Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English (v3).pptx
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL.pptx
1. “SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL AND
TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NANO CLAY
INCORPORATED TO HDPE COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH
BIDIRECTIONAL SILK WOVEN FABRIC FOR ENGINEERING
APPLICATION”
Guide
Dr. RAJA. R.
Professor& Head,
Dept. of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering
M.S.Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru.
TOCE, Bangalore
TRUPTI P. WANI.
USN-1OX13PMN05
Research Scholar
The Oxford College Of Engineering
Bangalore
Research Defense 1
2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
OBJECTIVES
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
PUBLICATIONS
REFERENCES
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4. LITERATURE REVIEW
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AUTHORS TITLE MATERIALS USED CONCLUSIONS
Fenglian Niu1 | Runqin He1 | Li
Jian2
“The research on the
mechanical properties improvement
of
HDPE/ABS blends reinforced with
acid‐treated wood fiber”
HDPE,ABS blend,Wood Fiber
The mechanical properties are
improved such as tensile strength,
flexural strength,hardness,density has
increased when wood fiber reinforced
to HDPE/ABS blend.
Noorunnisa Khanam, G.
Ramachandra Reddy,
“Tensile, Flexural and Compressive
Properties of Coir/Silk Fiber
Reinfroced Hybrid composites ”
coir fiber, silk fiber, unsaturated
polyester resin,
The variation of mechanical properties
of unsaturated polyester-based
coir/silk hybrid composites has been
studied as a function of fiber length
Dora Shiva Prasad et.al
“Wear performance of hdpe/ zno –
sio2 - caco3 – mg(oh)2
nano-filler polymer composites”
HDPE,Nano-clay powder
Good wear resistance compared base
HDPE material
5. Continued..
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AUTHORS TITLE MATERIALS USED CONCLUSIONS
Mu¨ nir Tas¸demir et al.
“Investigation of Properties
of Polymer/Textile Fiber
Composites”
cotton, polyamide, polycarbonate,
polyethylene, polymer composites,
polypropylene, silk
when
the fiber ratio was increased in HDPE-
PP=silk-cotton polymer composites,
mechanical properties did not change
significantly..
Dilara Kock,et.al.
“Investigate mechanical ,thermal and
microstructure analysis with hdpe
with waste silk fiber and cotton waste
fiber”
HDPE,Waste Silk fiber,and cotton
fiber
Reinforcing silk fiber with hdpe
polymer composites matrix leads to
peeling up ,forming no intermediate
structure. Modulus of elasticity of
pure hdpe after reinforcing silk fiber
is increased and yield ,tensile strength
also increased but impact is decreased
Research Defense
6. Continued..
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AUTHORS TITLE MATERIALS USED CONCLUSIONS
M.V. Deepthi et al.
“High density polyethylene and silane
treated silicon nitride
nanocomposites using high-density
polyethylene functionalized
with maleate ester: Mechanical,
tribological and thermal properties”
HDPE, compatibilizar,nanocaly
They found interfacial adhesion
between HDPE and reinforcing filler
increased. In addition,
compatibilization has further
improved the mechanical properties
slide wear loss decreased.
..
Runzhou Huang
High Density Polyethylene
Composites Reinforced with Hybrid
Inorganic Fillers: Morphology,
Mechanical and Thermal
Expansion Performance”
Glass fiber; talc; HDPE; composites
Mechanical and thermal properties
are improved at 20 % weight
fraction and further it decreases.
Research Defense
7. Continued..
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AUTHORS TITLE MATERIALS USED CONCLUSIONS
P. Neeraja et al.
Effect of Nanoclay on Tensile
Properties of Hybrid Polymer matrix
Composites ”
Nanoclay, Kevlar fabric, S-glass
fabric, Polyester,filler
From the tensile test results, as the weight
percentage of nanoclay increased, the tensile
strengths of the samples also increased further
addition is decreased.
..
B. Shivamurthy
Mechanical and sliding wear
properties of multi-layered laminates
from glass fabric/graphite/epoxy
composites”
bi-directionally woven E-glass
fabric/epoxy, graphite
particles
The hybrid composite containing
3 wt% of graphite exhibits the optimum
mechanical and wear performances. A
further increase in the
graphite content increases the specific wear
rate and deteriorates the mechanical
behavior.
Research Defense
8. OBJECTIVES
• To synthesize the hybrid composites, i.e., HDFC+SF+NC, HDFC+SF+GF+NC.
• To use the hot compression moulding process to prepare composites.
• To study the Microstructural characterisation of composites in their ascast condition and after failure.
• To characterise composites in terms of mechanical characteristics.
• To look at the composites' tribological characteristics.
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9. METHODOLOGY
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Detailed literature survey Material survey
Collection of testing standard, material selection
Fabrication of polymer matrix composites
Conducting various tests to check the withstanding properties of composite.
Physical and tribological
properties
Micorstrcture sutdies,
Tribological; properties
Engineering Applications
Mechanical properties
hardness, impact
Micorstrcture sutdies,
Mechanical; properties
15. Test Sample Designation
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Wear test samples of HDPE + nanoclay + Bi-directional silk
fiber (a) HDPE (b) HDPE+SF (c)HDPE+SF+ NC wt.0.1% (d)
HDPE+SF+ NC wt.0.3% (e) HDPE+SF+ NC wt.0.5% (f)
HDPE+SF+ NC wt.0.8% (g) HDPE+SF+ NC wt.1%.
Wear test samples of HDPE + nanoclay + Bi-directional silk
fiber+ Glass fiber(a) HDPE+SF+GF (b)
HDPE+SF+GF+NCwt.0.5% (c) HDPE+SF+GF+NCwt.0.8%
(d) HDPE+SF+GF+NCwt.0.5%+ 0.8%MoS.
a b c
d e f
g
a b c d
17. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Density of Components.
Density of HDPE + woven silk fabric + NC composites with increasing
NC Particle Content
Hardness.
18. Mechanical Properties of Sample Composites
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Tensile Properties Compression Properties
Effect of Nano-clay on The Properties of ‘HDPE + woven silk
fabric’ Composites
20. Mechanical Properties Continued..
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Effect of nano-clay on The Properties of ‘HDPE + woven silk
fabric’+ glass fiber Composites
Density Tensile Properties Compression Properties
30. Wear Continued..
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Coefficient of frictionVs sliding distance 2500 m sliding
distance (a) 10 N Load (b) 20 N Load (3) 30 N Load.
a
c
31. Wear Continued..
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Coefficient of friction vs sliding distance 3000 m sliding
distance (a) 10 N Load (b) 20 N Load (3) 30 N Load.
a
c
32. Wear Continued..
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Coefficient of friction Vs sliding distance 2500 m sliding
distance (a) 30 N Load (b) 40 N Load (3) 50 N Load.
a
c
33. Wear Continued..
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Coefficient of frictionVs sliding distance 3000 m sliding
distance (a) 30 N Load (b) 40 N Load (3) 50 N Load.
a
c
34. Wear Continued..
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a
c
Specific wear rate versus sliding 3000 m sliding distance
(a) 30 N Load (b) 40 N Load (3) 50 N Load.
Weight loss vs Applied Load.
45. Geometrical Model And Boundary condition
• BOUNDARY CONDITION : ENCASTER
• DISPLACEMENT : TENSILE, COMPRESSION & 3-POINT BENDING
• ELEMENT TYPE : S4R
FIXED IN
ALL THE
DIRECTION(
ENCASTER)
DISPLACE
MENT
(TENSILE)
TENSILE
FIXED IN ALL THE
DIRECTION(ENCASTER)
FIXED IN ALL THE
DIRECTION(ENCAST
ER)
DISPLACEMENT
3-POINT BENDING
FIXED IN ALL THE
DIRECTION(ENCASTER)
DISPLACEMENT
(COMPRESSION)
COMPRESSION
No Nodes:1600
No of Elements:
540
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46. HDPE+SF+NC 0.8%
STRESS IN X DIRECTION
STRESS IN Y DIRECTION
DISPLACEMENT
Tensile strength
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47. HDPE+SF+GF+NC 0.5% MoS
Tensile strength
STRESS IN X DIRECTION STRESS IN Y DIRECTION
DISPLACEMENT
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56. Application:-Bearing sleeve/liner selection
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Ambient temperature
Series1 Series2
Ambient temperature range(0C) for different SKF
sliding material under normal operating conditions.
0
0.15
0.1
0.15
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.08
0.38 0.34
-0.07 -0.05 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.06 -0.03
-0.16
-0.03
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Axis Title
Coefficient of friction
Series1 Series2
Coefficient of friction (µ) under dry or initially lubricated
operating conditions (typical values) for different sliding
materials
57. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sliding Velocity
Series1 Series2
Permissible continuous sliding velocity (m/s) at a load
less than 1 N/mm2 under dry or initially lubricated
operating conditions for different sliding materials.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Load capacity
Permissible specific bearing load(dynamic),
N/mm2, at a sliding velocity less than 0.01 m/s
and permissible static load (N/mm2) at v= 0 m/s
for different sliding materials
58. Sleeve Bearing Applications
• Sleeve bearings are a versatile component employed in just about every sort of design imaginable. Just a few examples include:
• Automotive – Transmission shafts, links, pins and crank components
• Agriculture – Linkage assemblies on attachments, steering gear
• Off-road – Clevis bearings for hydraulic cylinder pins
• Marine – Steady bearings for driveshafts
• Food Processing & packaging – Conveyor and filling devices.
59. Self-Lubricating Bearings
• These bearings have a lubricant like PTFE, graphite, or
silicon integrated with the rubbing surface of the
bearing itself. As moving parts rub together, this
lubricant dynamically disperses over time.
• Self-lubricating plastic polymer bearings utilize two
different mechanisms to transfer lubrication media:
• Smearing systems: PTFE-based or PTFE-infused
polymers are the most common example of a smearing
system. The lubricant needs to find its way out of the
polymer and deposit itself into the micro-finish of the
contacting surface. This deposit builds up to generate a
hydrodynamic film which provides effective
lubrication.
• Debris systems: this approach relies on the toughness
of the polymer itself (UHMW, Cast Nylon) to knock
loose resin micro-particles which effectively function
as tiny ball bearings. This approach is generally less
efficient but still has an important role in many
applications.
60. Self-Lubricating Bearings Continued..
• Employing one of these designs is important in applications
where frequent re-lubrication is impractical or unduly costly, in
extremely high-friction environments, or in environments
where traditional liquid lubricants represent too great a risk for
contamination/leakage.
• Because inadequate lubrication is the number-one cause of
bearing failure, ending the need for lubrication not only
simplifies maintenance but dramatically reduces premature
wear that accumulates during inevitable maintenance intervals.
Grease and other lubricants also exacerbate contamination
issues by helping dust and dirt stick in the bearing mechanism,
another long term wear-driver that self-lubricating options
eliminate.
• Key Advantages of Self-Lubricating Bearings
• Excellent corrosion and wear resistance.
• Lower maintenance cost due to reduced lubrication requirements.
• Lower-friction coefficient.
• Function in high/low-temperature environments.
• Cleaner, grease-less operation
61. Plain bearing in the seat height adjustment
• What is needed: a plain bearing solution for adjusting the seat
height
• Requirements: noise minimization, smooth operation, low
fogging, high load capacity, low weight, low coefficient of friction,
tolerance compensation, use also for cathodic dip painting at high
drying temperatures, corrosion-free
• Suitable products: clip bearings made of flexible materials , plain
bearings for higher loads
• Success for the customer: the tribologically optimized plain
bearings have a low weight, a long service life and their noise -
(NVH/BSR)-reducing specifications. Cost savings are achieved
through the price of parts and the shorter assembly process. There
is no need for recalibration and flange processes - development
times are very short
63. Plain bearing in the back rest adjustment
• What is needed: a noiseless and low-clearance bearing of
the inclination adjustment
• Requirements: noise minimization, vibration damping,
low clearance, low fogging, high load capacity, low
weight, self-lubricating
• Matching products: various individual special parts e.g.
made of HDPE, Silk Fabric and Nano Clay
• Success for the customer: Tribologically optimised
materials with integrated solid lubricants ensure a low
coefficient of friction and thus minimise noise during the
adjustment process. The bearing material design works for
installation situation runs with low clearance and reduces
the development and design time.
64. Lead screw support in lumbar adjustment
• What is needed: thrust washers for lead screw support in the drive
• Requirements: noise minimization, smooth operation, corrosion-
free, low fogging, high load capacity, low weight, low coefficient
of friction.
• Suitable products: thrust washers
• Success for the customer: the thrust washers are a cost-effective
and smoother-running alternative for axial ball bearings
65. Plain bearing in the leg rest
• What is needed: a plain bearing solution inside the car to adjust
the car seat leg rest, comfort seat extension and extended leg rest
• Requirements: smooth operation, low coefficient of friction, high
load capacity, low weight, low fogging, noise minimization
• Suitable products: plain bearings
• Success for the customer: Enable quiet adjustments by preventing
disturbing BSR and NVH noises within the seat hinges. Made of
tribologically optimized polymers, they are up to 5 times lighter
than appropriate metal bearings.
.
66. Plain bearings in compact motors for electric seat adjusters
• What is needed: a plain bearing solution in compact motors for
electric seat adjustment, seat actuator, and seat adjustment drive
• Requirements: high speeds, small installation space, low
coefficient of friction, noise minimization, high load capacity,
smooth operation, low weight, maintenance-free, no external
lubrication
• Suitable products: plain bearings made of highly wear-resistant at
higher temperatures
• Success for the customer: noise reduction (NVH and BSR), high
performance at low and high speeds, low friction coefficients, long
service life, no external lubrication required, cost savings, and
weight reduction
67. Compact motors for electric seat adjustments
• More and more electronic adjustment options are finding their way
into the series applications of car manufacturers by means of
actuators. Minimizing noise and weight are essential requirements
for any modern seat design. plain bearings are lighter and quieter
than conventional solutions. Their integrated lubricants ensure a
long service life without external lubrication.
Compact motors are used in the following seat applications, among
others: seat length adjustment, seat tilt, seat height adjustment,
backrest adjustment, headrest adjustment, lumbar support, haptic
seat feedback, lumbar support, headrest adjustment, seat belt
tensioner.
Application examples in electric seat length and backrest
adjustment
68. Bushings in car belt tensioner
• Main criteria for the application
• High-frequency oscillating motion
• Pivot angle 1-15°
• Wear-resistant even with soft aluminum shaft
• Heavy dirt accumulation
• Temperature - 40 to + 120 °C (- 40 to 248°F)
69. Gearboxes
• No more contact corrosion
• polymer plain bearings, the contact corrosion by metal bushings
could be completely eliminated for an automobile manufacturer. In
addition to the cost savings, the improved dampening properties of
the plain bearings were utilized. This improved the feel of the shift
and minimized noise.
• Main criteria for use:
• Pivoting movement with each gear change
• Peak temperature up to 160°C
• Push out forces after 68h > 150N
• Contact with gear oil possible
• In contrast to proposed material bearings may bring the advantage
over , metal-rolled bearings which have problems of contact
corrosion with die-cast aluminium housings
70. Bearings in strap hinges
• Main criteria for the application
• No contact corrosion
• High compressive strength
• Tolerance compensation possible
• Insensitive to dirt
• Low-priced
• KTL-suitable
• Electrically conductive materials
• Low flow by temperature and load
71. CONCLUSIONS
This work shows that successful fabrication of the silk fabric with nano clay based HDPE composites by using
compression molding.
The values obtained from the above graphs and results shows that nanoclay content plays a major role in determining
mechanical properties of Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite.
With the increase in nanoclay %, Tensile strength, tensile modulus, Compression strength, modulus, Flexural strength,
modulus also increased and after some percentage values are gone down.
Percentage elongation has decreased of the HDPE +SF+0.8%NC ,Further addition of 1 % NC has increased % of
elongation.
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Research Defense
72. CONCLUSIONS Continued..
The increase in mechanical properties indicated efficient interaction between the clay and blend constituents
The SEM pictures of the highest nano clay filled silk fiber reinforced HDPE composite corroborate the data
with that of pure HDPE, thus complementing each other.
The slide wear result indicate that as the sliding distance increased, the weight loss increases for all four
samples studied, but HDPE + SF+1%NC shows the best slide wear data.
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Research Defense
73. CONCLUSIONS Continued..
The HDPE + SF+1%NC show the highest hardness and pure HDPE least hardness values. Among these
HDPE with SF & 1% NC has highest slide wear resistance and lower coefficient of friction compare to pure
HDPE or HDPE+ SF. This results hold for all the three sliding distances and three normal loads.
Improvements in Mechanical properties of the HDPE matrix are obtained with the addition of Bi-directional
silk Fiber. Further, addition of glass woven fiber to HDPE composites exhibited superior mechanical
properties as compared to Silk Fiber.
The slide wear result indicate that as the sliding distance increased, the weight loss increases for all four
samples studied, but HDPE + SF+GF+SF+HDPE+0.5%NC+0.5Mos2 shows the best slide wear data.
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Research Defense
74. CONCLUSIONS Continued..
The HDPE + SF+GF+SF+HDPE+0.5%wt.NC+0.5Mos2 show the highest hardness and pure HDPE least
hardness values. Among these HDPE with SF & GF and Mos2,% NC has highest slide wear resistance and
lower coefficient of friction compare to pure HDPE or HDPE+ SF+GF+SF+HDPE. This results hold for all
the three sliding distances and three normal loads.
The SEM pictures of the highest nano clay filled silk fiber and glass woven fiber reinforced HDPE composite
corroborate the data with that of pure HDPE, thus complementing each other.
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75. RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
• 1. Trupti P.Wani, R. Raja, P. Sampathkumaran ,S.Seetharamu, Investigation on Wear and Friction Characteristics of Bi-
DirectionalSilkFiber Reinforced Nanoclay Added HDPE Composites,Elsevier,Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018)
25713–25719.
• 2.Trupti P. Wani, R. Raja, Madhusudana Reddy G & Shridhar Deshpande (2021): Synthesis and mechanical properties
of HDPE based Nano-Clay polymer composites for industrial applications, Advances in Materials and Processing
Technologies, DOI: 10.1080/2374068X.2021.1896864.
• 3. Trupti P.Wani, R. Raja, P. Sampathkumaran ,S.Seetharamu,R.R.N.Sailaja Bhattacharya, Tribological behaviour of Bi-
Directional Silk Fiber Reinforced HDPE nano Composites,Tribology Materials Surfaces &Interfaces,Taylor & Francis,
DOI: 10.1080/17515831,.2021.2023289..
• 4.Trupti P. Wani, R. Raja, Madhusudana Reddy G, Fabrication and investigation of sliding wear behaviour of nano clay
based hdpe containing silk fiber and glass fiber composites, International Journal of Mechanical and Production
Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun
2020, 16209-16216
▫ .
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76. REFERENCES
1. Fenglian Niu1 | Runqin He1 | Li Jian2 , “The research on the mechanical properties improvement of HDPE/ABS blends
reinforced with acid‐treated wood fiber”, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, 12, 3, 2018, pp. 3866-3875.
2. M. M. Schwartz, “Composite materials vol. I- processing, fabrication and applications”, 1996.
3. N. Chawla, K. K. Chawla, “Metal matrix composite”, Springer publications, 2006.
4. A. Ravikiran, M. K Surappa, “Effect of sliding speed on wear behavior of A356 Al-30 wt.% SiC MMC”, Wear, 206, 1997, pp.
33-38.
5. R. M. Wang, M. K. Surappa, C. H. Tao, C. Z. Li, M. G. Yan, “Microstructure and interface structure studies of SiC reinforced
Al6061 metal matrix composites”, Materials Science and Engineering A, 254, 1998, pp. 219-226.
6. S. Suresh, N Shenbaga Vinayaga Moorthi, S. C. Vettivel, N. Selvakumar, G. R Jinu, “Effect of graphite addition on mechanical
behavior of Al6061-TiB2 hybrid composites using acoustic emission”, Materials Science and Engineering A, 612, 2014, pp. 16-
27.
7. N. L Han, Z. G. Wang, W. L. Wang, G. D. Zhang, C. X. Shi, “Low cycle fatigue behavior of a particulate SiC-2024Al
composite at ambient and elevated temperature”, Composites Science and Technology, 59, 1999, pp. 147-155.
8. N. G. Siddesh Kumar, G. S. Shivashankar, S. Basavarajappa, R. Suresh, “Some studies on mechanical and machining
characteristics of Al2219/n-B4C/MoS2 nano hybrid metal matrix composites”, Measurement, 107, 2017, pp. 1-11.
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78. Referee: 1
• In oral presentation, scholar must address the following;
• a) the rationale of using these fillers in HDPE.
• b) from the research, what application do you think that this polymer composite can be used? The candidate must
provide the supportive information for this question.
79. Ans: a) the rationale of using these fillers in HDPE.
Hardness
• increasing NC particles' content in the matrix results
increase in composite hardness. The progress is
about 15% (HDPE+SF+NC) and 21%
(HDPE+SF+GF+NC) composites when compared to
that of the Pure HDPE matrix sample.
Tensile Properties
• Silk fibres influences the strength in the composites
strength increase of 37.36%. In contrast ductility of
the samples decreases form sample 1 (HDPE) 60%
to sample 6 (HDPE+SF+0.8% NC) 50.5%. This is
an 18.81% of decrement in the elasticity of the
composite. Furthermore, as the NC continent grows
from 0.8 % to 1%, tensile strength declines by 4.08
%, while ductility increases by 35%.
Density of Components.
80. Effect of nano-clay on The Properties of HDPE + woven silk
fabric Composites
Compression Properties
• The compressive strength values rise from 33.4 MPa for Pure
HDPE to 45.1 MPa for HDPE + Silk fabric + 1% wt. of NC in
HDPE + Silk fabric + 1% wt. of NC in HDPE + Silk fabric +
1% wt. of NC in HDPE + Silk fabric + 1% wt. of NC this
associates to a 35 percent improvement in compressive
strength. Simultaneously, the compressive modulus increased
from 504.55 MPa for Pure HDPE to 848.12 MPa for HDPE +
Silk fabric + 1% wt. of NC. This equates to a 68 percent
increase in modulus.
Flexural
• The flexural strength of HDPE increases from 6.2 MPa to
6.8 MPa (HDPE+SF+1% NC) which is an increase of 10%
whereas flexural modulus increase from 49.68 MPa to
68.12 MPa. This is a 37% of Increase in the value. Further
the Sample 6 (HDPE+SF+0.8% NC) flexural strength is
9.2 MPa and flexural modulus is 89.1 MPa which is
significant raise in the flexural prosperities with compared
to pure HDPE.
Impact Strength
• Impact strength of the 'ascast' HDPE composites is 40 J/m
asincreases with increasing NC particle up to72 J/m
(HDPE+SF+0.8%NC) which is an 80% of increase in the
strength, whereas the sample 7 (HDPE+SF+1%NC) shows
strength of 62 J/m which is 16% of reduction in strength
compared to the sample 6 (HDPE+SF+0.8%NC) However,
the addition of 1% on NC decreases the impact strength.
81. Effect of nano-clay on The Properties of HDPE + woven silk
fabric + glass fiber Composites
Hardness
• The hardness value of HDPE + SF +GF composite (68 Shore
D) has significantly increase hardness (to 73 Shore D) value
for 0.8 % of nano clay blended composite.
Tensile Properties
• Tensile strength of sample 1 (Pure HDPE) is 18.2 MPa and
sample 5 (HDPE+SF+GF+0.5%NC+8%Mos) is 39.08 MPa
there is an 114% of Increment in the tensile strength in the
meantime young’s modules increases 153% which indicates
the in the ductility of the composite. Treating the Glass fibers
with 0.8% MoS further increases the strength by increasing the
bonding strength of Glass fibers.
• Compression Properties
• The compression strength values observed 33.4 MPa for Pure
HDPE, whereas 69.02 MPa for HDPE+SF+GF+NC sample.
Glass fabric influence in improving the compressive strength
of the matrix by 107% compared to the Pure HDPE. Further,
the compressive modulus also increases 68%, this may be due
to the strengthening matrix.
Flexural Strength
Flexural strength of the ‘ascast’ composites of Pure HDPE is 504.55
MPa and 848.12 MPa for HDPE+SF+GF+0.5%NC+8%MoS
sample. Whereas the flexural modulus for the same samples shows
the values of 49.68 MPa for sample Pure HDPE and 129.8 MPa for
sample HDPE+SF+GF+0.5%NC+8%MoS.
Impact Strength
The values observed are 40 J/m for Pure HDPE, were as 293 J/m
for HDPE and woven silk fabric and Glass fabric for HDPE + Silk
fabric + Glass fabric + 0% wt. of NC content. Further, NC Particles'
addition to this matrix in 0.5% and 0.8% of NC particles increase
the impact strength to 268J/m
Wear
• In general, the CoF reduces as the applied load increases for all
composites
• In comparison to neat HDPE, composites have a lower real
wear rate. Natural fibre and nano-clay reinforcement have
increased the wear behaviour of HDPE
82. Ans: b) Application
• Referee: 1 b) from the research, what application do you think that this polymer composite can be used? The
candidate must provide the supportive information for this question.
• Referee: 2 in oral presentation, candidate must address the applications in the real world.
Sleeve Bearing Applications
• Sleeve bearings are a versatile component employed in just about every sort of design imaginable. Just a few
examples include:
• Automotive – Transmission shafts, links, pins and crank components
• Agriculture – Linkage assemblies on attachments, steering gear
• Off-road – Clevis bearings for hydraulic cylinder pins
• Marine – Steady bearings for driveshafts
• Food Processing & packaging – Conveyor and filling devices.
