with

High Speed And Wide Bandwidth Of Technology
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Analog to digital converters (ADCs) is a mixed signal processing device that converts analog signals
which are real world signals to digital signals for processing the information. With the advancement
of technology, digital signal processing has progressed prominently in recent years. The aim of
design is low power, high speed and wide bandwidth analog–to–digital converter has increased
tremendously. Therefore the focus of this thesis is to design low power Flash ADC that operates at
high speed. Integration at very large scale a new architectures, and advances in integrated circuit
(IC) technology have dramatically changed the design of these systems and created new areas of
research and development. By the evolution of technology the transistor size is reduces and the
response of transistor is being faster. The evalution of design is deals with a high speed (above
250MHz) but has low resolution (2 to 8 bits) as with small die area which is called System on a chip
(SoC). In this trend a large number of transistor is integrated on a single chip, it is a challenge for a
developer who designs an analog circuit for high speed applications these are analog to digital and
digital to analog converters (ADCs and DACs) that also maintains other desirable attributes like low
power consumption and small chip area.
The main objective for the consideration a designed ADCs for the complete SoC are high speed and
low power consumption. For a Low

My Career In The Military
I built my first computer in 1997 installing a brand new 2.4ghz wireless card. At that point in time
not knowing how this frequency was going to have such a profound effect on the world. I have seen
it change from a simple telephone Tx Rx to a device that allows people to upload their every waking
moment. But it has far more practical uses than this, you see this frequency has saved mine and
others lives on numerous occasions. Working as a communications specialist in the Armed Forces
over the last 15 years has shown me the value of telecommunications and I now know that the world
we have built is quite literately at the mercy of the networks that bridge the entire planet.
Joining the military at a young age, discipline loyalty respect and ... Show more content on
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I was responsible for a network that fused multiple radars to a computer system to a loud speaker
array to provide an early warning of rocket attacks, giving soldiers and civilians the chance to take
cover. This was running on WiFi which presented its own troubles as the 2.4ghz and 5ghz range
were saturated with many different devices. I was constantly rebuilding the network which at one
point had over 120 units deployed within an area the size of Reading. During my time in the forces I
was to become an instructor on many systems of communication from radios to radars.
I am a highly motivated and committed leader and know the value of teamwork having led teams
under the tightest of deadlines within austere conditions, and what I lack in recognised qualifications
I more than make up for it in a wide variety of experiences. I could write about what I have
accomplished for far more than this form allows, but that is in the past. In the present and future I
want to do better, to study something that I am keen to learn not just for me but for the betterment of
my whole family.
Since joining the military I have come to appreciate the value of education, while working with
some spectacular Officers and the two leading defence contractors Lockheed Martin and BAE I
have seen first hand where a solid education will take you.
Having been forced to re evaluate my direction over the last two years I believe that university is my
best option. I enjoy mastering computer

Case Study On Analog Devices
Introduction: –
Analog Devices, Inc. (ADI) was continuing to advance state–of–the–art practices in using corporate
scorecards to evaluate performance in 2001. By the late nineties, ADI was facing a new challenge –
effectively utilizing the corporate scorecard in a faster paced, more dynamic, and more complex
market environment.
ADI posted an explosive topline growth rate of 78 percent, growing from $1.5B to $2.6B in 2000.
The company also manufactured components of mobile phones and wireless infrastructure
equipment, and components for PC accessories such as flat panel displays, CD and DVD players,
and digital cameras.
ADI's evolving product mix included components for Internet–related capital equipment, such as
fiber–optic routers, ADSL ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADI still perceived that their greatest strength was in innovation and product design in 2001.
Q1. How did ADI's industry change between 1996 and 2001?
ADI posted an explosive topline growth rate of 78 percent, growing from $1.5B to $2.6B in 2000.
There had been many strong years in ADI's history, but this was extraordinary.
In the 1980s, applications for ADI components were primarily in the industrial and military sectors.
The technology markets that drove ADI's more recent growth, in the consumer electronics and
communications sectors.
By 2001 ADI's outsourcing was occurring to:
Operators of chip fabrication facilities ("fabs")
Global component distributors
Contract equipment manufacturers
The strategic implications for ADI were significant. With more links in the value chain, the total
industry profit pool was spread more thinly among a greater number of players.
ADI new structure of the supply chain had implications for demand management. Due to increased
pressure of shorter product lifecycles, another trend in ADI's business is the increasing need for
collaborative and integrated product

Advantages And Disadvantages Of An Analog Signal
An analog signal is a continuous signal in which the time varying signal is a representation of some
other time varying quantity i.e. in an audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies with
the pressure of the sound waves
Analog signal processing is a type of signal processing conducted on which continuous analog
signals by some analog means
The difference between the analog and digital signal processing is that analog signal has continuous
values unlike the digital which has discrete values. Now a days, signal processing plays an
important role in many of applications. The mostly used physical quantities which represent analog
quantities are current, voltage or charge. These quantities are affected by certain external forces ...
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As the signal is transmitted over long distances, the noise become dominant. The effects of noise
create signal loss and variation. It is not possible to recover.
Distortion in Analog Signal – Defined to be the change of shape in signal sent from the source to the
destination which is due to the addition of noise in our required signal.
Thermal Noise– Noise due to random motion of electrons cause thermal noise. Due to this noise
signal's shape distorted.
Attenuation is loss of energy in the signal as it is transmitted from the one point to other point. This
occurs in case the signal has to be sent over a long distance. To remove this effect we use amplifiers
which amplify the signal. But there is a problem that when we amplify the given signal the noise
also gets amplified.
Digital signal processing is the numerical manipulation of signals, usually with the measure, filter,
produce in continuous analog signals. It is characterized by the use of digital signal to represent
these signals as discrete time and frequency, or other discrete domain signals in the form of a
sequence of numbers to permit the digital processing of these

The Digital Conversion in Television Essay
The Digital Conversion in Television
Introduction
Television is now in the process of converting from analog to digital technology. The significance of
this change is greater than the introduction of color TV in the 1960's, but more complicated since
conversion will require new equipment for all consumers. Unlike color TV, digital television (DTV)
uses a new kind of signal that does not fit within the structure of the old signal. "DTV" refers to a
specific standard being implemented in the United States to carry a television signal in digital form
through all stages of its transmission, not just for digital equipment such as video tape recorders and
satellite receivers that have already been used in conjunction with analog ... Show more content on
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HDTV has a specification called 1080i, which is so named because it has 1,080 horizontal lines of
resolution transmitted in an interlaced manner, which means that when the lines of each frame of the
video are sent, only the even–numbered lines are sent for one frame, then only the odd–numbered
lines of the next frame. Another HDTV format is 720p, which has 720 horizontal lines, but all lines
are progressively sent for each frame. One SDTV format is 480p (480 progressive horizontal lines).
A DTV signal can carry five channels of digital audio at the level of quality used by compact discs.
This accommodates the demand for high–quality, movie theater–style sound. In the realm of analog
television, this level of sound quality can only come from recordings, digital satellite transmissions,
or digital cable signals, not over the air from a local TV station (Churchill).
An example of DTV's extra function and flexibility is the system called Program and System
Information Protocol (PSIP), a data service that allows TV users to view schedules and read
descriptions of programs transmitted through cable or on the air. This is one standard that the
National Cable Television Association and the Consumer Electronics Association agreed on; it is
probable that cable operators and television stations may devise numerous ancillary data services
related to entertainment or

Digital And Analog Formats Of Cameras
Resolution
When it comes to both digital and analog formats, photographers I think want to know that there
will be sharp results and high–resolution images. With digital sensors, we judge resolution by
counting the number of pixels within a given area. Film does not have pixels,
Different sensors have different resolutions; different types of film will also produce different
resolutions.
(Roger N. Clark's analysis of standard 35mm film) explained;
"Depending on the type of film used, the resolution fell between 4 and 16 million pixels. For
example, Fujifilm's Provia 100 film produced a resolution around 7 MP while Fujifilm's Velvia 50
produced a resolution around 16 MP. Considering that entry cameras such as Nikon's can ... Show
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Increasing the ISO of a digital camera or selecting high–speed film will make your photographs
more vulnerable to noise and grain. In most situations, noise is unwanted in color photos; however,
with black and white images, some artists view the grain as adding character, and aren't looked at as
a negative point.
Film Speed
When it comes to shooting in low light conditions, digital image sensors easily take the mantle. Film
can usually be found available in speeds between 100 and 3200, although 6400 film does exist.
Today's digital cameras can match the noise produced by analog cameras in these ranges, as well as
push their sensitivity many stops higher.
Cost and Convenience
When it comes to cost and convenience, both digital and analog formats have their pros & cons. One
clear advantage is the number of photographs you can take within digital format, plus the urgency of
needing an image is readily available, and the type of subjects you shoot, will help you choose
between the two options.
Digital is a much more expensive initial cost and with today's evolving technology this means we
will most likely want to upgrade our equipment within a few years between camera body and
glass/lenses. For those who need instant access to their photographs, there is nothing faster and more

convenient than digital. When shooting high–speed action photography, there is also no concern
about running out of film; large memory cards can easily store

The Virtue Of Forgetting Of The Digital Age
Delete The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age – Viktor Mayer–Schonberger
Chapter one is entitled " Failing to Forget the Drunken Pirate." This chapter starts off giving
examples of real people that have professional jobs that posted something online that later on came
back and ruined their lives in some way. One person was a woman by the name of Stacey Snyder
who was a 25 year old aspiring teacher. After completing all the coursework needed to become an
educator, university officials denied her of her certificate because of a picture that she posted on her
private Myspace account. The picture was captioned "drunken pirate" and she was holding a red
cup, the university officials claimed her behavior was "unbecoming." Although her page was
private, it was still easy for the officials to find this one image that ruined Stacey's career. In this
chapter it is stressed how easy it is to find information on anyone. Google actually keeps individual
records of people 's search history, web pages browsed, and keywords that they often search. Google
used to keep these records forever, but as of recently that changed and they are only kept for a short
period of time. Also in this chapter it is stated that there is no more privacy. Cell phones have GPS
receivers which allows our location to be tracked all day everyday. Because of this you can now
even track someone through GPS from a photo they've take. In chapter two "Importance of
Remembering", The main points that Schonberger

Expensive Pharmaceutical Products versus Cheaper Analogs
The major players of the pharmaceutical industry, producing expensive products, are under pressure
of companies, producing cheaper analogs. The question is not only the high costs but also the high
drug safety of these companies. Large "original" pharmaceutical companies argue that an imitation
product cannot guarantee high drug safety and could harm the reputation of the original drug,
thereby devalue it, and make it vulnerable to the market. Companies–producers of "blockbusters"
are in an advantageous position because drugs that fall into this category provide faster and deeper
penetration into the market due to their excellent properties and patent protection. Launch of a
"blockbuster" guarantees high sales to the company. However, those companies face a number of
difficulties associated with the entry of generics after the expiration of patent protection. First, sales
of the original product plunge. Consequently, companies have to reduce their prices to compete.
"This process is called "genericisation" – with regard to pharmaceutical products which already
have expired patents (or expiration date is coming soon) and which face competition from cheaper
generics." There are also segments of medicinal herbs, alternative medicine, and physical therapy,
all of which, at some extent, can replace and/or supplement drugs for a better effect. However, there
are life–threatening diseases, such as cancer, which requires the use of prescription drugs. 3.
Supplier power

What Is The Greatest Invention Of Today's Generation
Manisha Shrestha
Mrs. Brooke Ciolino
ENGL 1213
September 10, 2013
COMPUTER AND ITS GENERATION Computers are known as electronic devices used by the
people to perform their daily activities. They have become an integral part of our lives, allowing us
to work from home, stay in contact with friends and family, for entertainment purposes, and to keep
track of important issues such as finances, stocks, shares and international news(). Today, computer
has become the world of knowledge at our fingertips and can obtain any information as soon as we
log on to the World Wide Web. Computer is one of the smartest technology which helps people to
accomplish any kind of task without any problem and delay. This small device which is greatest
invention of today's generation has both pros and cons but has become the need of today's
generation as it helps them to deal with every activities and make their life reliable and easier.
Computers serve to help people and make their life easier and their activity more productive. "With
the advent of technology, computers can now make many well–informed decisions that managers or
companies workers may deem unnecessary for a human to make" (). It has become an essential
device which is used by different fields for work purposes. There are many leading companies,
mostly IT companies which uses computer to perform each and every task. They use computers to
develop latest software and make it available for use to different companies. Nowadays, every

The Effect Of The On The And Value Of Signal Produced From...
6.1
The device which converts the physical stimulus into a more convenient form for the purpose of
measuring the stimulus is called a sensor.
6.2
Analog sensor: Analog sensor produces analog signal whose values varies in an analogous manner
such as electronic voltage.
Discrete sensor: Discrete sensor produces only certain values as output. It is categorized into two
types
1.) Binary, which produces on/off signal
2.) Digital, which produces a set of parallel status bits or series of pulses.
6.4
The relationship between the value of physical stimulus and value of signal produced is called the
transfer function of the sensor.
6.5
Actuator coverts the controller command signal into change in physical parameter. It is also referred
to as transducer as it converts one type of physical quantity into another type.
6.9
Two disadvantages of DC motors are
1.) The commutator and brushes used causes maintenance problems.
2.) The electrical power is alternating current but DC motors needs a rectifier to convert that into
direct current.
6.10
Conventional DC and AC motors works by continuous rotation according to the DC or AC power
source whereas the stepper motor rotates in step angles where step angle is the rotation in discrete
angular displacements. Electrical pulse is generated for each angular step.
6.13
A solenoid is referred to as an actuator which consists of a movable plunger inside stationary wire
coil. The coil acts as magnet when current is applied, pulls the plunger to the

My Experience With Technology
My Experience with Technology I am going to tell you some my experiences with technology from
my past and how it will lead to my future. One of my experiences includes taking a Video Cassette
Recorder (VCR) apart when I was younger. Another is when I built my first computer and the
consequences that followed when I did that. So why did I take VCR player apart when I was
younger? The reason is that I was curious, like boys are at that age, and I wanted to know how the
VCR player worked. Therefore, I did what any other 10 year– old boys would do in my shoes, I
found a screwdriver, and I started taking apart the player. Taking it apart was easy, but putting it
back together proved to be a little more difficult than I had originally thought it would be. I tried
hard to put it back together, unfortunately, I didn't to have the required skills at the time to
reassemble the VCR so in the trash it went. This VCR was not the only thing to be taken apart and
not reassembled. I must have taken apart a least half of a dozens of them in addition to a DVD
player or two. I took apart pretty much anything that was not bolted to the floor. To be fair, most of
them were broken and were junk anyways, so me taking them apart didn't mean I was out of control
or anything. My parents saw it was a learning experience. My grandfather, on the other hand, told
me when I was not allowed to touch any electronic devices in his house with a screwdriver, which I
obeyed, most of the time.

Comparing Analog and Digital Recording Essay
Comparing Analog and Digital Recording
In the present time we are always coming up with better electronics, because that is what we expect.
So, in the recording industry we have moved from analog to digital recording. Musicians want the
best recording gear to give them the fastest, easiest, and best sounding recordings for their music.
Digital recording is the newer way of recording music since analog recording, but is it always
better? There are obviously definite positives of digital recording or we wouldn't be using it, but
does it fall short to analog recording in some areas? When digital recording was first introduced, the
audio capture abilities were not what they were now. Where it is now has gone a long way to
strengthen the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With those pieces missing it gives the music a much more crisp sound. "Subtleties like the overtones
of violins and parts of the harmonic texture of music are simply omitted in a CD recording," says
Carl Smith, Owner and Vice President of Well Tempered Lab. "So what you have is a superficially
superior sound" (Day 92). Superficial in the sense that analog recording is a more natural recording
while digital is more crisp and clear. Another positive aspect of digital recording over analog
recording is that digital recording has a much better bass sound. The bass is much easier to hear in a
digital recording. Analog recording has low bass sound because for an LPs or records it needs big
grooves for the bass and LPs and records use smaller grooves.
Analog recording does have benefits over digital recording. One was mentioned in the previous
paragraph. Analog recordings have a more natural sound. Nothing is taken out of the original
recording; it is all there on the record in one natural flow. Another positive of the analog recording is
that it is played on a turntable. With the turntable a person can choose among various components
that will affect the overall sound. On a CD player a person can not switch the laser to get better
sound, but on a turntable a person can upgrade the cartridge. The cartridge holds the needle which
tracks the grooves in the record (Day 92). The better the cartridge the better the sound quality. Also,
for

In our view, sensors are the “magic” of the IoT. The...
In our view, sensors are the "magic" of the IoT. The sensor market is enormous, with Analog
Devices estimating it to approach $100 billion annually, much of which is not related to
semiconductors at all. The sensor market applicable to semiconductor vendors includes micro–
electromechanical systems (MEMS) – based sensors, optical sensors, ambient light sensors, gesture
sensors, proximity sensors, touch sensors, fingerprint sensors and more. These chips effectively
detect changes in the environment, creating the information that is ultimately transmitted via a
wireless chip and interpreted through application software to create an IoT solution. Sensors or
sensor networks (Smart Dust, Mesh Networks, etc.) can provide feedback about numerous ... Show
The major application for automotive MEMS is for sensing when to deploy airbags. In this market
MEMS sensors are replacing sensors such as fiber optic gyroscopes and ring–laser gyroscopes.
Additional applications are in electronics stability control, tire pressure measurement and, going
forward, using the sensor to track location while in a structure such as a parking garage where a
GPS signal cannot reach.
Of course air deployment is not really something that can be categorized as part of the Internet of
Things. However, "the connected car" seems to be a reality that is approaching rapidly. Once the car
is connected to the Internet via one of the wireless technologies mentioned here or one that is
coming specifically for automobiles, and software like iOS or Android gets installed, we expect the
car to see a significant increase in the use of the sensor information. For example, the MEMS sensor
could indicate that a tire is flat and then with location–based services, a nearby garage could be
suggested. Similarly, the adoption of MEMS into the car to determine position while satellites
cannot reach the GPS can also be used to tie into location–based services. Also, airbag deployment
and associated g–force readings from the MEMS accelerometer taken during a car crash could send
a signal to local emergency services to send police and an ambulance. The six–year CAGR forecast
for MEMS sensors in the

Hardware Design : Software Design
HARDWARE DESIGN
3.1. Computer Hardware Design
The computer is designed around the Arduino MEGA2560 microprocessor. The basic components
consist of buffers, decoder, RAM, ROM, and I/O ports. The diagram is shown in Figure 2.5.
Figure 3.1 shows 2560 pin mapping scheme. In order to have a better view the magnified capture of
the each side has shown individually in 3.1.1 through 3.1.4
* Note: In Figure 3.1 and 3.1.1 through 3.1.4:
Red/Gray color writing are the mapped pin number on Arduino board.
Black color writing are the name of the pin on CPU
Black color numbers in boxes are the CPU pin number.
Figure 3.2 shows the connection between CPU pins (1st column) to the Arduino MEGA 2560 board
(3rd column). Also the connection between each pin of Arduino (3rd column) and each module (4th
column) has present in this Figure.
As it has shown in the table pin 31 on CPU is connected to VCC pin on Arduino and pin 32 on CPU
which is GND is connected to GND on Arduino.
Figure 3.1 MEGA2560 Pin Mapping Scheme Figure 3.1.1 MEGA2560 Pin Mapping (Left Part)
Figure 3.1.2 MEGA2560 Pin Mapping (Top Part) Figure 3.1.3 MEGA2560 Pin Mapping (Right
Part) Figure 3.1.4 MEGA2560 Pin Mapping (Bottom Part) Figure 3.2 CPU Pins Connection to
Arduino MEGA2560 and
Arduino Pins Connection to Each Module
3.2. Ethernet Shield (W5100)
Network interface (W5100) circuit schematic in Figure 3.3 shows how each pin of the main chip has
connected to other part of circuit. In Figure 3.3.1

Optical And Analog Image Processing
In imaging science, image processing is processing of images using mathematical operations by
using any conformation of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a picture or
video frame, the out turn of image processing may be either an image or a set of features or
parameters corrsponding to the image.Most image–processing techniques implicate treating the
image as a 2D signal and appealing worth signal–processing techniques to it.
Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing
also are possible. This article is about general techniques that apply to all of them. The acquisition of
images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging.
Closely related to image processing are computer graphics and computer vision. In computer
graphics, images are manually made from physical models of objects, environments, and lighting,
instead of being acquired (via imaging devices such as cameras) from natural scenes, as in most
animated movies. Computer vision, on the other hand, is often considered high–level image
processing out of which a machine/computer/software intends to decipher the physical contents of
an image or a sequence of images (e.g., videos or 3D full–body magnetic resonance scans).
In modern sciences and technologies, images also gain much broader scopes due to the ever growing
importance of scientific visualization (of often large–scale complex scientific/experimental

Design Of Comparator For Successive Approximation Analog...
Design of Comparator for Successive Approximation Analog–Digital Converter Manali Matey
Department of Electronics Engineering
YCCE
Nagpur, India manali.matey@gmail.com Swati Nitnaware
Department of Electronics Engineering
YCCE
Nagpur, India swatitidke02@gmail.com Abstract–SA–ADCs are widely used in low–power
applications. Three architectures of the capacitor array Digital–Analog Converter (DAC) used in
SA–ADC that are mentioned in this paper are binary–weighted DAC, unary–weighted DAC and
segmented DAC. In this paper comparator is been designed for all these SA–ADC architectures. The
comparator used in SA–ADC plays an important role. The main purpose of the comparator is to
compare a signal with a reference signal and produce an output depending on whether the input
signal is greater or smaller than the reference signal. The structure of the comparator does not
depend on the segmentation degree (i.e. the number of unary bits), for all the binary, segmented, and
unary structures, the same circuit configuration with similar power consumption can be employed.
Keywords– Successive Approximation Analog–to–Digital Converter (SA–ADC); comparators;
segmented capacitor–based digital–to–analog converter (DAC); unary capacitor–based digital–to–
analog converter (DAC)
I. INTRODUCTION
Successive approximation analog–to–digital converter (SA–ADC) has become very attractive in low
power applications due to their low power consumption. As shown in Fig. 1, a conventional SA–
ADC

Describe the development of computers from the year 1945...
Describe the development of computers from the year 1945 until 2013 Computer; History and
Development:
We already know that the computer had been so much help for our life for a long time since the
computer had been reveal. For the first what is computer all about? As per Wikipedia and also
source that I search from internet, the meaning of computer is a general purpose device that can be
programmed to carry out set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically and also can solve
more than one of problem that can help the human to think. Computer also is a machine that is able
to take information or store information, do some work on or make changes to the information, to
make new information. This all function of computers were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This machine consumed 160 kilowatts electrical power and it was faster than the system that use
when world war two.
The second generation of the computer have improved a little by the invention of new small item
that already make it change too much that been called transistor. In 1948 the invention of transistor
makes change of computer's development. This transistor made to replace the cumbersome vacuum
tube in the computers and the result make the size of the technology of the computer become
smaller, faster, and more reliable and more energy than before. William Shockley, Walter Brattain
and John Bardeen successfully tested this point –contrast transistor, setting off the semiconductor
revolution. They improved models of the transistor that develop at AT&t Bell Laboratories,
supplanted vacuum tubes on the computer at that time.
The advantage of this transistor is could handle an enormous amount of data, a capability much in
demand by atomic scientists to do their work. However the new generation machines were costly
but powerful, somehow they really need to invest their money for the machine to make changes and
help in their project successfully. So that there were only two LARCs were ever installed. First in
the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California which the computer was named

4 Computron
Harvard Business School
9–597–063
Rev. November 14, 1997
DO
Computron, Inc. (1996)
In July 1996, Thomas Zimmermann, manager of the European Sales Division of Computron, was
trying to decide what price to submit on his bid to sell a Computron 1000X digital computer to
Kšnig & Cie., AG, GermanyÕs largest chemical company. If Zimmermann followed ComputronÕs
standard pricing policy of adding a 33 1 3 % markup to factory costs and then including
transportation costs and import duty, his bid would amount to $622,400; he feared, however that this
would not be low enough to win the contract for Computron.
NO
Kšnig had invited four other computer manufacturers to submit bids for the contract. A reliable trade
source in ZimmermannÕs opinion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 1995–1996 fiscal year, however, sales increased sharply, totaling $10,000,000 for the year. 1
ComputronÕs total worldwide sales that year were roughly $88,000,000. Of the European countries,
Germany constituted one of ComputronÕs most important markets, having contributed
$2,400,000, or 24%, of the European sales total in 1995–1996. England and Sweden were also
important, having contributed 22% and 18% respectively. The remaining 36% of sales was spread
throughout the rest of Europe.
Computron computers sold to European customers were manufactured and assembled in the
United States and shipped to Europe for installation. Because of their external manufacture these
computers were subject to an import duty, which varied from country to country. The German tariff
on computers of the type was 17´ % of the U.S. sales price.
T
Prompted primarily by a desire to reduce this import duty, Computron began constructing a plant in
Frankfurt. It would serve all 15 countries in the European Community and was scheduled to open

September 15, 1996. Initially it was to be used only for assembly of 1000X computers. This would
lower the German import duty to 15%. Ultimately the company planned to use the plant to fabricate
component parts as well. Computers completely manufactured in Germany would be entirely free
from import duty.
Company Pricing Policy
PY
CO
The new plant was to occupy 10,000 square feet and employ 20 to 30 people in the first year.
Its initial

Digital Television Conversion Essay example
Digital Television Conversion If you are not connected to cable TV or have a non–digital television,
be prepared to either throw it out or convert it into a fish tank. With the increase in technology, the
television medium is becoming a more advanced system and is incorporating new standards for their
networks and customers. Digital cable is more popular than ever and is being used to launch new
capabilities in a couple of years. On February 17th, 2009 all over–the–air television stations are
converting to a digital signal. This means televisions that are analog and only receive over–the–air
broadcasts will become useless. The reason for this change is so that the analog spectrum may be
freed up for broadband and other emergency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The converters will be offered at an estimated price of $50.00, but Senator John Ensign believes that
"we can have some kind of a program, though [he's] not sure what it will look like, for those low–
income people who say they need a subsidy" (http://www.news.com). This will help relieve some of
the money constraints most citizens are concerned about when faced with this radical change in
technology. They do not want to pay more in order to receive their television shows believing it is
unfair to them since they already pay a high amount. They are also concerned because since it is a
government issued change, they do not believe it is fair to charge the public for something they have
no control over.
Although many people will have to either buy a new set or buy a digital box, not all televisions will
require a converter. Many companies are saying that "Cable customers should see no disruption in
service... if their technicians are permitted to use a method called down–conversion"
(http://www.news.com). In this process, the companies rewire the signal making the conversion
occur along the cable wires instead of in each individual home. This will relieve tension on the
consumer's end and enable the cable companies to keep their customers happy.
The deadline for this conversion to digital technology has been pushed back multiple times due to
scheduliing inabilities, concerns about the change and technological

The Effect Of Digital Analog Audio Signal Processing
Abstract
As technology advances, the research of digital signal processing is undergoing rapid development.
At present, it has been used in many fields such as communications industry, voice and acoustics
applications, radar and image. The processing of the speech signal is one of the key areas of DSP
application. So far, it has formed a number of research directions, such as speech analysis, speech
enhancement, speech recognition, voice communication, etc..
With the development of IT technology and voice processing technology, people have more and
more high quality requirements of audio. However, the traditional analog audio signal processing
has been impossible to meet people 's needs, at this time, digital signal processing began to ... Show
In this case, this paper designs and implements an audio signal acquisition and processing system
which based on DSP technology.
In the processing of the audio signal, it needs to go to the digital filter. Digital filter is a numerical
system which used to filter the time discrete signal. According to the time domain characteristics of
unit impulse response function, it can be divided into two kinds of filter, infinite impulse response
(IIR) filter and finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Compared with the IIR filter, the FIR filter has
just one zero point, and has no pole in the z plane except the origin, so it is always stable and can be
easily realized. Even more important, the strict linear phase property can be obtained by the FIR
filter, which is difficult to achieve by the IIR filter, so it is widely used in the field of high fidelity
signal processing, such as digital audio, image processing, data transmission, biomedical and other
fields.
This project is about using DSP technology and digital filter to build a music instrument which can
do sound signal acquisition and processing. At last, the suggestion and prospect of how to improve
the system will be put forward.
Key word: DSP, Audio signal processing, FIR filter
Acknowledgments
I am deeply glad and appreciating my dissertation supervisor Dr. Itagaki for his expert advice and
throughout the whole project
A warm thanks

Nt1310 Tv Channels
What bit rate, in kb/s, is required in the channel from S to A (to the nearest thousandth)? S2.L1.HW
08.2.3 : What type of channel does this service require? S2.L1.HW 08.3 : A geostationary television
satellite is located approximately 36000 km above the earth. It relays images from a transmitter on
the ground to receivers (television sets) on the ground. S2.L1.HW 08.3.1 : What is the delivery time
for these images in this communication channel (to the nearest hundredth of a second)? The
propagation speed of a radio signal is 299,792.458 km/s (help yourself by drawing the "transmitter –
television receiver" channel). Disregard the transmission duration for this question. S2.L1.HW
08.3.2 : What do you see on your television ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A and B are two users who communicate via this channel. A sends 10,000 bytes (10 kB) of data,
then B sends 200,000 bytes (200 kB), and finally A answers with 20,000 bytes (20 kB). You will
assume that the channel is shared perfectly, in other words, that switching from one direction of
transmission to the other after a message is received occurs without any delay. Draw a diagram to
help you. How many seconds will this exchange take (to the nearest hundredth of a second)?
S2.L1.HW 08.6 : Can the transmission of a message be interrupted? When a new message is
submitted, transmission of the previous message is stopped. A message must be fully transmitted
before another message can be transmitted. When a new message is submitted, transmission of the
previous message is stopped; it will be resumed after the new message has been transmitted.
S2.L1.HW 08.7 : Assume a 220–km–long cable. The propagation speed of the electric signal in this
cable is 220,000 km/s. A modem at each end transmits at a bit rate of 10 Mb/s. S2.L1.HW 08.7.1

Manual Sizing Of Analog Blocks
There is around 10 to 200 real valued parameters in an analog circuit, and value of these parameters
must be set in order to meet the specification .Circuit sizing is the process of setting these
parameters. for example a simple two stage operational amplifier has around 12 parameters ,which
includes width, length and passive component values of all transistors which have to be set to
achieve specifications such as CMRR(common mode rejection ratio), gain, power ,area ,bandwidth
,noise ,settling time ,offset value and slew rate . Figure 1 two stage operational amplifier
There are 6 mosfets in this figure, so we have two compute values of width and height of 6 mosfets
along with other parameters such as slew rate, bandwidth and noise margin.
A system on a chip (SOC) is an integrated circuit that integrates all components of a electronic
system into a single chip. SOC is made automated to a large extent. Manual sizing of analog blocks
is a bottleneck. There are several methods and techniques of sizing; circuit sizing is an optimization
problem. SPICE model is being considered the most accurate model as the final check–point is spice
correctness since the designer does not have access to the fabrication process so designer relies on
the simulator. Apart from spice there are circuit equations. These equations can be derived taking
some assumption with regard to the transistor behavior. There are three

A Novel Design Of A Double Tail Comparator
A Novel Design of a Double Tail Comparator
.
P. satish babu/M.Tech student
Department of ECE
VLSI&ES
Machilipatnam, India
p.satish605@gmail.com
Abstract :A new CMOS clocked dynamic comparator using two input single output differential
amplifier as latch stage suitable for high speed analog to digital converters with the performance of
high speed, low power dissipation and low immune to noise. The conventional dynamic comparator
requires more power and has more delay. A conventional double tail dynamic comparator consumes
less power and works at high speed than its predecessor, the conventional comparator. There is very
much need to reduce the delay and power consumption which is possible by strengthening the
positive feedback during the regeneration. This can be achieved by adding few transistors to the
double tail dynamic comparator. Using the inverter based differential amplifier to design a novel
double tail comparator for reducing the no of transistors and better characteristics. The performance
of this method is to be analyzed with the existing two designs at different power voltages and
frequencies using 0.18μm CMOS Technology.
Key words: Double–tail comparator, dynamic clocked comparator, high–speed analog–to–digital
converters (ADCs), low–power analog design, inverter op–amp.
1. INTRODUCTION Comparators also known as single bit analog–to–digital converter that are
mostly used in abundance A/D converter. A CMOS dynamic latched dynamic comparators are
provide low

Computers Have Been Used For Thousands Of Years Essay

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