Phthalates & their Alternatives - Health & Environmental Concerns - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ sustainableproduction.org
Cosmetics are care substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, many being synthetic
This document from the World Health Organization provides an overview of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. It finds that while trace levels of pharmaceuticals are detected in surface waters and to a lesser extent drinking water, concentrations are generally below 0.1 μg/L. Risk assessments from the UK, Australia and US conclude that exposure from levels found in drinking water is extremely unlikely to cause adverse health impacts. Wastewater is a major source, and treatment processes can remove varying amounts depending on the pharmaceutical and process, with conventional removal generally between 20-90% and advanced processes achieving higher removal. A water safety plan approach focusing on preventing pharmaceuticals from entering the water system through improved regulations, take-back programs and consumer awareness is recommended over emphas
"Beat Plastic Pollution" is a presentation by Dr. Amrit Krishna Mitra, Assistant Professor, Department Of Chemistry, Singur Government College, West Bengal, India. In this presentation he discusses the chemistry & history of Plastics, its benefits etc., as well as the detrimental effects of plastic on the environment, and finally ways towards the resolution.
https://www.sciencesg.com/scientificity/beat-plastic-pollution/
Plastic pollution is a major problem with urgent effects on wildlife and ecosystems. Plastics are degraded through physical, chemical, and biological means. Physical degradation includes photodegradation and thermal degradation which break down the polymer structure through UV light and heat exposure. Chemical degradation involves chemical reactions that break the double bonds in polymers. Biodegradation uses microbes to break plastics down into simpler components and has less environmental impact than other methods, but is not yet scalable.
Plastic Pollution Presentation By AnkitMishraAnkit Mishra
This document discusses plastic pollution and management. It provides an introduction to plastics, their composition, types and uses. It then discusses the disadvantages of plastics like releasing pollutants and absorbing toxic chemicals. Statistics about global plastic production and consumption are presented. The document outlines how plastic waste impacts the environment and marine life, forming garbage patches in oceans. It stresses the need for better plastic waste management and measures to curb pollution.
This document discusses pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as pollutants in the environment. It notes that PPCPs enter the environment through human use and disposal, as drugs are excreted or unused medications are flushed down drains. Studies have found a wide variety of PPCPs present in streams and rivers across the US, though usually at low concentrations. Some PPCPs are endocrine disrupting or pharmaceutically active, though their effects on humans and aquatic life are not fully understood. Improper disposal of unused drugs contributes to accidental poisonings, drug abuse issues, and environmental contamination.
The chemical contamination of water from a wide range of toxic derivatives, in particular heavy metals, aromatic molecules and dyes, is a serious environmental problem owing to their potential human toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can remove toxic pollutants found in wastewaters .Among all the treatments proposed, adsorption is one of the more popular methods for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater..
Karat Earth presentation about PLA plastic and Eco-friendly products.
Karat Earth is an environmental brand launched under Lollicup USA, Inc. to better service the food industry with Eco-friendly restaurant to-go containers, straws, utensils and more.
Cosmetics are care substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, many being synthetic
This document from the World Health Organization provides an overview of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. It finds that while trace levels of pharmaceuticals are detected in surface waters and to a lesser extent drinking water, concentrations are generally below 0.1 μg/L. Risk assessments from the UK, Australia and US conclude that exposure from levels found in drinking water is extremely unlikely to cause adverse health impacts. Wastewater is a major source, and treatment processes can remove varying amounts depending on the pharmaceutical and process, with conventional removal generally between 20-90% and advanced processes achieving higher removal. A water safety plan approach focusing on preventing pharmaceuticals from entering the water system through improved regulations, take-back programs and consumer awareness is recommended over emphas
"Beat Plastic Pollution" is a presentation by Dr. Amrit Krishna Mitra, Assistant Professor, Department Of Chemistry, Singur Government College, West Bengal, India. In this presentation he discusses the chemistry & history of Plastics, its benefits etc., as well as the detrimental effects of plastic on the environment, and finally ways towards the resolution.
https://www.sciencesg.com/scientificity/beat-plastic-pollution/
Plastic pollution is a major problem with urgent effects on wildlife and ecosystems. Plastics are degraded through physical, chemical, and biological means. Physical degradation includes photodegradation and thermal degradation which break down the polymer structure through UV light and heat exposure. Chemical degradation involves chemical reactions that break the double bonds in polymers. Biodegradation uses microbes to break plastics down into simpler components and has less environmental impact than other methods, but is not yet scalable.
Plastic Pollution Presentation By AnkitMishraAnkit Mishra
This document discusses plastic pollution and management. It provides an introduction to plastics, their composition, types and uses. It then discusses the disadvantages of plastics like releasing pollutants and absorbing toxic chemicals. Statistics about global plastic production and consumption are presented. The document outlines how plastic waste impacts the environment and marine life, forming garbage patches in oceans. It stresses the need for better plastic waste management and measures to curb pollution.
This document discusses pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as pollutants in the environment. It notes that PPCPs enter the environment through human use and disposal, as drugs are excreted or unused medications are flushed down drains. Studies have found a wide variety of PPCPs present in streams and rivers across the US, though usually at low concentrations. Some PPCPs are endocrine disrupting or pharmaceutically active, though their effects on humans and aquatic life are not fully understood. Improper disposal of unused drugs contributes to accidental poisonings, drug abuse issues, and environmental contamination.
The chemical contamination of water from a wide range of toxic derivatives, in particular heavy metals, aromatic molecules and dyes, is a serious environmental problem owing to their potential human toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop technologies that can remove toxic pollutants found in wastewaters .Among all the treatments proposed, adsorption is one of the more popular methods for the removal of pollutants from the wastewater..
Karat Earth presentation about PLA plastic and Eco-friendly products.
Karat Earth is an environmental brand launched under Lollicup USA, Inc. to better service the food industry with Eco-friendly restaurant to-go containers, straws, utensils and more.
The document discusses plastic pollution and single-use plastics. It defines plastics as synthetic materials made from polymers. Single-use plastics are meant to be used only once before being disposed. Plastic pollution is accumulating in the environment and wildlife are ingesting it. By 2050, there will be more plastic in oceans than fish. Plastic takes a very long time to decompose and releases toxins as it breaks down. The document outlines various plastic types and their common uses. It also discusses the impacts of plastic pollution on health, environment and wildlife. India and Tripura's status of plastic waste generation and management is provided. Alternatives to banned single-use plastic items are suggested.
This document discusses heavy metal poisoning from metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and others. It covers the sources of exposure, pharmacokinetics, symptoms of acute and chronic poisoning, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Heavy metals are absorbed from the environment through water, food, and industrial exposures. They can cause neurological, gastrointestinal, renal and other organ system effects. Diagnosis involves measuring metal levels in blood and urine. Treatments include chelating agents like EDTA and dimercaprol that bind metals and remove them from the body.
The document discusses the history and rise of plastic from its invention in the 1860s to modern day uses and environmental concerns. It traces some of the key plastics developed like Bakelite, vinyl, nylon, polyethylene, polyester, and describes how plastics revolutionized industries like packaging, clothing, automobiles. However, it also notes that many plastics are toxic and release dangerous chemicals, contributing to pollution and health issues that environmentalists are now urging regulators to address.
This document discusses bioplastics as an alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics are derived from renewable plant sources like corn starch and can be broken down naturally. They reduce carbon dioxide emissions and are biodegradable unlike most plastics. The document outlines several uses of bioplastics in automotive parts, electronics casings, and packaging/catering products. Companies like Toyota and Sony are adopting bioplastics to make their products more environmentally friendly.
Applications of polymers in everyday lifeIshaneeSharma
1. The document discusses various applications of polymers in agriculture, sports, household items, and medical fields.
2. In agriculture, polymers are used as mulches, greenhouses, irrigation, and super absorbent polymers are used to enhance soil properties. Functionalized polymers and biodegradable polymers also have applications.
3. In sports, polymers are used in synthetic turf, athletic tracks, clothing, equipment like golf balls and tennis balls, and racquets.
4. Household items made from polymers include pipes, bottles, containers, insulation, and non-stick pans.
5. In medicine, polymers are used for drug packaging, dialysis membranes, sutures, and surgical meshes.
Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
Presented at the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This paper discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment.
Plastic poses significant environmental problems. It is made from polymers that do not degrade and can persist in the environment for centuries. When plastic litter ends up in oceans and waterways, it kills over 100,000 marine animals every year either through ingestion or entanglement. Plastic bag litter also pollutes landscapes worldwide. While recycling aims to reduce plastic waste, the recycling process itself can release toxic fumes and harm workers. Small actions like using reusable tote bags and reducing single-use plastic can help address this global issue. Government regulations and individual responsibility are both important to lessen the environmental impact of plastics.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
This document presents the results of a study on heavy metal concentrations in various foodstuffs from markets in Pakistan and the associated human health risks. The study found that concentrations of chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and lead in some fruit, vegetable and cereal samples exceeded permissible limits. A health risk assessment revealed that arsenic concentrations in rice samples from Begumai posed a potential health risk to both adults and children in the region, with a health risk index greater than 1. The document concludes there is a need for improved agricultural practices and food monitoring to reduce heavy metal contamination and potential health impacts.
Globally, about 4 billion tires end up as solid waste each year. Since tires are highly un-degradable, if not properly disposed they can remain in the environment for up to 100 years. There are three main categories for recycling scrap tires - mechanical, chemical, and thermal. Mechanical recycling involves reusing tires as whole or shredded pieces. Chemical recycling breaks tires down into materials like chemicals and fuels through processes like devulcanization. Thermal recycling recovers energy from tires through burning.
The document discusses water analysis and quality. It covers various topics related to water including hardness, dissolved and suspended solids, and separation techniques. Specifically, it defines hardness and the different types, explains why dissolved and suspended solids impact water quality, and outlines common separation methods like filtration, distillation, and extraction.
Presentation: Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
Presented at the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This paper discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment.
Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage,
retailing, and use of the goods. Contains, Types, Procedure of manufacturing the plastics, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Plastics are organic polymers that are typically derived from petrochemicals but can also come from renewable sources like corn or cotton. They have displaced many traditional materials due to their low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability. Common plastics include polyethylene, polyester, polycarbonate, and polyurethane, which are used in products like bottles, fibers, electronics cases, and foams. Plastics can be classified by their chemical structure and production process and include both thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.
This document provides a summary of raw material sourcing for manufacturing in Nigeria. It examines the raw material requirements and specifications across 10 sectors of the economy. The sectors covered include base metals, iron and steel, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, electrical and electronics, food and beverages, motor vehicles, non-metallic minerals, plastics and rubber, pulp and paper, and textiles. For each sector, the report analyzes local availability of raw materials, capacity utilization, potential for local substitution, industries operating in the sector, research and development activities, and recommendations. It aims to support manufacturers and investors by providing information on raw material options and developing local raw material industries.
This document provides information about dioxin, including its properties, effects, and methods of control. It defines dioxin as a class of chlorinated chemical compounds that are extremely stable and persistent in the environment. The document outlines the toxic effects of dioxin exposure on human health, especially long-term effects on the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems. It also discusses major sources of dioxin in the environment and methods to prevent and control dioxin emissions, especially from waste incineration. The key points are that dioxin exposure poses health risks like cancer, and controlling combustion conditions and installing emission controls are important for reducing environmental dioxin levels.
Silicone polymers structure, prepartion, properties, uses
INORGANIC POLYMERS
Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybridpolymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber.
Of synthetic polymers whose backbone is made of repeating silicone to oxygen bonds (siloxane bonds) with organic side groups, such as methyl, phenyl or vinyl.The basic repeating unit became known as siloxane and the most common available silicone is polydimethylsiloxane
Organo-silicone polymers contain chains or network of alternating silicone and oxygen atoms in their structures ,that is exhibited in some natural silicone minerals
Polymeric molecules in silicones held together by weak van der waals force results, they are liquids of varying viscosity or gums or solids containing polymeric molecules which generally soluble in organic mediaHydrolysis of dichloro dimethyl silane (CH3)2SiCl2 gives long chain polymers.As there is active OH group at each end .The length of the chain increasing.so it is called chain building unit
properties
1.The si-o-si bond in silanes is shorter than the expected si-o-si bond as calculated from the their radii.This indicates that there is some ionic character in si-o bond due to which it becomes quite stable.
2.This the the reason for why polysiloxanes are thermally stable and do not decompose even upto 350-400`C.
1. Highly polar character of si-o bond and the ability of si to expand its valency shell by utilizing its d-orbitals renders polysiloxanes susceptible to attack by several reagents.
2.The siloxanes may undergo hydrolysis and alcoholysis at elevated temperature in the presence of strong acids and bases
to give silanols and alkaxysilanes .In general, the greater the extent of substitution on Si atom, the greater is the case of hydrolysis in the presence of acids and greater is the difficulty of hydrolysis in the presence of bases.
thankingyou
ESWARAN .M -inboxeswaran@gmail.com
Phthalates are additives that are widely used in plastics to make them soft and flexible.
To protect children from potential health effects, certain phthalates are no longer used in toys and childcare articles. However, some school supplies – such as erasers, bags or pencil cases – were found to contain these phthalates.
Can regularly chewing on such articles cause harmful health effects?
A Survey of Phthalate Esters In Consumer Cosmetic Products v2zq
A Survey of Phthalate Esters In Consumer Cosmetic Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The document discusses plastic pollution and single-use plastics. It defines plastics as synthetic materials made from polymers. Single-use plastics are meant to be used only once before being disposed. Plastic pollution is accumulating in the environment and wildlife are ingesting it. By 2050, there will be more plastic in oceans than fish. Plastic takes a very long time to decompose and releases toxins as it breaks down. The document outlines various plastic types and their common uses. It also discusses the impacts of plastic pollution on health, environment and wildlife. India and Tripura's status of plastic waste generation and management is provided. Alternatives to banned single-use plastic items are suggested.
This document discusses heavy metal poisoning from metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and others. It covers the sources of exposure, pharmacokinetics, symptoms of acute and chronic poisoning, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Heavy metals are absorbed from the environment through water, food, and industrial exposures. They can cause neurological, gastrointestinal, renal and other organ system effects. Diagnosis involves measuring metal levels in blood and urine. Treatments include chelating agents like EDTA and dimercaprol that bind metals and remove them from the body.
The document discusses the history and rise of plastic from its invention in the 1860s to modern day uses and environmental concerns. It traces some of the key plastics developed like Bakelite, vinyl, nylon, polyethylene, polyester, and describes how plastics revolutionized industries like packaging, clothing, automobiles. However, it also notes that many plastics are toxic and release dangerous chemicals, contributing to pollution and health issues that environmentalists are now urging regulators to address.
This document discusses bioplastics as an alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics are derived from renewable plant sources like corn starch and can be broken down naturally. They reduce carbon dioxide emissions and are biodegradable unlike most plastics. The document outlines several uses of bioplastics in automotive parts, electronics casings, and packaging/catering products. Companies like Toyota and Sony are adopting bioplastics to make their products more environmentally friendly.
Applications of polymers in everyday lifeIshaneeSharma
1. The document discusses various applications of polymers in agriculture, sports, household items, and medical fields.
2. In agriculture, polymers are used as mulches, greenhouses, irrigation, and super absorbent polymers are used to enhance soil properties. Functionalized polymers and biodegradable polymers also have applications.
3. In sports, polymers are used in synthetic turf, athletic tracks, clothing, equipment like golf balls and tennis balls, and racquets.
4. Household items made from polymers include pipes, bottles, containers, insulation, and non-stick pans.
5. In medicine, polymers are used for drug packaging, dialysis membranes, sutures, and surgical meshes.
Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
Presented at the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This paper discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment.
Plastic poses significant environmental problems. It is made from polymers that do not degrade and can persist in the environment for centuries. When plastic litter ends up in oceans and waterways, it kills over 100,000 marine animals every year either through ingestion or entanglement. Plastic bag litter also pollutes landscapes worldwide. While recycling aims to reduce plastic waste, the recycling process itself can release toxic fumes and harm workers. Small actions like using reusable tote bags and reducing single-use plastic can help address this global issue. Government regulations and individual responsibility are both important to lessen the environmental impact of plastics.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
This document presents the results of a study on heavy metal concentrations in various foodstuffs from markets in Pakistan and the associated human health risks. The study found that concentrations of chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and lead in some fruit, vegetable and cereal samples exceeded permissible limits. A health risk assessment revealed that arsenic concentrations in rice samples from Begumai posed a potential health risk to both adults and children in the region, with a health risk index greater than 1. The document concludes there is a need for improved agricultural practices and food monitoring to reduce heavy metal contamination and potential health impacts.
Globally, about 4 billion tires end up as solid waste each year. Since tires are highly un-degradable, if not properly disposed they can remain in the environment for up to 100 years. There are three main categories for recycling scrap tires - mechanical, chemical, and thermal. Mechanical recycling involves reusing tires as whole or shredded pieces. Chemical recycling breaks tires down into materials like chemicals and fuels through processes like devulcanization. Thermal recycling recovers energy from tires through burning.
The document discusses water analysis and quality. It covers various topics related to water including hardness, dissolved and suspended solids, and separation techniques. Specifically, it defines hardness and the different types, explains why dissolved and suspended solids impact water quality, and outlines common separation methods like filtration, distillation, and extraction.
Presentation: Substitution of Benzotriazole UV Absorbers in PlasticsJim Botkin
Presented at the SPE Thermoplastic Elastomers TOPCON, September 2018. This paper discusses how UV-328 and other benzotriazoles came to be classified as SVHC under REACH, and identifies potentially safer substitutes for additive users based on the results of a hazard assessment.
Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage,
retailing, and use of the goods. Contains, Types, Procedure of manufacturing the plastics, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Plastics are organic polymers that are typically derived from petrochemicals but can also come from renewable sources like corn or cotton. They have displaced many traditional materials due to their low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability. Common plastics include polyethylene, polyester, polycarbonate, and polyurethane, which are used in products like bottles, fibers, electronics cases, and foams. Plastics can be classified by their chemical structure and production process and include both thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.
This document provides a summary of raw material sourcing for manufacturing in Nigeria. It examines the raw material requirements and specifications across 10 sectors of the economy. The sectors covered include base metals, iron and steel, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, electrical and electronics, food and beverages, motor vehicles, non-metallic minerals, plastics and rubber, pulp and paper, and textiles. For each sector, the report analyzes local availability of raw materials, capacity utilization, potential for local substitution, industries operating in the sector, research and development activities, and recommendations. It aims to support manufacturers and investors by providing information on raw material options and developing local raw material industries.
This document provides information about dioxin, including its properties, effects, and methods of control. It defines dioxin as a class of chlorinated chemical compounds that are extremely stable and persistent in the environment. The document outlines the toxic effects of dioxin exposure on human health, especially long-term effects on the immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems. It also discusses major sources of dioxin in the environment and methods to prevent and control dioxin emissions, especially from waste incineration. The key points are that dioxin exposure poses health risks like cancer, and controlling combustion conditions and installing emission controls are important for reducing environmental dioxin levels.
Silicone polymers structure, prepartion, properties, uses
INORGANIC POLYMERS
Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybridpolymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber.
Of synthetic polymers whose backbone is made of repeating silicone to oxygen bonds (siloxane bonds) with organic side groups, such as methyl, phenyl or vinyl.The basic repeating unit became known as siloxane and the most common available silicone is polydimethylsiloxane
Organo-silicone polymers contain chains or network of alternating silicone and oxygen atoms in their structures ,that is exhibited in some natural silicone minerals
Polymeric molecules in silicones held together by weak van der waals force results, they are liquids of varying viscosity or gums or solids containing polymeric molecules which generally soluble in organic mediaHydrolysis of dichloro dimethyl silane (CH3)2SiCl2 gives long chain polymers.As there is active OH group at each end .The length of the chain increasing.so it is called chain building unit
properties
1.The si-o-si bond in silanes is shorter than the expected si-o-si bond as calculated from the their radii.This indicates that there is some ionic character in si-o bond due to which it becomes quite stable.
2.This the the reason for why polysiloxanes are thermally stable and do not decompose even upto 350-400`C.
1. Highly polar character of si-o bond and the ability of si to expand its valency shell by utilizing its d-orbitals renders polysiloxanes susceptible to attack by several reagents.
2.The siloxanes may undergo hydrolysis and alcoholysis at elevated temperature in the presence of strong acids and bases
to give silanols and alkaxysilanes .In general, the greater the extent of substitution on Si atom, the greater is the case of hydrolysis in the presence of acids and greater is the difficulty of hydrolysis in the presence of bases.
thankingyou
ESWARAN .M -inboxeswaran@gmail.com
Phthalates are additives that are widely used in plastics to make them soft and flexible.
To protect children from potential health effects, certain phthalates are no longer used in toys and childcare articles. However, some school supplies – such as erasers, bags or pencil cases – were found to contain these phthalates.
Can regularly chewing on such articles cause harmful health effects?
A Survey of Phthalate Esters In Consumer Cosmetic Products v2zq
A Survey of Phthalate Esters In Consumer Cosmetic Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Toxic Effects of the Easily Avoidable Phthalates and Parabensv2zq
This document summarizes research on the health effects of phthalates and parabens. It finds that while phthalates and parabens are rapidly cleared from the body, daily exposure through common consumer products can pose health risks. Phthalates are widely used plasticizers found in many personal care products, food packaging, and medical supplies. Studies have linked several phthalates to infertility, birth defects, obesity, asthma, and cancer. Parabens are preservatives used in cosmetics that are absorbed through the skin and may increase breast cancer risk. The document recommends avoiding phthalate and paraben containing products to reduce exposure and health risks.
This document summarizes the results of a study that tested 34 name-brand cosmetic products from major retailers in Europe for the presence of phthalates. The key findings were:
1) Nearly 80% of products tested contained phthalates, with over half containing multiple phthalates.
2) Approximately 40% of products contained phthalates (DEHP and DBP) that were recently banned by the EU due to their classification as reproductive toxins.
3) A wide range of commonly used cosmetic products like deodorants, perfumes, and hair products from major brands contained phthalates.
This document discusses toxicants in food packaging, specifically phthalates. It begins by providing background on food packaging and its benefits. It then focuses on phthalates, which are commonly added to plastics used in food packaging to increase durability. Low molecular weight phthalates like DEHP are classified as toxic and can leach from packaging into foods. The document outlines DEHP's metabolism, excretion, toxicities like effects on reproduction, and mode of action in disrupting hormone functions. It provides data on common levels of DEHP in foods and packaging. The summary concludes by suggesting ways to reduce DEHP exposure and potential alternatives for food packaging materials.
Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) is used in a wide range of products for everyday use such as plastics, paints, inks and cosmetics.
Its widespread use has raised some concerns on the safety of this compound. Is DBP posing a risk to health or the environment?
Diisodecyl-phthalate (DIDP) and Diisononyl-phthalate (DINP) are two closely related substances that are mainly used as additives in plastics to make them more flexible.
Their widespread use in everyday products, from floorings and shoe soles to toys has raised some concerns about their safety. Do DIDP and DINP pose a risk to health or the environment?
The document discusses the harms of plastic pollution on human health and the environment. It notes that Delhi is one of the most polluted cities in India, with high levels of particulate matter. It then discusses how chemicals used in plastics like BPA, phthalates, and styrene are toxic and can disrupt human hormones. These chemicals accumulate in the food chain and enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, and absorption. The document advocates reducing plastic use to help address this growing environmental and health crisis.
Pretty Nasty - Phthalates in European Cosmetic Products v2zq
Pretty Nasty - Phthalates in European Cosmetic Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ noharm-uscanada.org
Commonly used Insecticides and Pesticides KULDEEP VYAS
Pesticides include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. There are several thousand different types in use and almost all of them are possible causes of water pollution. For example, DDT, malathion, parathion, delthametrine and others have been sprayed in the environment for long periods of time for the control of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, and to control the growth of weeds and other pests.
The Toxic Takeover of Baby Nurseries - Chemicals of Concern Found in Almost E...v2zq
The document reports on a study that tested the air quality in a typical baby nursery. It found over 300 chemicals in the nursery air, compared to just two outside, including formaldehyde at levels 5 times the recommended limit. It lists numerous chemicals of concern found in common nursery products like furniture, toys, and personal care items. These chemicals are linked to health issues like cancer, developmental and reproductive harm. It calls for stronger laws and safer alternatives to better protect children from risky chemical exposures.
This presentation is about Food Contact Chemicals (FCC) that tend to migrate from the packaging into the food product and can cause health adversities like endocrine disruption and cancer
Invisible Burden - Good Reasons to Get Rid of PBT Chemicals v2zq
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Phthalates & their Alternatives - Health & Environmental Concerns
1. Phthalates and Their Alternatives:
Health and Environmental Concerns
j a n u a r y 2 0 1 1
t e c h n i c a l b r i e f i n g
The Lowell Center for Sustainable Production at the University of Massachusetts Lowell helps to build healthy
work environments, thriving communities, and viable businesses that support a more sustainable world.
3. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 3
Contents
Why There is Concern about Phthalates 4
Sources of Exposure to Phthalates 6
Human Health and Environmental Concerns 7
Chemical Alternatives to Phthalates 8
Alternative Plastics that Do Not Require Phthalates
Petroleum-Based 13
Biobased 16
References 21
4. 4 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
Why There Is Concern about Phthalates
P
hthalates are a class of synthetic chemicals that are widely used in a variety of consumer products
including medical devices, food wrap, building materials, packaging, automotive parts, children’s toys,
and childcare articles made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The annual global production of phthalates
is estimated to be 11 billion pounds. The addition of phthalates to PVC makes this brittle plastic
more flexible and durable. PVC products may contain up to 50 percent by weight of plasticizers, most com-
monly phthalates. Phthalates are also used as solvents in many applications and in cosmetics to hold fragrance,
reduce cracking of nail polish, reduce stiffness of hair spray, and make products more effectively penetrate and
moisturize the skin. Six of the commonly used phthalates in consumer products are di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
(DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), di-n-octyl phthal-
ate (DnOP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP or BzBP).
Phthalates have been identified as reproductive and developmental toxicants, though their toxicity varies
somewhat depending on the specific phthalate structure. In addition, the US EPA classifies DEHP and BBP
as probable and possible human carcinogens respectively. Further, phthalates are not chemically bound to the
PVC polymer. Thus, over time they leach out of products and diffuse into the air, water, food, house dust, soil,
living organisms, and other media, particularly under conditions involving heat. Because of health concerns,
as of February 2009 the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act restricted DEHP, DBP, and BBP in
children’s toys and childcare articles in concentrations exceeding 0.1 percent. DINP, DIDP and DnOP
are prohibited pending additional study and review.a
Although six phthalates are now restricted from children’s products in the US and European Union (EU), they
are unregulated and continue to be used in toy making in many other parts of the world, such as China and
India. In addition, children continue to be exposed to phthalates in cosmetics and personal care products such
as nail polish, lotion, shampoo, soap, and hair spray. School supplies made of PVC such as notebooks and
binders, art supplies, backpacks, lunchboxes, paperclips, and umbrellas may contain phthalates. Raincoats,
boots, handbags, and soft plastic shoes such as flip-flops may also contain phthalates.
Other consumer products may also be direct or indirect sources of phthalate exposure. These include
medical devices such as plastic tubing and intravenous storage bags, floor tiles, automotive parts, food wrap,
paints, home furnishings, pharmaceutical coatings, and electrical cords. Table 1 identifies six common
phthalates, their primary function, and the products in which they are used.
a According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), a children’s toy is a product intended for use by a child 12 years
or younger for playing and a childcare article is a product that a child 3 years of age or younger uses for sleeping, feeding, sucking
or teething.
5. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 5
Table 1 Six Common Phthalates, Their Primary Functions and Products
in Which They Are Used
Phthalate Function(s) Product(s)
DEHP Primarily used as a plasticizer
for PVC [1].
Dolls, shoes, raincoats, clothing, medical devices (plastic tubing
and intravenous storage bags), furniture, automobile upholstery,
and floor tiles [1,7].
DINP Primarily used as a plasticizer
for PVC [1].
Teethers, rattles, balls, spoons, toys, gloves, drinking straws, rubber,
adhesives, ink, sealant, paints and lacquers, food and food related
uses, clothes, shoes, car and public transport interior [1,3,13].
DBP Used as a plasticizer for PVC,
poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and
rubber. Also used as solvent
and fixative in paint and
cosmetics [1,9].
Latex adhesives, sealants, car care products, cosmetics, some inks
and dyes, insecticides, food wrapping materials, home furnishing,
paint, clothing and pharmaceutical coating. (may sometimes be
present in toys as impurity or by-product in trace amounts) [1,9].
DIDP Primarily used as a plasticizer
for PVC [1].
Electrical cords, leather for car interiors and PVC flooring [1].
DnOP Primarily used as a plasticizer
for PVC [1].
Floorings, tarps, pool liners, bottle cap liners, conveyor belts and
garden hoses [1].
BBP Used as a plasticizer for PVC,
polyurethane, polysulfide and
acrylic-based polymers [12].
Vinyl flooring, sealants, adhesives, car care products, automotive
trim, food conveyor belts, food wrapping material, and artificial
leather. (low concentrations have been detected in baby equip-
ment and children’s toys as by-products and impurities; not
intentionally added to those products) [1,12].
6. 6 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
S
ince phthalates are not chemically bound to the PVC polymer, they can be released from products
or dissolve upon contact with liquids or fats. Phthalates have low volatility and are slowly released
from PVC products during use, diffusing into the air. They are also released into the environment
during their production, processing and waste disposal. Once in the environment, phthalates bind to
particles––primarily dust particles in the home––and can be carried in the air over long distances [2]. Human
exposure to phthalates occurs through inhalation and ingestion of contaminated air and food as well as from
skin contact. Food may become contaminated when it comes in contact with packaging that contains phthalates.
For the general population, this may be a major source of expo-
sure. Children may be exposed to higher concentrations of phthal-
ates from food consumption because they tend to consume more
food than adults relative to their body weight [1, 4]. Studies of
skin exposure to phthalates are limited, but this route is thought
to be insignificant [2].
An additional exposure route for young children is through
mouthing toys, childcare articles, and other products containing
phthalates. Through mouthing of these products, phthalates can
dissolve in saliva and become absorbed into the body [2]. Accord-
ing to the CPSC, the duration of mouthing activity for toys and
childcare articles varies by age [3]. A study by the US Center for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that younger chil-
dren’s higher concentration of phthalates may be partly due to
mouthing of toys and childcare articles as well as coming into closer contact with PVC flooring products [4].
The extent of oral absorption through mouthing of phthalate-containing products at amounts to which children
are expected to be exposed is not well studied. In addition to the length of time of mouthing activity, oral ab-
sorption depends on the migration rate of the phthalate in the product that is being mouthed. Studies suggest
100 % oral absorption of phthalates such as DEHP and DINP at daily exposure levels [3, 8, 13].
Fetal exposure to phthalates has been shown to be correlated with maternal exposure. Neonates and develop-
ing fetuses at critical points in their development may be exposed through maternal use of PVC products.
For example, major medical uses of PVC are in blood and plasma bags, as well as intravenous bags and tubing
which may contain as much as 80 percent DEHP, the most frequently used plasticizer in medical devices.
Other uses include intestinal feeding and dialysis equipment, catheters, and gloves. Phthalates may leach when
the medical device is heated or when the PVC comes into contact with blood, drugs, or intravenous fluids.
Newborns and children in pediatric settings may receive the highest doses from blood transfusions, extra-
corporeal oxygenation, and respiratory therapy [4, 11, 40].
Sources of Exposure to Phthalates
7. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 7
M
ost of the early studies on the health effects of phthalates experimented with doses adminis-
tered to laboratory animals above human exposure levels. In recent years however, researchers
have noted health effects such as reproductive abnormalities and developmental effects in
animals given doses of phthalates similar to those to which humans are exposed. Epidemiologic
studies have also evaluated the human health impacts of phthalate exposure. These studies have identified a
possible association between exposure to phthalates and male reproductive malformation, sperm damage, fer-
tility impairment, female reproductive tract diseases, early puberty in girls, asthma, and thyroid effects. Adverse
effects on the lungs, liver and kidneys have been observed in animals and in some limited human studies.
Phthalates may also pose risks for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems particularly in the vicinity of phthalate
processing industries. Some phthalates are bioaccumulative and have been detected in aquatic organisms.
For example, BBP has been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in
aquatic environments. Studies suggest BBP may have endocrine disrupting effects in fish. Birds and mammals
may suffer impacts from food chain exposures. However, other phthalates such as DEHP have the potential
to biodegrade under aerobic conditions. [See 2, 4, 8, 11, 13, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 42, 50.]
Human Health and Environmental Concerns
8. 8 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
A
number of substances have been identified as alternative plasticizers. These alternatives include
citrates, sebacates, adipates, and phosphates. They are being substituted in products that traditionally
use phthalates, such as toys, childcare articles and medical devices. In addition to their application
as alternative PVC plasticizers, these substances are also being used as solvents and fixatives in
cosmetic products, inks, adhesives, and other consumer products.
Most of these alternative plasticizers are not well studied with regard to their potential effects on human health
and the environment. Although many of these alternatives show promising application potential, significant
exposure may lead to adverse health effects. Like phthalates, these alternative plasticizers are not chemically
bound to the polymer and can leach out of products. Some documented effects from exposure to the alterna-
tive plasticizers that are currently being used in children’s products and other consumer products include eye,
skin, and respiratory irritations. There is also evidence of effects on the kidney, liver, spleen, testes, and uterus.
Most evidence on human health effects is derived from laboratory studies as few epidemiologic studies have
been conducted on these materials. In addition, some alternative plasticizers may be toxic to aquatic organisms
and may not biodegrade in the environment. Table 2 identifies some alternative plasticizers currently used in
children’s and other consumer products, and their potential health and environmental effects.
Chemical Alternatives to Phthalates
Table 2 Alternative Plasticizers
Alternative Function/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
ATBC:
Acetyl tributyl
citrate
• Primarily used as a plasti-
cizer in cosmetic products,
toys, vinyl, adhesives,
medical devices, pharma-
ceutical tablet coatings,
food packaging, flavoring
substance in foods, print-
ing inks and plastics in
concrete.
• Also used as a surface
lubricant in the manufac-
ture of metallic articles
that contact food
[14, 15, 17, 19, 21].
• Intravenous exposure affects
the central nervous system
and blood in laboratory
animals. May have moderate
irritation effects on eyes and
increase liver weights [21].
• Studies show that it inhibits
the proliferation of Lymph
node T cells [16].
• Exhibits fire and explosive
hazard in the presence of
strong oxidizers and nitrates
[14].
• Can bioaccumulate
and is inherently
biodegradable
(in an inherent
biodegradation
test, 80 percent
was degraded).
However, in a non-
standard test aero-
bic degradation was
slow and no data
is available on an-
aerobic degrada-
tion [21].
DINCH:
Di-isononyl-
cyclohexane-1,
2-dicarboxylate
• Primarily used as a plasti-
cizer in PVC medical devices
(blood tubes or packaging
for nutrient solutions),
toys, food packaging,
cosmetics products, shoes,
exercise mats and cushions,
textile coatings, printing
inks [17].
• Acute toxicity effect is low.
However, an increase in
testes weight, liver weight,
thyroid weight, serum gamma-
glutamyl transferase and
thyroid-stimulating hormone
was observed in laboratory
animals after repeated expo-
sure. Blood and transitional
epithelium cells in urine was
also observed [22, 40].
• No data found
regarding effects
of environmental
exposures.
9. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 9
Alternative Function/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
DOTP:
Dioctyl
terephthalate
• Primarily used as a plasti-
cizer for PVC toys, childcare
articles, consumer products,
beverage closures and other
polymer materials including
cellulose acetate-butyrate,
cellulose nitrate, and chlo-
roprene rubbers [32,40].
• Slightly irritating to eyes
but will not damage eyes.
• Prolonged exposure may
cause dermatitis. Studies
involving rodents showed
inflammatory damage to
the kidneys [23].
• Potential for biocon-
centration in aquatic
organisms is low.
Likely to be biode-
gradable under aer-
obic and anaerobic
conditions [32].
ESBO:
Epoxidized
soybean oil
• Primarily used as a plasti-
cizer in closure gaskets
used to seal glass jars, and
as a stabilizer to minimize
the ultraviolet degradation
of PVC resins baby food jars,
fillers, paint and lacquers,
adhesives, printing inks,
and packaging [18,21].
• A worker developed asthma
from exposure to vapors from
heated PVC film. Vapor may
also produce asthmatic symp-
toms in as little as 5 minutes
[21].
• Studies involving rats have
reported skin and eye irrita-
tions, secondary agent in
bronchospastic reaction.
• Suspected to cause some
effects on the kidney, liver,
testis and uterus by repeated
oral administration [18].
• Toxic to the crusta-
cean Daphnia magna.
Estimated to be bio-
accumulative. Two
standard tests ad-
ministered by OECD
concluded it is
biodegradable in
aerobic environ-
ments [21].
Mesamoll II:
alkylsulphonic
phenyl ester
(ASE)
• Used as a plasticizer in PVC,
polyurethanes, natural
rubber, styrene-butadiene
rubber, blends of styrene-
butadiene rubber and bu-
tadiene rubber, isobutylene-
isoprenerubber,acrylonitrile-
butadiene rubber, and
chloroprene rubber [24].
• Has not been compre-
hensively studied for toxic
effects.
• No data found
regarding effects
of environmental
exposures.
TETM:
Tri-2-ethylhexyl
trimellitate
• Primarily used for heat-
resistant PVC articles,
PVC-products used in the
hospital sector (blood
platelet bags), packing,
cables, profiles, and floor/
wall coverings [21]
• May cause irritation, nausea
and vomiting in humans from
exposure to mists and fumes.
• Toxic to laboratory animals
through inhalation.
• Shown to irritate the skin
of guinea pigs, rabbits and
mice and the eyes of rabbits.
• Studies in dogs showed
an increase in weight of liver
and spleen.
• In rats, exposure through diet
resulted in slightly increased
liver weights and peroxisome
proliferation [21].
• Very limited data
on environmental
effects is available.
• Potential for envi-
ronmental effects is
associated with the
accumulation of the
compound in biota,
in aquatic sediments
and in soils treated
with sewage sludge.
• Available data indi-
cate that it does not
biodegrade readily
[21].
COMGHA:
Acetylated
monoglycerides
of fully hydroge-
nated castor oil
• Used in PVC-containing
films, tubes, bottles, food
packaging materials and
other polymers such as
polyolefin, styrene, and
PET [40].
• No data found describing
human exposure.
• Slightly lower migration rate
was found when compared
to DEHP [40].
• No data found
regarding potential
environmental
effects.
10. 10 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
Alternative Function/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
Eastman 168:
bis(2-
ethylhjexyl)-1,
4-benzenedicar-
boxylate
• Used as a plasticizer in PVC
toys, bottle caps and clo-
sures, coatings for cloth,
electric connectors, flexible
film, pavement, striping
compounds, walk-off mats,
sheet vinyl flooring, other
vinyl products, and PVC/VA
copolymer resins. [39].
• No data found. • No data found
regarding potential
environmental
effects.
DEHA:
Di(2-ethyl hexyl)
adipate
• Used as a plasticizer in toys,
vinyl flooring, wire and
cable, stationery, wood
veneer, coated fabrics,
gloves, tubing, artificial
leather, shoes, sealants,
and carpet backing.
• Also used in films employed
in food packaging materials,
fillers, paint and lacquers,
adhesives, plastic in con-
crete, and rubber products.
• Expected to be widely
used in the near future in
products for the hospital
sector, printing inks and
other PVC products [21, 40].
• Slightly toxic when adminis-
tered intravenously in animal
studies.
• May produce dose-dependent
changes in the body.
• Reported to cause liver tumors,
reduced bodyweight and
increased liver weight (may
be a result of hepatic peroxi-
some proliferation) in mice
and rats [21, 40].
• Toxic to algae,
crustaceans and
fish.
• Chronic data on
crustaceans show
adverse effects on
reproduction of
Daphnia magna.
• Not a bioaccumu-
lative substance.
• Available data indi-
cate evidence of
biodegradability
[21].
DBA:
Di-butyl adipate
• Primarily used as a plasti-
cizer for resins. Also used
in floor wax [53].
• Combustible. Mildly irritating
to skin and causes coughing
when inhaled [54].
• No data found on long-term
exposure effects.
• Moderately toxic
to fish, daphnids
and algae.
• Readily
biodegradable.
• No data found
on bioaccumulation
[53].
BHT: Butylated
hydroxytoluene
• Used in childcare articles
intended to be mouthed
such as teething products
and as an antioxidant in
EVA and polyethylene
plastics. Also used as a
food additive [19].
• May cause impaired blood
clotting, hemorrhage, cyto-
toxicity, hepatocellular injury
and carcinogenesis [19].
• No data found
regarding potential
environmental
effects.
HPCL: Hyper-
branched poly
(Є-caprolactone)
• Intended primary use is in
PVC applications including
coating resins, polymer
additive, adhesive agents,
and processing aids [41].
• No data found.
• According to one study, it
does not migrate when used
in PVC even under harsh con-
ditions such as high tempera-
ture [41].
• No data found
regarding potential
environmental
effects.
11. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 11
Alternative Function/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
DEHPA:
Di(2-ethylhexyl)
phosphate
• Primarily used as a flame
retardant in products
with specific fire resistant
demands. Also used as a
plasticizer in PVC products
used in the hospital sector,
packaging, cables, floor
and wall coverings [21].
• In humans, inhalation
caused weakness, irritability
and headache.
• Causes irritation of the eyes,
and first and second degree
skin burns. Reported to be
corrosive to the skin and
eyes in rabbits [21].
• Ecosystem toxicity
data indicate it is
harmful to algae,
crustaceans and fish.
In a test involving
the microorganism
thiobacillus ferrooxi-
dans, respiration
was inhibited.
• Has low bioaccumu-
lation potential and
is inherently biode-
gradable [21].
TEHPA:
Tri(2-ethylhexyl)
phosphate
• Used in fillers, paint and
lacquers, adhesives, plastic
in concrete and similar
DEHPA applications [21].
• May produce moderate
erythema and slight irritation
to eyes.
• Observed effects in rats in-
clude hematological changes
and reduced body weight
gain.
• A slight evidence of carcino-
genicity has been observed
in female mice [21].
• Data show it is toxic
to algae. Not readily
biodegradable
according to the
available aerobic
biodegradation data.
• Slowly biodegrades
under anaerobic
conditions when
present in weak
solutions [21].
OTSA: O-toluene
sulfonamide
• Information on use is lim-
ited. Anticipated to be
used in the future mainly
in PVC cables [21].
• Reported to be teratogenic
in rats, but only exhibiting
a weak mutagenic effect (this
is however based on studies
without detailed descriptions
of the study design) [21].
• Sulfonamides may cause
hyperbilirubinemia in infants.
In addition, sulfonamides may
cause hemolytic anemia in
glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-
genase-deficient neonates [37].
• Does not readily
biodegrade [21].
TXIB:
2,2,4-trimethyl
1,3-pentanediol
diisobutyrate
• Primarily used as a plasticizer
in PVC toys, flooring, prod-
ucts used in the hospital
sector. Also used in fillers,
wallpaper, paint and lac-
quers, printing inks, plastic
in concrete, artificial leather,
packaging, as well as vinyl
and urethanes [21, 47, 48].
• May be associated with eye ir-
ritation and nasal allergies [47].
• Has been observed to be
slightly irritating in guinea pigs.
• Reversible liver weight
changes have also been ob-
served in rats from chronic
exposure [21].
• Has some potential
for bioaccumulation
[21].
DOS: Dioctyl
sebacate
• Primarily used as a plasti-
cizer for PVC products and
elastomers.
• Compatible with nitrocel-
lulose and polyvinylidene
chloride.
• Anticipated to be used in
printing ink and adhesives
[21, 38].
• Exhibits moderate acute tox-
icity when administered orally
to rats. Oral administration to
rats also showed increased
liver weight, peroxisome pro-
liferation and increased levels
of peroxisome enzymes [21].
• Has a high bioaccu-
mulation potential
and has been shown
to degrade slowly
[21, 38].
12. 12 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
Alternative Function/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
DBS: Di-butyl
sebacate
• Used as a plasticizer,
flavoring agent, and
cosmetic and perfume
additive [56].
• Combustible.
• Chronic skin contact may
cause skin sensitization [55].
• Mildly toxic when ingested
[56].
• Biodegradable.
• Low and moderate
potential for bio-
accumulation and
bioconcentration in
aquatic organisms
respectively [56].
Grindsted
soft-n-safe:
Made from fully
hydrogenated
castor oil and
acetic acid
• Primarily used as a
plasticizer in food contact
materials (approved for
use in the EU, US, South
America and most of Asia),
medical devices, vinyl
flooring, wallpaper, shrink
wrap film, textile dyes, ink
applications, adhesives
and sealants [26,27].
• According to the manufacturer
(Danisco), it shows no indica-
tion of dermal absorption/
irritation or eye irritation.
• No hormone-disrupting or
mutagenic effects may result
[27].
• According to the
manufacturer, there
is no indication of
aquatic toxicity [27].
• Biodegradable [26].
13. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 13
C
hoosing a plastic that does not require the addition of phthalates is another substitution approach.
Although all plastics require the use of additives in processing to improve material properties, many
types of plastic require fewer and less harmful additives than those required by PVC. These plastics
have a wide range of applications in toys, children’s products, and other consumer products. Sub-
stituting alternative plastics for PVC may also alleviate some of the health and environmental concerns that
have been identified in the PVC manufacturing and disposal stages of the life cycle.
Petroleum-based plastics are produced from non-renewable fossil fuel resources. The production of these
plastics poses a variety of health and environmental concerns. Extraction of raw materials, manufacturing, and
disposal of petroleum-derived plastics generate greenhouse gases and pollutants including hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, heavy metals, chlorofluorocarbons, polycyclic aromatic compounds, volatile
organic compounds, and nitrogen and sulfur dioxides. Table 3 describes nine common petroleum-based
plastics that can serve as substitutes for PVC plastic in consumer products and their associated human
health and environmental concerns.
Alternative Plastics that Do Not Require Phthalates
Petroleum-Based Plastics
Table 3 Petroleum-Based Plasticsb
Plastic Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
PU:
Polyurethane
• Extensively used for
applications where
PVC or rubber are
used [6]. Used in foam
toys, fabrics (in furni-
ture garments and
upholstery), wheels,
insulators in kitchen
appliances, decoration
moldings (door frames,
windows, columns,
medallions), and
in construction as
sealants.
• Also used as adhe-
sive for woods and
in varnishes [49].
• Combustible. Produces
highly toxic hydrogen cyanide
in fires.
• Can cause mechanical irritation
to the eyes and lungs in dust
form.
• Exposure to high levels of
methylene diphenyl isocyanate
and toluene diisocyanate (sub-
stances used to produce PU)
causes severe lung and eye
damage, severe irritation to
mucous membranes, euphoria,
ataxia, mental aberrations, asth-
matic attacks, chest tightness,
coughing, breathlessness, in-
flammation of the bronchi, and
noncardiogenic pulmonary
edema [49].
• Toluene diisocyanate is classified
as a possible human carcinogen
by IARC [52].
• Methylene diphenyl
isocyanate and toluene
diisocyanate degrade rap-
idly in the environment.
• No effects have been ob-
served in landfill disposal
or after incineration [49].
b Information in Table 3 is from: Alvarez-Chavez, C. (2009). Sustainability of Bio-Polymers: Comparative Analysis of Corn
and Potato Based Bio-Polymers. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Lowell.
14. 14 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
Plastic Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
EVA: Ethylene
vinyl acetate
• Used for toys, teethers,
doll parts, footwear
items (shoes insoles
and slippers), exercise
mats, stationery,
household, educational
and handcraft items,
flexible sheeting, film,
packaging and coating
applications [6, 49].
• Ethylene vinyl acetate
has been shown to con-
tain phthalates, which
could be intentionally
added to the material
or present as a result
of contamination dur-
ing processing [6].
• Produces toxic chemicals in fires.
• Uses carbon monoxide
in production.
• Risk of fire due to pellets or
powder plastic.
• Chloride catalyst is used in some
vinyl acetate production.
• Risk of children choking from
small parts due to product
breakage [49].
• Byproducts of ethylene
production. Chloride
catalyst used in some
vinyl acetate production.
• Ideal disposal method
is in landfill.
• Incomplete combustion
produces carbon monox-
ide and low molecular
weight aldehydes [49].
PET:
Polyethylene
terephthalate
• Used for fibers, bottles,
electrical components,
graphics, film base, and
recording tapes [49].
• Antimony trioxide is a catalyst
in production. It remains in the
material and can leach [49].
• Workers exposed to antimony
trioxide developed gastritis,
abdominal pain, diarrhea, neuritis,
vomiting,dizzinessandheadaches.
• Exposure to antimony trioxide
dust and fumes can irritate the
respiratory tract and mucous
membranes, and cause antimony
pneumoconiosis [51].
• Recyclable but
not biodegradable or
compostable [49].
HDPE:
High density
polyethylene
• Used for toys and
childcare articles,
water tanks, tubes,
fittings, foil and plastic
bags, insulation mate-
rial and other soft PVC
applications [49].
• Flammable compounds
(organometallic compounds
and peroxides) are used in
its production [49].
• Recyclable but
not biodegradable or
compostable [49].
PP:
Polypropylene
• Used for tubes, fittings,
packing material,
hinges, automobile
parts, and other PVC
applications; except
rotocasting [49].
• Raw materials are flammable
and explosive.
• Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
are released during fires [49].
• International Agency for Re-
search on Cancer (IARC) classi-
fies formaldehyde as a known
human carcinogen) and acetal-
dehyde as a possible human
carcinogen [52]
• Recyclable but not
compostable [49].
15. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 15
Plastic Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
PS:
Polystyrene
• Suitable for a wide
range of applications
in children’s products,
disposable articles,
signs, cabinets,
machine parts and
picture frames [49].
• Produces toxic chemicals in fire.
• Styrene can leach from PS and
is toxic to the brain and nervous
system, red blood cells, liver,
kidneys and stomach in animals
[49]. Styrene is classified as a
possible carcinogen by IARC
[52].
• Consumes higher
energy during production
than PVC.
• Does not degrade easily
in the environment.
• Difficult to recycle and
not compostable.
• Styrene can be found
in the air, water and soil
after release from manu-
facture, use and disposal
of products. [49].
ABS:
Acrylonitrile
butadiene
styrene
• Used for toys, auto-
mobile body parts,
suitcases, tubes and
bolts. Can be used for
polyvinyl chloride,
polypropylene, poly-
carbonate and poly-
styrene applications
[49].
• Produces toxic chemicals in fire.
• Styrene is toxic to the brain and
nervous system, red blood cells,
liver, kidneys and stomach in
animals [49].
• IARC classifies acrylonitrile
and styrene as possible human
carcinogens and butadiene is a
known human carcinogen [52].
• Extremely difficult to
recycle.
• Acrylonitrile is volatile
and significant quantities
escape into air during use.
• Styrene can be found in
the air, water and soil
after release from manu-
facture, use and disposal
of products [49].
SBS: Styrene
butadiene
styrene
• Used for toys and
childcare articles [49].
• Styrene produces toxic chemicals
in fire.
• Styrene can leach from polysty-
rene and is toxic to the brain and
nervous system, red blood cells,
liver, kidneys and stomach in
animals [49].
• IARC classifies styrene as a
possible human carcinogen
and butadiene as carcinogenic
to humans [52].
• Difficult to recycle.
• Styrene can be found
in the air, water and soil
after release from the
manufacture, use and
disposal of products [49].
ABS/Polyure-
thane Alloy
• Used for shoe soles,
sports boots, automo-
tive parts, solid tires,
industrial rollers and a
variety of mechanical
goods [49].
• Polyurethane produces toxic
chemicals in fires.
• Styrene can leach from polysty-
rene and is toxic to the brain
and nervous system, red blood
cells, liver, kidneys and stomach
in animals [49].
• IARC classifies acrylonitrile
and styrene as possible human
carcinogens and butadiene as
carcinogenic to humans [52].
• Extremely difficult to
recycle. Acrylonitrile is
volatile and significant
quantities escape into
air during use.
• Styrene can be found
in the air, water and soil
after release from the
manufacture, use and
disposal of products.
• Methylene diphenyl
isocyanate and toluene
diisocyanate degrade rap-
idly in the environment.
• No effects have been ob-
served in landfill disposal
or after incineration [49].
16. 16 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
B
iobased plastics are alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. They may be completely made from
plant materials or may be a blend of plant-based and petroleum-based plastics. Plants such as corn,
soy, rice, wheat and linseed can be converted to plastics. Many of these plastics are currently under
development for a wide range of commercial applications. The production of biobased plastics is not
without hazards. The use of large quantities of pesticides in industrial agricultural production and hazardous
chemicals/additives such as sodium hydroxide, carbon disulfide, and chlorine in processing are of concern to
human health and the environment. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) used in development of biobased
plastics are also a concern because their effects in the environment are not well understood. Furthermore, not
all biobased plastics are biodegradable or compostable. The biodegradability or effective composting of bio-
based plastics is dependent on the material’s chemical structure and composition. Table 4 lists biobased
plastics under commercial development and their potential health and environmental concerns.
Alternative Plastics that Do Not Require Phthalates
Bio-Based Plastics
Table 4 Biobased Plasticsc
Plastic/Source Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
Polylactic Acid
(PLA)/corn, sugar
beets, sugar cane,
wheat, sweet
potatoes or rice
• Used for hard resin for
food containers, film
and fibers (apparel
and carpeting appli-
cations, clothing).
May replace thermo-
plastics in many appli-
cations. Properties
are similar to poly-
ethyleneterephthalate,
polypropylene and
polystyrene [57].
• Purification of lactic acid requires
sulfuric acid.
• Uses tin octanoate as a catalyst
in processing. Tin octanoate can
cause neurotoxic and cytotoxic
effects in animals. Organic tin
compounds can cause irritation
of the skin and lungs, and also
masculinization of female or in-
fertility in male aquatic animals.
• Emerging health concerns about
tin residues in PLA used in medi-
cal applications.
• 1-octanol used as a polymerization
initiator is volatile and combusti-
ble and can cause irritation to
tissues.
• E-coprolactone used to improve
properties causes skin irritation
and may cause respiratory tract
irritation [57].
• Concerns about
environmental
impacts from use
of bioengineered
microorganisms in
crop production.
• Can be completely
recycled to lactic
acid (but required
infrastructure for
recycling does
not exist).
• Will compost at tem-
peratures above 60 ºC
(must hydrolyze first
and needs commercial
composting infrastruc-
ture which it is not
widely available)
and can be safely
incinerated [57].
• 1-octanol used as
a polymerization
initiator is toxic to
aquatic organisms
c Information in Table 4 is from: Alvarez-Chavez, C. (2009). Sustainability of Bio-Polymers: Comparative
Analysis of Corn and Potato Based Bio-Polymers. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Lowell.
17. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 17
Plastic/Source Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
Starch derived
plastics
Thermoplastic
starch (TPS)/corn,
potato, rice,
wheat and tapioca
• Used for packaging,
toys, films, shopping
bags, planters and
planting pots, strings,
straws, tableware,
tapes, cups, cutlery,
edge protectors, golf
tees, trays, and man-
tling for candles and
nets. Properties are
similar to polyethylene
and polystyrene [57].
• Finely pulverized starch can
suspend in the atmosphere
and cause powerful explosions.
• Titanium dioxide used as addi-
tive is a potential occupational
carcinogen.
• Calcium carbonate used as addi-
tive may cause irritation in eyes,
skin, and respiratory system and
cough [57].
• Concerns about
ecosystem impacts
from bioengineered
microorganisms used
in crops.
• Can biodegrade
depending on the
type and amount of
additive and copoly-
mer used [57].
PHA:
Polyhydroxyal-
kanoate/
Sugar cane, beets,
corn steep liquor,
palm kernel, soy
oils, cellulosic
biomass
• Used for toys, films,
fibers, adhesives,
inks, packaging,
coatings, molded
goods, and a variety
of other applications.
Performs better than
traditional plastics
and comparable to
acrylic polymers. Can
behave both as a
traditional thermo-
plastic polymer and
an elastomer [57].
• PHA is non-toxic and non-
allergenic to consumers.
• In processing, may use physical,
chemical or enzymatic extraction
method. Enzymatic method is
safer for workers.
• Solvents such as chloroform,
methylene chloride, and 1, 2-
dichloroethane used in physical
extraction method are consid-
ered possible human carcinogens
by IARC.
• Another solvent, pyridine, is
flammable and causes irritation
in eyes and skin, liver and kidney
damage.
• Methanol, hexane and diethyl
ether are used in purification.
Methanol is flammable and causes
irritation in eyes, skin, upper re-
spiratory system, visual distur-
bance, and optic nerve damage
(blindness). Hexane is flammable,
causes irritation in eyes, nose and
is neurotoxic. Diethyl ether is
flammable, can produce explosive
peroxides in contact with oxygen,
causes narcosis, nausea, vomiting,
irritation of the eyes, skin, and
upper respiratory system.
• Sodium hypochlorite used in pro-
cessing can burn eyes and skin,
and produce toxic chlorine [57].
• Concerns about
impacts on the envi-
ronment from use
of bioengineered
microorganisms in
crops and during
PHA synthesis.
• Highly biodegrad-
able by numerous
aquatic and terrestri-
al microorganisms
[57].
18. 18 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
Plastic/Source Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
Urethanes
Polyol/soy oil/
soybean, castor
oil, rapeseed,
sunflower and
linseed
• Used for adhesives,
coatings, flexible
and rigid foams, and
elastomers [57].
• Combined with isocyanates
(toluene diisocyanate or methy-
lene diphenyl isocyanate) to
make foam products.
• Toluene diisocyanate is volatile,
and exposure to it can cause
severe irritation to mucous mem-
branes, euphoria, ataxia, mental
aberrations, asthmatic attacks,
chest tightness, coughing,
breathlessness, inflammation
of the bronchitis, and noncardio-
genic pulmonary edema [57].
• Toluene diisocyanate is classified
by IARC as a possible human
carcinogenic [52].
• Methylene diphenyl isocyanate
can irritate the skin, eyes and
respiratory tract. Chronic expo-
sure to methylene diphenyl
isocyanate can sensitize the skin
or respiratory tract, which may
lead to asthma [57].
• No data found
regarding potential
environmental
effects.
Cellulose
Cellulose acetate
(CA), cellulose
acetate propio-
nate (CAP) and
cellulose acetate
butyrate (CAB)/
cotton fibers
and wood
• Used for toys, flexible
film substrates for
photography, tooth-
brush handles, selec-
tive filtration, adhesive
tapes, cellophane,
semi-permeable and
sealable films and
automotive coatings,
appliance cases,
steering, pens, con-
tainers, eyeglass,
frames and sheeting
[57].
• Poor fire resistant properties.
• Corrosive, flammable and toxic
chemicals including dichlorine,
hydrogen peroxide, carbon
disulfide and caustic soda are
used in production and can
result in worker exposure.
• Cellulose acetate is made by
reacting cellulose fibers with
a corrosive mixture of acetic
compounds and sulfuric.
• N-methylmorpholine n-oxide
is used in processing cellulose
and is classified by the Canadian
Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System as a sensitizer,
skin and eye irritant, and may
cause chronic toxic effects.
• N-methylmorpholine n-oxide
produces explosive peroxides
in contact with oxygen.
• Triphenyl phosphate, which is
used to reduce flammability, is an
irritant of the skin and eyes [57].
• Production process
has relatively high
energy and water
requirements.
• The potential for
biodegradation of
cellulose acetate
may be affected by
the number of ether
linkages in cellulose
backbone.
• One study showed
evidence of com-
postability of cellu-
lose acetate [57].
19. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 19
Plastic/Source Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
Poly(trimethylene
terephthalate)
(PTT)/sugar
from corn with
terephthalic
acid (PTA) or
dimethyl tere-
phthalate (DMT)
derived from
petroleum
• Used in fibers for
textiles, carpets and
apparel. Can be used
in packaging and as
a substitute product
for nylon [57].
• Made by reacting genetically
modified sugar from corn with
terephthalic acid or dimethyl
terephtalate derived from
petroleum.
• Methanol, which could be
used in esterification of dimethyl
terephtalate, is flammable, and
may cause skin to become dry
and crack. Inhalation and skin
absorption of methanol can
irritate the mucous membrane
and affect the nervous system,
particularly the optic nerve.
• Terephthalic acid is a suspected
neurotoxicant. Accidental dermal
contact with dimethyl terephta-
late is of concern due to the
possibility of burns from molten
liquid.
• Acrolein and allyl alcohol fumes
might be produced in small
amounts during processing.
• Breathing large amounts of acro-
lein may damage the lungs and
could cause death. Breathing
small amounts of acrolein may
cause eye watering and burning
of the nose and throat and a
decreased breathing rate (these
acute effects usually disappear
after exposure stops) [57].
• Biodegradable [57].
Lignin/Plants
and Wood
• Used as filler in ther-
moplastics, thermo-
sets and rubbers. Can
be converted into
carbon fibers [57].
• Produced as a byproduct of
the Kraft process and requires
harsh chemical treatment.
• Workers can be exposed to
corrosive, flammable and toxic
chemicals including dichlorine,
hydrogen peroxide, carbon disul-
fide and caustic soda that are
used in production.
• Kraft lignin is non toxic and
approved for food and food pack-
aging applications according to
FDA regulations [57].
• Production process
has relatively high
energy and water
requirements.
• Biodegradation is
lower than cellulose.
• Compostable [57].
Natural fiber-
reinforced
composites
(kenaf, hemp,
ramie, flax, sisal
henequen, jute,
pineapple leaf)
• Can be used for
reinforcing starch
and protein based
composites [57].
• Potential for toxic exposures
to workers from corrosive and
toxic chemicals including dichlo-
rine, hydrogen peroxide, carbon
disulfide and caustic soda used
in production.
• Can also be obtained by biologi-
cal methods by using enzymes,
bacteria and water [57].
• Production has high
energy and water
requirements.
• Biodegradable and
compostable [57].
20. 20 • Lowell Center for Sustainable Production • University of Massachusetts Lowell
Plastic/Source Application/Product Human Health Concerns
Environmental
Concerns
Cellulose
nano-composites
(obtained by
chemical treat-
ments and steam
explosion of
cellulose starting
materials)
• Concern about unknown human
health impacts of nanoparticles.
• Potential for toxic exposures to
workers from corrosive, flamma-
ble and toxic chemicals including
dichlorine, hydrogen peroxide,
carbon disulfide and caustic soda
used in production [57].
• Concern about un-
known environmen-
tal effects of
nanoparticles.
• Production process
has relatively high
energy and water
requirements [57].
Polysaccharide
nanocomposites
• Concern about unknown human
health impacts of nanoparticles
[57].
• Air, water and soil
emissions need to
be addressed [57].
Soy protein • Can be used to
make foams.
• Application limited
due to low strength
and hydrophilicity.
• Soyplus™ has been
used for toys, garden
supplies, food ser-
vice items, industrial
packaging, mulch,
golf tees and build-
ing materials [57].
• Production involves the use of
alcohol or volatile solvent, alka-
line and acid substances, and
formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde
[57].
• Formaldehyde is a known human
carcinogen according to IARC [52].
• Chronic exposure to glutaralde-
hydecausesskinsensitivityresulting
in dermatitis, and irritation of the
eyes and nose and occupational
asthma [57].
• Biodegradable and
compostable [57].
Corn zein • Used for films,
lacquers, varnishes,
adhesives, textile
fibers and molded
plastic objects.
• Hot press molding
mechanical properties
of corn gluten-based
materials are similar
to PVC [57].
• Production involves the use
of alcohol or volatile solvents,
alkaline and acid substances, and
formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde
as crosslinker [57].
• Formaldehyde is a known human
carcinogen [52].
• Chronic exposure to glutaralde-
hyde may cause dermatitis, and
irritation of the eyes and nose as
well as occupational asthma [57].
• Biodegradable and
compostable [57].
21. Phthalates and their Alternatives: Health and Environmental Concerns • 21
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