معلم كيمياء جامعات عضوية - غير عضوية (عامه) - تحليلية - فيزيائية - انتقالية - حيوية - بترول - هندسية - علاجية - مختبرات- 145-101-طيفية - بوليميرات . College chemistry - -organic chemistry - physical - analaytical - inorganic-engeineering-tranisation elemient - electro - biochemistry-petrolium- lab.- chemotheraby- polymeries- spectroscopy - chem.101-chem.145 - ch.104

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College of engeineering
Chemistry
Scientific Method
Is the study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
a systematic approach to research
‫أﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﻨﮭﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
Information
qualitative
hypothesis
Law ( natural law).
theory
consisting of general observations about the
system .
.‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
Comprising numbers obtained by various
quantitative
measurements and observations.
.‫ﺗﻀﻢ أرﻗﺎم ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت واﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
a tentative explanation for a set of observations
‫ﺷﺮح ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
Concise verbal ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ‬or mathematical statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same under the same
conditions.
a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/ or those
laws that are based on them .
.‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﯾﺸﺮح ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ و / أو ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
-The
scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to
explore observations and answer questions. What is the first step in
completing the scientific method?
A: project experimentation
B: hypothesis
C: problem
D: research
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-The
second step to the scientific method is to state the "problem", the
scientific question to be solved. What is one requirement that needs to be
fulfilled in order for the "problem" to be valid?
A: It needs to be a problem that has a number answer.
B: It needs to be a problem that can be solved experimentally.
C: It needs to be a problem that has a yes or no answer.
What are the five steps of the scientific method in order from first to
last?
A: research, problem, hypothesis, project experimentation, conclusion
B: A hypothesis is an idea about the solution to a problem.
C: A hypothesis is created after an experiment is completed.
D: A hypothesis should make a claim about how two factors are related.
-
- When completing an experiment, you are testing your hypothesis.
What are the three kinds of variables that you need to identify in your
experiments?
A: independent, controlled, and dependent
B: independent, dependent, and identical
C: A hypothesis is created after an experiment is completed.
D: A hypothesis should make a claim about how two factors are related.
What is the independent variable?
A: the variable that you purposely manipulate
B: the variable that is being observed
C: the variable that is not changed
- What is the controlled variable?
A: the variable that you purposely manipulate
B: the variable that is being observed
C: the variable that is not changed
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‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﺪا‬

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How many independent variables can you have during an experiment?
A: 1
B: 2
C: as many as you would like
D: the same amount as the number of controlled variables
In the conclusion of an experiment, can you leave out experimental results
that do no support your hypothesis?
A: No
B: Yes
Matter
Matter :- Anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of elements.
Atom element - molecule & compound  mixture & solution .
States of Matter
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gas
liquid
solid
assumes the shape and volume
of its container
particles can move past one
another
assumes the shape of the part of the
container which it occupies
particles can move/slide past one
another
retains a fixed volume and shape
rigid - particles locked into place
compressible
lots of free space between
particles
not easily compressible
little free space between particles
not easily compressible
little free space between particles
flows easily
particles can move past one
another
flows easily
particles can move/slide past one
another
does not flow easily
rigid - particles cannot move/slide
past one another
Classification of Matter
‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‬
-Elements and Compounds


element : substance that can not be separated into simpler substances
by chemical means
compound : a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements
chemically united in fixed proportions
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-Substances and Mixtures and Compounds
substance
form of matter that
has a definite
composition ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬and distinct
properties ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰة‬
mixture
a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their
distinct identities‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺨﻮاﺻﮭﺎ‬
homogenous
mixture
composition of the
mixture is the same
throughout ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء‬
Compounds
can be broken
down into more
elemental
particles.
heterogeneous
mixture
composition of the
mixture is not
uniform.
Separation of Mixtures
Distillation
Separates homogeneous
mixture on the basis of
differences in boiling
point.
- 2 process :1- evaporation
2- condensation
Filtration
Separates solid
substances
from liquids
and solutions.
Chromatography
Separates substances on the basis of differences
in solubility in a solvent.
‫ﯾﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت‬
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
- Can be observed without changing
a substance into another substance.
- Boiling point, density, mass,
volume, etc.
Chemical Properties
- Can only be observed when a
substance is changed into another
substance.
- Flammability, corrosiveness,
reactivity with acid, etc.
Intensive Properties ‫ﻏﲑ ﻛﻤﻴﻪ‬
- Independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
- Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties‫ﻛﻤﻴﻪ‬
- Dependent upon the amount of the
substance present.
- Mass, volume, energy, etc.
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Changes of Matter
Physical Changes
- Changes in matter that do not
change the composition of a
substance.
- Changes of state, temperature,
volume, etc.
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Chemical Changes
- Changes that result in new substances.
- Combustion, oxidation, decomposition,
etc.
Chemical Reactions
chemical reaction, the reacting substances are converted to new substances.
Electrolysis of Water
Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen gases at different electrodes.
2O(l) --> 2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H
Hydrogen is collected at the cathode.
Oxygen is collected at the anod
Units of Measurement
SI Units
• Système International d’Unités
Unit
Required unit
gm
……X 10-3kg
Kilo any thing
……X 103
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Metric System
Unit
Required unit
Unit
Required unit
ml any thing
……X10-3
mm
……X10-3
Micro any thing
……X 10-6
mm2
……X 10-6
pico . any thing
……X 10-12
mm3
……X 10-9
nm. any thing
……X 10-9
Liter (1000cm3)
……X 10-3 m3
Cm.
……X 10-2m
Giga
……X 109m
Cm2
……X 10-4m2
Femto (fm)
……X 10-15
Cm3
……X 10-6m3
Mega any thing . ……X 106
mile
…..x 1609 m
mile
…..x 1.609klm
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being
measured.
Parameters:Parameter 1: Temperature:-
Parameter 2: Pressure :The SI unit of pressure is
- the Pascal (Pa). Since force is measured in Newton’s:
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atmosphere (atm) of pressure.:
1 atm = 760 Torr = 760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar (exactly)
Density = d
height= h.
area= A,
g = acceleration (g = 9.8 m/s2).
Parameter 3: Volume :liters (L). The SI unit of volume,
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
1 L = 1 × 10 -3 m3
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Density
Specific Gravity (Relative Density)
SG = ρ / ρH2O
(3)
where
SG = specific gravity
3
ρ = density of fluid or substance (kg/m )
3
ρH2O = density of water (kg/m )
Uncertainty in Measurement
1.
2.
3.
4.
All nonzero digits are significant.
Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant.
Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant.
Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is
written in the number.
Accuracy versus Precision
Accuracy refers to the proximity of a
measurement to the true value of a
quantity.
‫دﻗﺔ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬
• Precision refers to the
proximity of several
measurements to each other.
‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت‬
.‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
- Percentage :a) by weight :- (W solute / W solute + W solvent) x 100 = %
b) by volume :- (V solute / V solute + V solvent) x 100 = %
c) by weight /volume :- (W solute / V solute + V solvent) x 100 = %
d) by volume by weight :- (V solute / W solute + W
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solvent
) x 100 = %

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‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻎ ﻛﺎﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ. ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻰ.‬
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