Surfactants are surface-active agents that can reduce the surface tension of liquids and allow them to foam or penetrate solids. They were first discovered in 1929. There are several types of surfactants including anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants. Surfactant molecules can form different structural aggregates depending on concentration, including micelles which are spherical arrangements that help solubilize compounds. Surfactants have many applications but safety and environmental risks must also be considered.
The need for non aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid as well, and can hence compete in proton acceptance or proton donation with other weak acids and bases dissolved in it.
The need for non aqueous titration arises because water can behave as a weak base and a weak acid as well, and can hence compete in proton acceptance or proton donation with other weak acids and bases dissolved in it.
Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating
Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic or nonpolar moiety known as tail.
The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups – Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between.
Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their alkyl chain.
Comaparative study of lanthanides and actinidesRamyaR162
Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides. Points of Similarities and difference. Both show close resemblance because these involve filling of f-subshells. Both have coloured ions, low electronegativity, high reactivity and show magnetic properties.
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating
Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic or nonpolar moiety known as tail.
The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups – Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between.
Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their alkyl chain.
Comaparative study of lanthanides and actinidesRamyaR162
Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides. Points of Similarities and difference. Both show close resemblance because these involve filling of f-subshells. Both have coloured ions, low electronegativity, high reactivity and show magnetic properties.
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Respiratory physiology & Respiratory Distress syndrome in a newborn.Sonali Paradhi Mhatre
Hi guys, This ppt shows the pathophysiology of pulmonary surfactant in newborn and respiratory distress syndrome. Main focus is towards management of RDS esp. exogenous surfactant administration. Your comments are welcome. Thank you.
Surfactant is a surface active agent which are used to prevent surface tension and interfacial tension. It is important prevent interfacial fluidity, it is amphiphilic molecule having Hydrophilic head and Lipophilic tail. It is important for poorly water soluble drug and it is important to influencing water solubility of poorly water soluble drug. It is important to prevent the inter and intra subject variability.
It act as solubilizing agent, suspending and emulsifying agent, stabilizing agent, wetting agent, detergent, Foaming agent.
It is important for preparation of Nanoemulsion, Nanosuspension, Microemulsion.
It is important to show antibacterial as well as antimicrobial activity.
It is important for Novel drug delivery system, oral drug delivery system, Targeted drug delivery system.
It is important to influencing oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug.
Removal of heavy metals from tannery effluent using Acacia nilotica and Solan...Akshay Prabha
This is done to reduce heavy metals ions such as Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni, from tannery waste water. The removal is done by using natural adsorbents which are inexpensive and plentily available.
The slides covers brief description of ion exclusion chromatography. i hope the slides will be helpful
for any further details you can contact me through email.
mail id - sobhigaba@gmail.com
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
2. Outline
HISTORY OF SURFACTANT
DEFINATION OF SURFACTANT
TYPES OF SURFACTANT
STRECTURAL AGGREGATES
MICELLES
APLICATION OF SURFACTANT
SEFETY AND INVIRONMENTAL RESK
REFRENCE
3. HISTORY OF SURFACTANT
the first discovery of
surfactant In 1929 Kurt von
Neergaard, a German-born
physiologist working in
Switzerland
4. Is a surface-active agent, a wetting agent,
a substance, is Natural or synthetic,
substance such as a detergent, that can
reduce the surface tension of a liquid and
thus allow it to foam or penetrate solids.
D
efinition:
6. Anionic surfactants
In these surfactants the hydrophilic group is negatively
charged. They are the most widely used type of
surfactants for laundering, dishwashing liquids and
shampoos. They are particularly good at keeping the dirt.
Four anionic surfactants are used:
a)alkylbenzene sulfonates
b) alkyl sulfates
c) alkyl ether sulfates
d) soaps
7. Cationic surfactants
With these surfactants, the hydrophilic head is positively
charged.
there are several types, each used for a specific purpose.
(a) Mono alkyl quaternary systems
b) Esterquats
8. Nonionic surfactants
These surfactants do not bear an electrical charge
and are often used together with anionic
surfactants. An advantage is that they do not
interact with calcium and magnesium ions in hard
water.
9. Amphoteric surfactants
Amphoteric (or zwitterionic) surfactants are so called because the head-group
carries both a negative and positive charge. A range of methods is used to
produce such materials, which contain ammonium ion (a cation). The
negatively charged group can be carboxylate, -CO2
-
, sulfate, -OSO3
-
or
sulfonate, -SO3
-
. A long-chain carboxylic acid reacts with a diamine to form a
tertiary amine. On further reaction with sodium chloroethanoate, a quaternary
salt is formed:
Molecules of amphiphilic surfactants in solution self-assemble into various supramolecular aggregates. This slide shows typical changes in surfactant self-assembly and morphologies formed with decreasing water content in the system (water content decrease is shown by arrows)
Critical micelle concentration (CMC) can be determined by surface tension measurements. Below CMC surfactant adsorbs on the surface and decreases surface tension. More surfactant we have below CMC less surface tension is. Above CMC the micelles are formed. All surfactant added in excess of the CMC incorporate in the micelles. Therefore surface tensions remains the same as at CMC.