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1. * GB784938 (A)
Description: GB784938 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Preparation of polymers from selected steam cracked distillate streams
Description of GB784938 (A)
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and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
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up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,938 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April
26, 1954 No 11981/54.
Application made in United States of America on May 20, 1953.
Application made in United States of America on May 20, 1953.
(Patent of Addition to No 743,886 dated Sept 24, 1953) Complete
Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at acceptanoe:-Class 2 ( 6), P 2 A, P 2 D( 1 B:1 X), P 2 FX, P 2
K( 2:7), P 2 P( 1 A:3:6 X), P 7 A, P 7 D( 1 X:3), P 7 FX, P 7 K( 2:7),
P 7 P( 3:6 X).
International Classification:-C 08 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Preparation of Polymers from Selected Steam Cracked Distillate Streams
We, Esso RESEARCH AND ENGINEJRING COMPANY, formerly known as STANDARD
OIL DEVELOP 1 I Fm XT' COMIPANY, a Corporation duly organised and
existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of

2. America, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States of America, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
This invention is concerned with the preparation of resinous products,
i e, resins or resinous oils by the polymerisation of selected steam
cracked distillate streams.
Petroleum fractions such as naphtha, kerosene and gas oil may be
cracked at relatively low pressures and at temperatures of 1,000 to
1,500 F in the presence of steam and for relatively short contact
times The gas and liquid streams produced 'contain large quantities of
diolefins and olefins in the C 5 to C,0 range The naphtha distillate
streams obtained by these steam cracking operations contain relatively
large amounts of diolefins, olefins, aromatics, and some paraffins.
Thus Patent Specification No 743,886 discloses a process for the
production of polymeric resins which comprises maintaining a
steam-cracked petroleum fraction, boiling from 20 to 170 C at a
temperature between 40 C and 140 C for a time sufficient to dimerise
C, to C 9 cyclic diolefins, separating the dimers from the remainder
of the fraction, polymerising the reactive components of this
remainder in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts polymerisation catalyst
at a temperature between -50 C and 70 C and separating the polymeric
resin.
The present invention is concerned with the selection of a narrow
range of steamlPrice-6 l cracked petroleum distillate, from which it
is possible to obtain by polymerisation either a resin or a resinous
oil, by judicious use of a polymerisation catalyst and polymerisation
conditions 50 In the process of the present invention, the C 5
fraction, i e, boiling within the range 18 to 54 C is taken, and by an
initial thermal soaking and sufficient heating time, the
cyelopentadiene contained 55 therein is demerized and separated by
eareful vacuum or steam distillation Preferred dimerizing temperatures
are in the range of 100-220 F particularly 180 to 220 F The dimers are
removed as a 60 bottoms fraction from the distillation tower, the
tower being operated to prevent any substantial depolymerization of
the cyelodienes In this distillation, the CO hydrocarbons boiling
below the dimers are 65 removed as an overhead distillate stream.
This overhead stream consisting of the undimerized portion, contains
chiefly straight chain olefins and aeyclie diolefins.
The C 5 fraction has the following 70 general composition:wt.%
Isoprene 15-20 Cyclopentadiene 10-12 5 Piperylene 10-15 75 Other
diolefins 5 Tertiary Olefins 15-20 Normal Olefins 20-25 Paraffins 2 5
Following the dimerization and separa 80 tion of the cyelopentadiene
dimer, the remaining C 5 overhead fraction has the following

3. composition:
Isoprene:
Piperylene Other Acyclic Diolefins Normal C, Olefins Tertiary Olefins
Paraffins Wt % 4-5 20-30 The polymerization of the selected feed is
carried out using a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride,
aluminum bromide, boron fluoride, zirconium tetrachloride and
Friedel-Crafts complexes, as the polymerization catalyst at
temperatures in the range of -200 F to + 1150 F.
The liquid material undergoing reaction should be well agitated to
insure adequate lsaturation of the liquid with gas About 0.5 to 2 %
catalyst based on the feed charged is usually quite satisfactory.
Polymerization of the reaction components in the C 5 stream in the
presence of boron fluoride results in the preparation of resinous oils
rather than resins Under controlled conditions good polymerization
activity of the reactive aliphatic C 5 olefins and diolefins is
obtained.
The resinous oils prepared according to the present invention can be
used as drying oils or they can be copolymerized with other resins or
drying oils for paint or varnish manufacture or formulated in printing
ink The polymers have good color and odor The polymers may be modified
by the addition of other unsaturated materials to the feed before
polymerization with the BF 3 or after the reaetion has been completed.
Using RBF as the polymerization catalyst, temperatures in the range of
-220 F.
to + 40 F are preferred An inert diluent, such as hydrocarbon naphtha
or hexane may be used if desired.
A polymerization of the reactive components in this stream may also be
carried out in the presence of aluminum chloride as a polymerization
catalyst This comprises a method for preparing polymerized resins of
good quality as compared with the formation of oils using BFR
catalyst, as described above Under controlled conditions, good
polymerization activity of the reactive aliphatic olefins and
diolefins is obtained Using Al Cl as the catalyst, temperatures in the
range of 0 to 100 F.
are preferred.
The resins prepared according to the present invention can be hused as
base for paint or varnish manufacture or formulated in printing ink
The resin has a good color and odor The resins may be modified by the
additions of other materials to the feed before polymerization with
the Al ICI or after the reaction has about been completed The catalyst
may be best added as an aromatic complex or sludge since the C 5
fraction is not a good solvent for the catalyst and tends to
agglomerate the finely divided catalyst.
The polymerization reaction is carried out as a liquid phase operation

4. The catalyst may be added continually or batchwise Any practical and
effective methods for adding catalyst and reagents can be utilized
When the catalyst is gaseous boron fluoride, the liquid material
undergoing reaction must be well agitated to insure adequate
saturation of the liquid 70 with the gas.
The time required to carry out the polymerization depends primarily on
the rate that the catalyst can be added such that the reaction can be
adequately controlled 75 The products are worked up by water or
caustic washing or by washing with dilute 1 H 2 SQ 4 ( 5 %c) followed
by water washing.
The catalyst residues can also be removed by precipitation as a
methanol catalyst 80 complex followed by subsequent filtration.
The polymerized reaction product is then stripped free of unreaeted
feed components and a part, if desired, of the low molecular weight
polymerization products 85 to give the final oil or resin The yield
and softening point of the final product will depend on the degree of
stripping.
The present invention therefore consists of a process for producing
resinous oils or 90 resins, comprising distilling a steameracked
petroleum fraction boiling wvithin the range 18 C to 54 C from a
steamcracked petroleum product, maintaining the fraction in a
dimerization zone at a 95 temperature at which cyclopentadiene
dimerizes, separating substantially all dimerized diolefins from the
fraction, and Polymerizing the remainder of the fraction in the
presence of a Friedel-Crafts catal 100 yst, at a temperature within
the range of -20 F to + 150 F, whereby resinous products are obtained.
The invention may be understood by reference to the accompanying
drawings 105 showing a schematic outline of the invention.
Fig 1 is a schematic illustration of the embodiment employing the
C,-Cr fraction, while Fig 2 represents the embodiment 110 using 75
fraction as the feed.
Referring now to Fig 1, stream 1 is a cracked naphtha containing
olefins, diolefins and aromatics in the C through C 12 boiling range (
18 to 230 C) The C 5 115 fraction contains 20-30 % cyelic and acyclic
diolefins, 20-30 % tertiary olefins, and 40 to 50 % normal olefins The
higher boiling fractions have the approximately same ratio of olefins
and diolefins but con 120 tain approximately 40 % aromatics Stream 1
is fed to tower 20 having about 30 plates.
In tower 20, the 85 oC and lighter fraetion is taken overhead as
stream 3 and the 850 C + fraction removed from the tower 125 as stream
2 Stream 3 is thermally soaked in vessel 30 for 6-16 hours at 2000 F
to dimerize the cyclie diolefins The dimerized stream 5 is then fed to
tower 40 having 30 plates where the naphtha free 130 784,938 784,938
of the dimers is taken overhead as stream 7 and the dimers removed as

5. a bottoms stream 6 The 85 C and lighter fraction is fed to reactor 50
where A 1 C 13 catalyst is added by line 8 The 18-85 C fraction is
then polymerized with 0 2 to 2 weight % AL C 13 based onl feed
charged, for 15 to 60 minutes at 20 to 50 C The polymerizate line 9 is
then injected into vessel 60 where water and caustic is injected by
line 10 to neutralize the residual A 1 C 13 catalyst.
The catalyst-water solution is removed by line 12 and the naphtha plus
resin line 11 is fed to tower 70 having 30 plates Stream 13 ( 18-850
C) is removed overhead and the resin concentrate is removed as bottoms
stream 14 The resin concentrate may be diluted with a solvent at this
point or be fed to tower 80 where the resin is steam stripped to a 90
C softening point resin of very light color Resin is recovered from
line 16 The low molecular weight polymers are removed overhead as line
15 and steam is injected through line 17.
Referring now to Fig 2, a debutanized steam cracked distillate
containing C 5, 06 and C 7 components is fed as a stream 101 to tower
A, having about 30 plates and operated with 200 F top temperature, and
350 F bottoms temperature at 45-50 lbs.
pressure Stream 102 is a concentrated Cs fraction (IBP-130 F taken as
an overhead stream and fed to a thermal soaking drum B Part of stream
102 is preferably returned as liquid reflux by line 116 to tower A The
depentanized naphtha is removed from tower A as bottoms stream 103
with part returned by line 117 to the tower to supply heat required
during the distillation Stream 102 is thermally soaked in drum B for
6-16 hours at less than 2200 F to dimerize the cyclopentadienes The
thermal soaked stream 118 is then fed to tower C having 20 plates and
operated with 110 F and 240 F top and bottom temperature,
respectively, and at pounds pressure The overhead stream 104 contains
isoprene and piperylene and Cs olefins Stream 120 returns reflux to
tower C Stream 105 is a bottoms stream from tower C where the
cyclopentadiene dimers are removed from the other C 5 components A
part of stream 105 is returned to the tower by line 119 Stream 104 is
to be polymerized with a FriedelCrafts type catalyst such as BF 3 in
reactor E The reactor is operated at less than o F, preferably 0-50 F
or lower The catalyst is introduced continuously through line 150 The
catalyst may be BF 3 gas or its complexes Agitation is provided in the
polymerizer by stirrer 130.
The polymerized feed is passed to vessel F by line 131 for water and
steam washing.
Water is added by line 160 Agitation is provided by stirrer 140 The
catalyst is removed with the washing water through line The
polymerized material is then fed to tower G by line 105 Tower G has 30
plates and is operated with 120 F top and 70 400 F bottom temperature
Overhead stream 106 contains the unreacted C 5 fractions Reflux to the

6. tower is provided by return line 125 The polymer product is removed
from the bottom of tower G, 75 through line 107 Heat is supplied to
column G by the return line 126.
The invention will be illustrated in fuller detail by the following
examples.
EXAMP Lr 1 80 A selected Cs steam cracked distillate was subjected to
a thermal treatment at the cyclopentadiene The resulting dimer
temperatures of 180 to 200 F to dimerize is then removed by careful
fractionation as 85 a bottoms stream The lighter portions were
obtained as an overhead stream A typical analysis of the 64-130 F
overhead fraction thus obtained is as follows:Component Wt '% 90
Isoprene 16 4 Pentene-1 15 4 Cis and trans Pentene-2 7 2 2 lethyl-1
Butene 14 3 2 Methyl-2 Butene 5 5 95 3 Mlethyl-l Butene 13 2 and
n-pentene 5 3 Cis and trans Piperylene 14 9 Cyclopentene 6 5
Cyclopentadiene 0 4 100 Cyclopentane 0 5 C.;+ 0 4 0 The above fraction
( 64 to 130 F) containing Cs diolefins and tertiary olefins was
polymerized with Al C 13 ( 1 wt % based on the fraction') with a yield
of approximately 54 0 wt % resin The 110 polymerization was carried
out at approximately 30-50 F Inspections on the resin are given in
Table I below:TABLE I
Analysis Resin Yield Softening Point, C.
Aniline Point, C.
Iodine number Color Al C 13 Resin 54 % 97 235 EXAMPLE 2.
Other polymerizations were carried out using substantially the same
feed stream as that of the experiment in Example 1 125 The fraction
had a boiling range from 64 to 130 F and contained Cs diolefins and
tertiary olefins This fraction was subjected to polymerization with BF
3 gas at a temperature of 30-40 F The results of 130 784,935 two
typical reactions are shown in Table II.
TABLE II
Ai'aa ysis 1 2 P Resin Yield 60 1 54 41 Softening Point, C o O 30
Aniline Point, C 114 114 Iodine no, cg/g 255 200 Color O 1 The results
of thle above two examples show that the Al Cl, catalyst produced a
resinous product of highler softening point while the BF catalyst
_gave highly unsaturated polymerie oils which possess dr-ing
properties.
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7. * GB784939 (A)
Description: GB784939 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in and relating to pressure welding
Description of GB784939 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Invntor: ANTHONY BAGNOLD SOWTER 784,939 Date of filing Complete
Specification Aug 16, 1955.
Application Date Aug 23, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
No 24518/54.
Index at Acceptance: -Class 33 ( 4), R 14 A.
International Classification: -B 23 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to Pressure Welding We, THE GENERAL
ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED of Magnet House, Kingsway, London, W C 2, a
British company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in a 1 d by the following
statement:This invention relates to pressure welding that is to say,
welding in which although members to be welded may be heated, actual
uniting the the members is effected by pressure causing flow at the
members The invention is more particularly, but not exclusively,
concerned, however, with cold pressure welding.
In British Patent Specification No 748,015 there is described and
claimed a method of welding together a pair of pressure weldable
members in which the parts to be welded together are formed as or are
provided with, interengaging portions of coned shape One particular
application of this prior invention relates to the attachment of lids
to aluminium cans of circular section and comprises outwardly flaring
to a slight extent the top of a can to rorvide a cone fange of small
radial width, the cone angle shown being of the order of 400.
Such arrangements have been found to be entirely satisfactory in the
welding together of members of circular section of appreciable
diameter If, however, the diameter of the members is very small, for

8. example of the order of 5 mm, it is then S matter of considerable
difficulty to clean mechanically or otherwise those surfaces which are
subsequently to be welded.
An object of the present invention is the provision of a method of
pressure welding which is suitable for objects of circular section and
of small diameter.
According to the present invention, a method of pressure welding
together a pair of pressure weldable tubular members comprises forming
on one member an outwardly directed flange in a plane substan at right
angles to E Prr= q ' the axis of the member, surface preparing for
welding bath the flange and part at least of the exterior surface of
the second member, placing the second member within the first mem 50
ber and in correct spacial relationship for welding between a pair of
co-operating tool surfaces at least one of which is strip like, and
causing relative movement of the tool surfaces in a direction
generally parallel to the tool sur 55 faces to bring the tool surfaces
opposite one another and separated by a gap whose width relative to
the thickness of the parts of the members to be welded is such as to
give the correct percentage reduction for pressure 60 welding, the
relative movement between the tool surfaces firstly causing turning of
the flange to bring it into contact with the exterior surface of the
second member and secondly causing extrusion of material from between
the 65 tool surfaces to effect welding.
One of the tool surfaces is preferably provided at one edge with a
projection which engages or so closely approaches the other tool
surface when the surfaces are directly opposite 70 one another that
its acts as a cutting edge to shear off excess metal.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood, a method of
cold pressure welding a closure member into a circular section can 75
in accordance with the present invention, will now be described by way
of example with reference to the single figure of the accompanying
drawing which is somewhat diagrammatic The can and closure member form
the 80 container of an hermetically sealed transistor device, the use
of cold pressure welding to effect the final seal providing an
excellent method of closure without the use of heat, and the drawing
shows a central vertical section 85 through the device set in position
for welding between a pair of tools which effect the cold pressure
weld.
Referring now to the drawing, the container of the transistor device
comprises a can 1 of 90 oxygen free, high conductivity copper of
thickness approximately 0 010 " and the can 784,939 diameter is of
the order of 5 mm The closure member 2 for the can 1 is generally in
the form of a deeply dished lid and is also of copper of thickness
approximately O 006 " The transistor device is of the junction type

9. and the closure member 2 carries sealed thereto a glass bead or mount
3 for three leads 4 for the device, the leads 4 being sealed in the
glass bead 3 around the axis at 120 to each other and supporting
within the can 1 the actual transistor unit 5 which is of known type
having a germanium wafer 6 soldered to a metal frame 7 and lying
between two indium beads 8 fused to it.
The length of the can 1 is approximately 1.0 cm Both the can 1 and the
closure member 2 have previously been annealed preferably in a
controlled atmnosphere of nitrogen at a temperature of the order of
600 C, and the member 2 is provided with an outwardly directed flange
or flared edge 9 which lies at an angle of about 15 to the wall of
member.
The part of the can 1 at its open mouth is flared outwardly to provide
a flange 10 e-;tending substantially at right angles to the body of
the can and of radial width 0 5 mmi The surface of this flange 10
which had formed part of the inner surface of the can 1 is
meclhanically cleaned by scratch brushing in known manner with a
rotating steel wire scratch brush, whilst the exterior surface of the
flange 9 may be similarly mechanically cleaned Preferably, however,
the surface of the closure member 2 after suitable cleaning treatment
is gold-plated to a thickness of roughly 0 00092 " to avoid possible
damage to the unit 5 by the mechanical cleaning treatment The gold
plating on the copper which may be done electrolytically, permits
welding to take place and may actually assist in the making of a good
weld between the two copper surfaces.
For welding, the can 1 is fitted into an apertured bottom tool or die
11 into which it fits fairly loosely being retained therein by an
outwardly directed flange 10 which rests in a recess at the top of the
die 11, and the closure member 2 with the unit 5 is correctly
positioned in relation to the cam 1 by the engagement of its flared
edge 9 with the inside edge of the flange 10.
A top tool 12, which co-operates with the die 11, is apertured for the
leads 4 and comprises a cylindrical welding surface 13 and a radially
projecting cutting edge 14, the welding surface 13 being of strip-like
form and cooperating with the inside surface 15 of the hole 16 in the
bottom die 11 As will be appreciated, the inside surface 15 provides
the second welding surface The axial depth of the welding surface 13
on the tool 12 is of the order of the combined thickness of the
flanges 9 and 10, in other words it is of the order of 0.016 ", and
the diameter of the welding surface 13 in relation to the diameter of
the inside surface 15 of the hole 16 in the bottom die 11 is such that
the width of the gap between the two surface gives the corredt
percentage reduction for cold pressure welding, the final thiclmess of
the vwelded parts being of the order of 25 l; of their original 70

10. combined thicknesses.
Below the welding surface 13 of the tool 12 is a further cylindrical
surface 17 The diameter of this further cylindrical surface 17 is such
that the gap between it and the inside 75 surface 15 of the hole 16 in
the bottom die 11 is equal approximately to the combined thicknesses
of the flanges 9 and 10.
To carry out the welding method, the top tool 12 is pressed downwardly
and as it 80 descends, metal is trapped between the cylindrical
surface 17 and the surface 15 of the hole 16 and the welding surface
13 forces or extrudes metal upwardly past the edge 14 of the tool 12
whilst that edge is still clear of 85 the hole in the die 11 During
the first part of the downward movement of the tool 12, both the
flange 10 on the can I and flange 9 on the closure member 2 are, in
effect, straightened out against the surface 15 to bring 90 the
flanges together whilst during the latter part of the movement, the
metal of the flanges 9 and 10 commences extruding upwardly and this
continues until the edge 14 fully enters the die h Gle 16 at the
surface 15 and cuts off excess 95 metal The tool 12 continues its
downward movement and finally the sealed can 1 is ejected from the
underside of the die 11.
If desired, the welding operation may be carried out in an atmosphere
of an inert gas 100 such as dry nitrogen, so that the sealed can 1 for
the transistor device is filled with nitrogen Further, after welding,
the space between the bead 3 in the closure member 2 and its welded
free end may be filled with a 105 cement or plastic such as that known
under the Registered Trade Mark "Araldite ".
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* GB784940 (A)
Description: GB784940 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to noise suppressor apparatus for jet-propulsion

11. engines
Description of GB784940 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: THOMAS REGINALD CAVE-BROWNE-CAVE 784,940 Date of filing
Complete Specification: Sept 9, 1955.
Application Date: Sept 9, 1954.
No 26206/54.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 7 ( 2), Y( 2: 6 A 1: 6 A 2: 13 C: 15).
International Classification:-F 02 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Noise Suppressor Apparatus for
Jet-Propulsion Engines We, THE 'EXPANDED METAL COMPANY LIMITED, a
company organised under the laws of Great Britain, of Burwood House,
Gaxton Street, Westminster, London, S W 1, do hereby declare the
invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: This invention relates
to, a noise suppressor unit for the exhaust gases of jet-propulsion
engines suitable for use when testing or runring up the engines of a
jet aircraft on the ground.
The exhaust gas stream of 'a jet engine is usually circular in
cross-section and it is known that such 'an exhaust jet on issuing
into the atmosphere causes two different types of sound One type, of
high pitch, is caused by the shear 'at the jet boundary and is
proportional to the 8th power of the speed of the jet relative to
still air, and another is due to pressure fluctuation and burbles
which extend for a considerable distance down-stream This second
source is usually greater in intensity and is audible at a greater
distance than is the high pitch component which decays more rapidly
with distance and is easier to absorb by artificial means.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved noise
suppressor unit which not only operates by the recognized method of
changing the shape of the gas stream which is circular where it issues
from the jet, to one which is flat but sets up diffusion so as to
reduce the velocity of gas flow before it passes to atmosphere Another
object of the invention is to provide a unit which is sufficiently
mobile to be easily placed behind the jet delivery of an aircraft
standing on the ground.
According to the present invention a noise suppressor unit for use
when testing or running up jet-propulsion engines comprises a lPrice 3

12. s 6 d l tunnel-like casing forming a duct to receive 45 exhaust gas
discharge from a jet engine or the jet pipe of ian aircraft on the
ground which duct is in two sections including a converter section and
a diffuser section, the first or converter section having a mouth
shaped to 50 fit around the jet pipe and at its downstream end where
it merges with the second or diffuser section having a recangular
cross section, and being shaped throughout its length so as gradually
to change the shape of the gas 55 stream from a circle to a rectangle
of relatively narrow width, the second or diffuser section, which is
rectangular in cross section throughout its length having two opposite
walls extending parallel or substantially paral 60 lel to the axis of
flow of the gas stream and at least one or booth of the other two
opposite walls Mat an angle thereto so as to provide an expanding
cross section by which the rate of flow is slowed down 65 In
constructing the converter section it should be so shaped as t,
produce the change in shape of the gas stream in as short a distance
as will allow the gas stream to' follow the inner wall surface of the
converter without 70 breaking away and causing noise and increase of
pressure at the inlet.
For this purpose the casing on that part of the perimeter below the
axis of gas flow may be given a flat or comparatively flat cross sec
75 tion with the object of changing the shape of the gas stream from
circular section to a flat section in a short distance down stream
from the entry of the duct It is desirable also to arrange the casing
so that the bottom of the 80 casing is at a sm'all angle to the gas
flow axis in the converter section but continues parallel to it
through the remainder of the diffuser section.
The diffuser section may be provided with 85 cooling means, by which
an induced air flow is set up over or through a section or the entire
length of the duct, In one arrangement 1 cooling of the diffuser
section is obtained by means of an inlet for the induction of air into
the duct atthe point where the converter section joins the diffuser
section Preferably also a baffle or louvre plate is mounted within the
diffuser section with its leading edge arranged opposite the air inlet
opening, and which baffle plate may be adjustable as to angle in order
to vary the sizee of the gas discharge opening.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which,
Figure 1 is a plan view of a mobile jet noise suppressor unit in
accordance with one embodiment of the invention, Figure 2 is a
sectional elevation of the unit shown in Figure 1, Figure 3 is a
detail view of a brake element.
F Figures 4 and 5 are respectively, a vertical section,and plan view
of a jet noise suppressor having an adjustable louvre plate.
Referring to Figures 1 to 3 of the drawings, there is shown a noise

13. suppressor unit comprising a tunnel-like casing indicated generally at
1 and having at one end 2, a flared opening to receive the end of the
discharge of the jet engine or the jet pipe of the aircraft, so that
the jet gases will pass through the casing and out through the farther
end thereof before discharging to atmosphere.
The casing 1 is essentially divided into two sections, a converter
section C, designed to flatten the cross sectional shape of the
exhaust gas stream from the jet pipe J, and a diffuser section D of
divrgezrt cross sction and the purpose of which is to reduce the speed
of the gas stream The converter section C is so shaped as to produce a
change in the shape of the gas stream with the object of preventing
formation of low frequency sound, which, it has been found, develop in
gas streams of circular section The change from circular to
rectangular shape is made in as short a distance as wvill allow the
gas stream to follow the inner wall surfaces of the converter without
breaking away from the outer side wall and causing noise and increase
of pressure at the inlet This change in shape of the gas stream from
the circular section where it issues from the jet pipe I to a flat
section can be achieved by giving the lower wall 3 of the converter
section C a comparatively flat construction together with the upper
wall 4, so that at the point where junction is made with the divergent
section D, the cross section of the duct is rectangular, the
dimensions of the rectangle being such that the width is appreciably
less than the length It Will be noted also that the change from
diameter size across the mouth or inlet end to width of rectangle is
appreciable and is an important factor 'n securing the desired change
in shape of the gas flow It must be understood however that the rate
of change should not be too rapid ince otherwise the gas will not fill
the entire cross section of the rectangle and there will be a tendency
for a greater concentration of flow along the centre line than at the
sides of the rectangle which is desirable i e the gas stream 70 will
not be evenly distributed over the whole cross section.
AIt is also desirable to arrange the duct or casing 1 sc that the
bottom wall 3 is at a small angle to the jet gas flow axis indicated
75 by the arrow X, in the converter section, but for,the remainder of
the duct 'and through the diffuser section D, it continues parallel.
The desired increase in cross sectional area of the diffuser section D
is secured by means 80 of outwardly divergent side walls 7 and 8, the
upper and lower walls 9 remaining parallel to one another and to the
longitudinal axis X of the gas stream In an alternative construction,
however, one of the side walls 7, 8 85 of the diffuser section D
extends at an angle to the axis X of the gas stream It will be
observed that the side walls 10 of the converter section C, are also
divergent and in this respect are consistent with the divergent walls

14. 7, 90 8 of the diffuser section D.
The diffuser section D may be provided with an extension constituting
a brake section in which are arranged elements 5 (see Figure 3) to
obstruct and brake the gas flow e g 95 layers or folds of expanded
metal or internal fins or other obstructions through which the gas is
driven by pressure to the outlet where it is released to atmosphere at
greatly reduced speed 100 Preferably such elements are graded in a
direction which is normal to the direction of flow of the gas stream
so ithat there is a considerable velocity gradient across the gas
ktream issuing from the suppressor, the outer 105 parts of the gas
stream moving more slowly than the inner parts.
It wivll be observed that by constructing the inlet end or mouth 2 to
the suppressor casing with a flared rim portion that when the unit 110
is positioned behind a jet engine I, as indicated in Figures 1 and 2,
that an annular opening I 2 can be left between the jet exhaust pipe
and the inlet to the duct through which a flow of air will be induced
by the action of the 115 exhaust gas stream, this air serving to
assist in preventing overheating of the suppressor casing.
An additional cooling effect may be ensured by providing for
additional cooling air to be 120 drawn over that part of the casing
constituting the diffuser section D In the arrangement shown in Figure
2 the diffuser section D) is shrouded with an outer casing 16 spaced
from the main casing and it will be noted that the 125 easing 16
extends beyond the discharge end of the duct 1 so that air will be
drawn through the space 17 between the inner duct and the outer casino
by ejector action of the issuing gas stream To assist the inflow of
air 130 q-84,940 784,940 to space 17 the outer casing 1:6 is
preferably formed with a flared mouth 16 ' at its upstream end.
It will be appreciated that the cooling air flowing through the space
17 will at the outlet end of the space, join with the more rapidly
moving jet gas, and will give a final outlet stream in which the
velocity contour is very favourable for small amount of noise at the
boundary Sound-absorbent lips as used in acoustic splitters may be
added to the edges of the outlet end of the duct if found desirable.
In order to increase the heat exchange effect the outer surface of the
duct 1 may be provided with spikes, fins or plates 20, additional
baffle plates 21 being secured to the interior of the casing 116 so as
to provide for a torturous flow of theair.
The flat surfaces of 'the diffuser section D including the brake
sections will be subject to considerable noise and pressure
fluctuations from within and though the load of the cooling spikes or
fins 20 may be sufficient to keep the drumming frequency of the
matefial low, it may be necessary, particularly with flat surfaces, to
provide internal stays or other stabilising means.

15. The suppressor as a whole may be arranged with the major cross
sectional dimension of the diffuser section D horizontal, vertical or
at any intermediate angle or the walls may be arranged at an 'angle so
as to decrease the overall width at the discharge end.
In the arrangement shown in Figure 2 the fins 20 extend transversely
to the air flow, 'but it has been found that under certain conditions
satisfactory cooling of the diffuser 9 can be obtained with,the fins
or baffle plates extending parallel to the air flow.
The suppressor unit may be mounted on an undercarriage having front
and rear wheels 22 to enable it readily to be moved around an aircraft
runway or apron and positioned behind the exhaust pipe of a jet engine
Since the stability of such a mobile unit when positioned behind a jet
engine depends on a heavy weight or anchor being provided at the front
end, this may conveniently take the form of an all-round motorized
'wheel or horse as indicated generally at 33.
Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, there is shown a preferred
embodiment of the suppressor unit in which the diffuser section has
parallel side walls 25, 26, but the upper wall 2,7 is at an angle to
the bottom wall 28 so as to secure the desired increase in,cross
section and allow for the expansion of the gases Experiments have
shown that as satisfactory if not finproved sound reducing action is
obtained using a diffuser section where the increase 'in cross section
is obtained by an increase in height instead of width in addition,t
which the,apparatus is less cumbersome both in appearance land when
being handled.
In this arrangement 'also an, air inlet opening 30 is provided at the
point where the convergent section 'C joins with the diffuser section
D so that air is drawn by induction into the interior of the casing It
has been found 70 that by providing an, interior louvre plate or
baffle 31, which is formed of perforate metal, conveniently expanded
metal, it is possible to dispense with the external cooling means 16
since the incomfing air will pass through the 75 perforations and
mingle with the hot gas flow.
Furthermore where the strands of the expanded metal are arranged in a
direction, o coincide with the flow axis X, it will produce an induced
air flow through the plate This in 80 duced air exerts a dual cooling
action firstly in passing through the plate and secondly in setting up
strata of cool air and gas,over the i.terior surface of the plate 31
Where overheating of the casing is liable to occur, the 85 entire
casing including both the converter and diffuser sections may be made
from e g expanded metal.
Provision may be made to adjust the angle of the louvre plate 31 in
relation to the base 90 wall 2,8 land for this purpose, it is mounted
to pivot ab:out 'hinge pins 33 carried by the side walls 25, 26

16. Adjustment of the angularity of the plate 31 is by means of lock studs
35 engaging one of a series of holes 36 fi the side 95 plates 25, 26
With this arrangement, the angle of divergence can be varied and
consequently the area at the outlet can,be varied as desired.
This variation nmay be desirable in order to keep the static pressure
at inlet to the con 100 verter section IC approximately equal to
atmospheric so that the use of the suppressor unit does not influence
the performance of the jet or jets.
This variation, may also 'allow the system 105 to be adjusted so that
the most satisfactory noise reduction, is obtained at each condition
at which the jet may be working e g maximum or reduced power, or
reheat, It will be appreciated that the unit shown 110 in Figures 3
and 4 may 'be mounted on a motorized carriage similar to the
arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2 In practice, satisfactory results
have been obtained by means of a duct having an overall length of
twelve to 115 fourteen feet and in which the relative lengths of the
converter and diffuser sections is of the order of 4 feet and 10 l
feet, the cross sectional area of the converter section at its inlet
end being slightly under two square feet, increas 120 ing only
slightly to,the point where it joins with the diffuser section The
increase in area for flow through the diffuser section may be about
four times.
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* GB784941 (A)
Description: GB784941 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements relating to liquid applicators
Description of GB784941 (A)

17. PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept 13, 1954.
784,941 No 26487/54.
A 1 7) Application made in United States of America on Sept 14, 1953.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 19, Ag, J; and 125 ( 3), T 7 F 1,
International Classification:-A 46 b, B 67 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to Liquid Applicators I, CECIL L HOPKINS, a
citizen of the United States of America, of 120 Harding Way, West
Galion, Crawford, Ohio, United States of America, do hereby declare
the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to liquid applicators of the type including a
casing for the liquid to be applied and a brush which is retractable
into the casing, but when extended to its operative position will be
moistened with the liquid and can be used to apply it Such an
applicator may be employed for various liquids for example lacquer.
According to the present invention a liquid applicator includes an
elongated casing forming a chamber, the casing being closed at one
end, referred to as its rear end, a tubular nozzle having at one end a
base secured to the casing at the other end of the latter, referred to
as its front end, said nozzle having a through passage providing an
internal chamber continuous with the casing chamber to receive liquid
from the latter, the casing and nozzle chambers constituting a
reservoir for the liquid to be applied, the nozzle being also provided
at its forward other end with an annular seating surface leading to a
discharge orifice opening through the forward end of the nozzle, an
elongated brush holder mounted within the nozzle and the casing, a
brush carried at the forward end of the brush holder, a spring
normally urging the brush holder to an operative position in which the
brush projects beyond the seating surface and through the discharge
orifice and a circular portion of the forward end of the brush holder
engages the annular seating surface to form a valve to close the
reservoir against delivery of liquid through the discharge orifice,
the brush being capable of being slightly retracted by endwise
pressure to open the valve anlqnermitflmvofliquid through the
discharge orifice and onto the brush, and also being capable of being
completely re tracted to a position in which the brush is wholly
within the nozzle and immersed in the contents of the applicator, a
washer fitted in 50 the base of the nozzle, the washer constituting a
partition between the nozzle and casing chambers and closely
surrounding the brush holder to guide the latter, the washer being

18. formed to provide restricting orifice 55 means permitting only
restricted liquid flow from the casing chamber to the nozzle chamber
to prevent flooding of the brush when the brush holder is retracted in
use, and a cap carrying a retractor pin projecting from its 60
internal closed end and adapted to engage the brush holder to move it
to its retracted position and a sealing surface to engage the forward
end of the nozzle about the discharge orifice to close the reservoir
when the cap is 65 fitted.
Preferably the major portion of the spring is located within the
casing rearwardly of the base end of the nozzle Conveniently the
partition washer guiding the brush holder 70 and providing the
restricting orifice is snap fitted in an enlargement of the nozzle
passage and is located against a circumferentially extending shoulder
of the nozzle.
According to one embodiment the wall of 75 the casing chamber is of
circular section and a second washer surrounds the brush holder as a
guide, the second washer being spaced axially of the brush holder from
the liquid flow restricting washer in the nozzle and en 80 gaging the
wall of the casing chamber in fixed relation, and preferably the
spring reacts against the second washer In this case a portion of the
brush holder extending between the washers is preferably of reduced 85
cross section providing a shoulder on the brush helder and the spring
surrounds the reduced portion of the holder, reacting at one end
against the shoulder of the brush holder and at the other end against
the sec 90 784,941 ond washer Conveniently the second washer divides
the casing chamber into a relatively large volume portion at the rear
end and a relatively small volume portion at the forward end and the
second washer is formed to provide restricting orifice means
permitting only restricted liquid flow from the large volume chamber
portion to the small volume chamber portion Preferably the dimensions
of the cap and the pin are such that the pin does not engage the brush
holder until the cap is in engagement with the casing The sealing
surface is preferably in the form of a sealing pad and the retractor
pin may extend through the sealing pad and has a head between it and
the end of the cap to form a support for the pin.
The invention may be carried into practice in a number of ways but two
specific examples will now be described by way of example with
reference to the accompanying drawings in which:Fig 1 is a sectional
elevation of the applicator with the cap removed, Fig 2 is a sectional
elevation of the applicator with the cap in place, Fig 3 is a
sectional elevation of the cap, Fig 4 is a section on line 4-4 of Fig
1; Fig 5 is a sectional elevation of another embodiment of the
invention with the cap removed; Fig 6 is a sectional elevation of the
cap; Fig 7 is a sectional elevation of the embodiment seen in Fig 5

19. with the cap in place; Fig 8 is a section on the line 8-8 of Fig.
5.
Fig 9 is a section on the line 9-9 of Fig.
Referring first to the embodiment seen in Figs 1 to 4 inclusive, the
applicator has a tubular casing 1, closed at its rear end and open at
its forward end to receive the rear end of a nozzle 2 which preferably
has a tapered rear end and is a friction fit in the open end of the
casing The nozzle chamber 3 near its forward end has an inwardly and
forwardly converging wall 4 forming a valve seat and leading to a
discharge opening 5.
The rear end portion of the chamber 3 has a forwardly diverging wall 6
which merges into a transverse shoulder 7 forming a seat for a guide
washer 8 In front of the shoulder the inner wall of the chamber 3 has
a forwardly converging wall 9 leading to a straight bore portion.
The guide washer 8 acts as a guide for a combined brush holder and
valve 10 in the form of a rod recessed at its forward end as at 11 to
receive the head 12 of a brush 13.
At its rear end the brush holder is of reduced diameter to receive the
front end portion of a coil spring 14, the rear end portion of which
is centered and carried by a foot spring tube 15 which abuts the
closed end of the casing The nozzle 2 is threaded at 16 to co-operate
with the internal threads 17 of an open ended cap 18 A sealing washer
19 within the cap, and bearing against its closed end, carries a brush
retractor 20 in the form of a headed rod having its head carried by 70
the sealing washer 19 so that the pin is mounted to be free for
lateral movement without bending The stem of the pin projects towards
the brush so that when the cap is screwed on to the nozzle the
retractor will 75 contact the brush head and move the brush into the
nozzle and compress the spring 14.
The operation is as follows:When the cap is fitted over the nozzle,
the retractor extends between the bristles to en 80 gage the brush
holder and keep it retracted against the action of the spring, and the
discharge opening of the nozzle is sealed by the sealing washer 19.
Assuming now that the applicator is to be 85 used, the cap is removed
and the spring moves the brush holder forwards together with the
brush, the latter passing through the discharge opening and being
maintained in its forward position by the spring The 90 forward end of
the brush holder seats against the valve seat formed by the converging
wvall 4 to cut off the flow of liquid from the nozzle.
The hole in the guide washer through which the brush holder passes is
slightly 95 larger than the diameter of the rod and accordingly,
whilst it provides a bearing or guiding surface limiting lateral
movement of the rod, it also provides a restricting or feeding
clearance serving to permit restricted flow of 100 liquid into the

20. nozzle Thus during use, the bristles can be recharged with liquid by
increasing the pressure on the work to retract the brush slightly and
so open the valve and allow liquid to flow down onto the bristles 105
from inside the nozzle Due to the restriction offered by the guide
washer 8 liquid cannot flow freely from the casing to the nozzle and
hence flooding of liquid will be avoided when the brush is slightly
retracted as described 110 Referring now to the embodiment shown in
Figs 5 to 8 inclusive, the cap and the nozzle are of the same
construction and operation but the brush holder has been shortened and
the spring abuts against a feed washer 115 In this embodiment the
applicator has a casing 21, nozzle 22 with a valve seat 23 and a
discharge opening 24, a brush 25 and brush holder 26 with a guide
washer 27, all of which function in the same way as the corres 120
ponding parts in Figs 1 and 3.
The brush holder is shorter and its reduced rear end 28 has a
clearance in a feed washer 29 fixed in any desired manner within the
casing A spring 30 is interposed between the 125 brush holder and the
feed washer and encircles the reduced end 28 The nozzle has threads 31
to co-operate with threads 32 of a cap 33, and a sealing washer 34
carries a retractor 35, all these parts being construc 130 784,941 ted
and operating in the same way as the corresponding parts of the cap
shown in Fig.
2.
The operation of this embodiment of the invention is the same as that
already described in connection with Figs 1 and 3, The feed washer 29
has a clearance with the reduced end 28 of the brush holder to provide
a flow control orifice for the liquid being applied and so to prevent
surging and flooding When the cap is removed, the spring moves the
brush forwardly and seals the flow; and when the cap is fitted on to
the casing the retractor returns the brush within the nozzle and seals
the discharge end of the nozzle.
The parts may be made of any desired material but the nozzle and the
cap are preferably molded from plastic material.
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* GB784942 (A)

21. Description: GB784942 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to smokers' ashtrays
Description of GB784942 (A)
PATENT SPECIFLCATION
Date of filing Complete Specification Jan 19, 1956.
Application Date Oct 21, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 130, A( 2: 3: 4: 5).
International Classification: -A 24 fo COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Smokers' Ashtrays I, GEORGE STUART
LAIRD, a British subject, of 18, Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill,
Surrey, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to smokers' ashtrays of the kind embodying one
or more tapered holes or sockets into which the lighted end of a
cigarette may be inserted for the Purpose of extinguishing it, and it
is the object of the present invention to provide an improved ashtray
of this character.
According to the invention the improved ashtray comprises a back plate
adapted to be secured to a stand, wall or other support, an
ash-receiving receptacle mounted on said back plate, a member formed
with a tapered extinguishing socket extending completely therethrough
and so positioned on the back plate that ash dislodged from a
cigarette within the socket will fall into the ash-receiving
receptacle, a cigarette rest also carried by the back plate and means
on the back plate for ensuring that a cigarette dislodged from the
rest will fall into said receptacle.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
the accompanying drawings wherein:Fig 1 is a perspective view of the
ashtray and, Fig 2 is a cross section through the extinguishing
socket.
The ashtray shown comprises an ash receiving receptacle 1 detachably
mounted on a back slate 2, said back plate in this instance being
shown attached to a stand 3 although it will be understood that the

22. ashtray is equally applicable to mounting on a wall, on the dashboard
of a motor car or on any other supporting surface The receptacle 1 is
preferably mounted on the back plate 2 by stud and keyhole connections
4, 5 but any other suitable form of detachable connection may be used
which will permit easy removal and emptying of the receptacle.
Secured to the back plate near its upper end lPr/ce is a cigarette
rest 6 and aligned with this rest and spaced therefrom is a pair of
walls 7 pre 50 ferably formed integrally with the back plate, the
arrangement being such that if a cigarette is dislodged from the rest
it can only fall downward's into the receptacle 1 If desired, the
groove of the cigarette rest may be so tapered 55 that when a
cigarette is lightly pressed down therein it is gripped by the walls
of the slot and so held against dislodgement.
Formed integral with the cigarette rest or, 60 if desired, as a
separate member attached to 60 the back plate, is a lug 8 embodying a
cigarette extinguishing socket 9 extending completely therethrough
from the upper side to the lower side thereof This socket has a depth
of approximately inch and is large 65 enough at its upper end to
permit easy insertion of a cigarette but tapers towards its lower end
so that it grips the inserted cigarette Thus for standard size
cigarettes of 5/,, inch diameter, the socket is approximately 3/I inch
diameter 70 at its upper end and /, inch diameter at its lower end
With this construction, approximately V/,, inch of the cigarette can
be inserted in the socket whereupon with slight pressure the cigarette
is gripped by the tapering wall, it being found that this gri Dpping
action is sufficient to snuff out the cigarette in spite of the fact
that the lower end of the socket is open Any ash dislodged from the
inserted cigarette falls straight through the socket into 80 the
receptacle and thus the socket is always clean and ready for use.
If desired, the socket may taper only to the point where it grips a
cigarette the lower end of the socket being straight sided or even
flar 85 ing to allow ash to fall easily therethrough.
The ashtray may be formed of metal rlastic or other suitable material
or combination of materials and it will be noted that apart from
providing ready means for extinguishing a 90 cigarette and a safe
cigarette rest, it is so formed that a cigarette cannot be vlaced down
in any position where it could roll or fall out of the tray so that it
is extremely safe in use.
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