Research

1. GROUP 2 RESEARCH
PRESENTATION

2. Group members
1. Ahimbisibwe Brian
2. Nyakato Doreen
3. Settaba Henry
4. Asiimwe Anne

3. Task
Qualitative Study Designs;
◦ Phenomenological,
◦ Ethnographic,
◦ Grounded theory,
◦ Historical,
◦ Case study, and
◦ Action research

4. Definition
◦ Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people
interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live,
and understand the social reality of individuals, groups and cultures.
◦ It is concerned with the whys and hows of the phenomenon in question
◦ Qualitative research is a type of research that explores and provides deeper
insights into real-world problems.
◦ It studies things in their natural settings attempting to make sense of, or
interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.

5. Approaches
◦ Phenomenology
◦ Phenomenology is the study of human experience and of the ways
things present themselves to us in and through such experience E.g.,
lived experiences of HIV positive adolescents.
◦ It involves People who have experienced a phenomenon.
◦ Phenomenology is essentially looking into the ‘lived experiences’ of the
participants and aims to examine how and why participants behaved a
certain way, from their perspective.
◦ Phenomenology focuses on describing and explaining an event or
phenomena from the perspective of those who have experienced it.

6. ◦Daly (2005) studied the lived experiences of mothers
of suicidal adolescents. She contended that,
unfortunately, the mother’s experience is often the
hidden dimension in the family. Unstructured
interviews were conducted with 6 mothers living with
suicidal adolescents. Six themes were identified:
failure as a good mother, the ultimate rejection,
feeling alone in the struggle, helplessness and
powerlessness in the struggle, cautious parenting.

7. Ethnographic design
◦ An ethnography is a description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or
system. The research examines the group’s observable and learned patterns of
behavior, customs, and ways of life.
◦ Ethnography as a research design has its origins in social and cultural anthropology,
and involves the researcher being directly immersed in the participant’s environment.
◦ Through this immersion, the ethnographer can use a variety of data collection
techniques with the aim of being able to produce a comprehensive account of the
social phenomena that occurred during the research period.

8. Cont…
◦ That is to say, the researcher’s aim with ethnography is to immerse
themselves into the research population and come out of it with
accounts of actions, behaviors, events, etc. through the eyes of
someone involved in the population.
◦ Direct involvement of the researcher with the target population is one
benefit of ethnographic research because it can then be possible to find
data that is otherwise very difficult to extract and record.

9. Scenario
Gance-Cleveland (2014) examined the features, critical
attributes, processes, and benefits of school based support
groups for adolescents with an addicted parent. Ethnographic
methods were used to gather data. Participant observations
were conducted weekly at two high schools over one semester.
Interviews were conducted with program administrators,
school administrators, group co-facilitators, and participants.
School-based support group participation was found to
enhance self-knowledge and led to self-care and self-healing.

10. Grounded theory
◦ Grounded Theory is the “generation of a theoretical model
through the experience of observing a study population and
developing a comparative analysis of their speech and
behavior.”
◦ Grounded Theory’s goal is to explain for example how and
why an event occurs or how and why people might behave a
certain way. Through observing the population, a researcher
using the Grounded Theory approach can then develop a
theory to explain the phenomena of interest.
◦ Grounded Theory aims to develop a theory for social
phenomena through an examination of various data sources

11. ◦ The grounded theory qualitative method was used by Williams and
Irurita (2005) to study the personal control and emotional comfort of
hospitalized patients.
◦ Interviews were conducted with 40 patients, and 75 hours of field
observations were conducted. The basic psychological process
identified by the researchers was labeled “optimizing personal control
to facilitate emotional comfort.”
◦ Personal control referred to the ability of patients to influence their
environment; emotional comfort was defined as a state of relaxation
that affected the physical status of the patient. Personal control was
found to be a central feature of emotional comfort

12. Case study
◦ A case study model focuses in on one thing – an individual, a family, a business or
other and takes an in-depth view.
◦ The use of case studies can use in-depth interviews as the research looks to deliver
real detail.
◦ Popular and widely used, the research focuses in the detail of one user or group. The
research method may not be purely observational.
◦ Instead, the researcher will interact with the participant, they will ask questions and
probe and find out why they act as they do or make certain decisions.
◦ A case study involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
◦ Case study research may be the form that most people would have the greatest
existing knowledge of.

13. ◦ Phineas Gage was a resident of Central Vermont and worked in the
construction of a new railway line in the mid-1800s. One day, an
explosive went off prematurely, sending a tamping iron straight into his
face and through his brain.
◦ Gage survived the accident, fortunately. He managed to find a job as a
stagecoach after the accident. However, his family and friends reported
that his personality changed so much that “he was no longer Gage”
(Harlow, 1868).
◦ It was around these personality disturbances that the study about the
brain and its link with social behavior found profuse ignition.
◦ Today, neuroscientists have confirmed the frontal cortex to act as a
catalyst in social cognition and decision making.

14. Historical
◦ The historical method uses past events as a means to explain the
current.
◦ Past events can be used to provide insight into planned events, for
instance data taken from a previous ad campaigns could be analyzed to
help shape a new campaign.
◦ The basic premise is fairly obvious – use historical data to inform the
present and future.
◦ Great skill is required. The data has to be analyzed to look for trends
and also identify any contradictions.
◦ From the data, the most valid theories and ideas have to be developed
with evidence as to why these are arrived at.

15. Historical research seeks not only to discover the events of the past but to relate these
past happenings to the present and to the future.
Leininger (1985) wrote, “Without a past, there is no meaning to the present, nor can we
develop a sense of ourselves as individuals and as members of groups” (p. 109).
The data for historical research are usually found in documents or in relics and artifacts.
Documents may include a wide range of printed material. Relics and artifacts are items
of physical evidence. For example, you might examine the types of equipment used by
nurses in another time period.
Historical data can also be obtained through oral reports. The material may be found in
libraries, archives, or in personal collections

16. ◦ The sources of historical data are frequently referred to as primary and
secondary sources.
◦ Primary sources are those that provide firsthand information or direct
evidence.
◦ Secondary sources are secondhand information (or sometimes third or
fourth hand).
◦ For example, a letter written by Florence Nightingale about nursing care
during the Crimean War would be considered a primary source of data.
If a friend summarized the information about nursing care during the
Crimean War based on a letter she received from Florence Nightingale,
this source of information would be considered a secondary source.

17. scenario
◦ Oral histories were gathered from 8 nurses who were employed
between 1951 and 1965 in a Virginia state hospital .These nurses were
now retired and had between 12 and 46 years of psychiatric nursing
experience. The researcher wanted to describe the experiences of these
nurses who practiced in a state mental hospital before and during the
introduction of antipsychotic medications. They expressed resignation
and frustration while trying to provide care despite crowded wards and
inadequate personnel and supplies. The nurses indicated that they
focused on the patient’s body instead of on the patient’s mind .The
companionship they experienced with other nurses helped them
continue in their positions, despite what they felt to be a “thankless job

18. Action research
◦ Action research is a type of qualitative research that seeks action to improve practice
and study the effects of the action that was taken.
◦ In action research, the implementation of solutions occurs as an actual part of the
research process. There is no delay in implementation of the solutions.
◦ Participatory action research is a special kind of community-based action research in
which there is collaboration between the study participants and the researcher in all
steps of the study:
◦ determining the problem, the research methods the analysis of data, and how the
study results will be used.
◦ The participants and the researcher are co-researchers throughout the entire research
study. It provides an opportunity for involving a community “in the development and
assessment of a health program.

19. Example
◦ Action research was used with staff in one hospital. The purpose of the
study was to identify facilitators and barriers to infection prevention
and control (IPC).
◦ Staff took part in semi structured interviews, completed questionnaires,
and participated in monthly meetings to give their opinions of what
they thought were the facilitators and barriers to the implementation of
infection prevention and control.
◦ As barriers were being identified, solutions were planned as the
research was still going on. Meanwhile the staff of the hospital got
involved in the research by identifying the facilitators and barriers to
IPC and finding solutions to the barriers.

20. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING