Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage,
retailing, and use of the goods. Contains, Types, Procedure of manufacturing the plastics, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Cosmo Films Leading manufacturer of bopp films in India and across the globe. BOPP film is used in vast range of applications comprising packaging, labeling and lamination.
Shrink wrap is a polymer plastic film and is a cost effective way to package products so
they can stand out when displayed. This presentation explains the different types of shrink wrap films and their packaging applications.
Plastic food packaging refers to the use of plastic materials to store and preserve food items. Plastic packaging can be in various forms such as bags, containers, bottles, and wraps.
The benefits of plastic food packaging include its durability, flexibility, and light weight, which make it easy to transport and store food items. Plastic packaging can also provide an effective barrier against moisture, oxygen, and other contaminants that can spoil food, thereby increasing the shelf life of food products.
DIFFERENT PLASTICS,THEIR PROPERTIES AND HENCE THEIR RELEVANT APPLICATIONSTipanna Mariyappa
Various types of plastics are used in different types of applications ranging from domestic, construction to industrial uses. Selection of right kind of plastics of required application is a challenge. Here is some criteria to select plastics for particular use.
Cosmo Films Leading manufacturer of bopp films in India and across the globe. BOPP film is used in vast range of applications comprising packaging, labeling and lamination.
Shrink wrap is a polymer plastic film and is a cost effective way to package products so
they can stand out when displayed. This presentation explains the different types of shrink wrap films and their packaging applications.
Plastic food packaging refers to the use of plastic materials to store and preserve food items. Plastic packaging can be in various forms such as bags, containers, bottles, and wraps.
The benefits of plastic food packaging include its durability, flexibility, and light weight, which make it easy to transport and store food items. Plastic packaging can also provide an effective barrier against moisture, oxygen, and other contaminants that can spoil food, thereby increasing the shelf life of food products.
DIFFERENT PLASTICS,THEIR PROPERTIES AND HENCE THEIR RELEVANT APPLICATIONSTipanna Mariyappa
Various types of plastics are used in different types of applications ranging from domestic, construction to industrial uses. Selection of right kind of plastics of required application is a challenge. Here is some criteria to select plastics for particular use.
Plastic waste management- Conventional and New Technologyrmeena99
Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and can be molded into solid objects. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are made from renewable materials such as polylactic acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters.Plasticity is the general property of all materials that are able to irreversibly deform without breaking, but this occurs to such a degree with this class of moldable polymers that their name is an emphasis on this ability.
Plastic manufacturing "forming and shaping plastics"Ayush Mathur
how plastic products are manufactured?
what are the processes involved in manufacturing of these products?
what are the various machine tools used?
what are the various types of plastics and what is resin?
what are the diffrent steps in manufacturing?
Get all these answers in this presentation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
3. Packaging:-
Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage,
retailing, and use of the goods.
4. PLASTICS
Plastics are group of substances either natural or synthetic origins, consisting
chiefly of polymers of high molecular weight, that can be moulded into a shape
or form by heat and pressure
Different Types of Plastics:
LDPE
HDPE
Polystyrene
Polycarbonate
Poly propylene
PVC
PET
5.
6. Advantages of Plastics
Light weight.
Reduced volume, (these two result in significant savings in warehousing
and distribution costs plus advantages to the consumer).
No corrosion problems.
Good resistance to mould and bacteria.
Generally inert chemically, but be wary of ‘solvents’.
Usually have good impact strength; difficult to break, if breakage
occurs fragments tend to be less hazardous than glass.
Wide design and decorative possibilities.
Offer a wide range of moulding processes.
7. Disadvantages of Plastics
No plastic is totally impermeable to moisture, gases, etc.
May be permeable to, or subject to attack by, organic
substances, particularly solvents.
Subject to adsorption and absorption according to formulation
ingredients.
Fully effective closing systems are sometimes difficult to achieve.
8. Guides offered by the FDA have identified the need for the following information when a
plastic is used for parenterals (now similarly covered by EN 9090/III).
1. Name of manufacturer.
2. Type of plastic.
3. Composition, method of manufacture of the resin and the finished container, plus a full description of
the analytical controls.
4. Physical characteristics (size, dimensions, whether flame treated, etc.).
5. Defect classifications (weight, seams, seals, wall thickness, pin holes, etc.).
6 .Light transmission test, USP (particularly if product is photosensitive).
7. Tests (USP):
• biological
• physico-chemical
• permeation.
8. Vapour transmission test (if appropriate).
9 .Toxicity studies not included in USP:
• sub-acute on extracts
• cell culture.
10 .Tests for leaching and migration.
11. Compatibility.
12. Sampling plan.
13. Acceptance specifications.
10. PERMEATION
Transmission of gases, vapours or liquids
through packing material.
Permeation of oxygen and water vapour
may cause oxidation or hydrolysis of
sensitive drugs.
Increase in temperature and humidity will
make the condition still worst.
11. LEACHING
Migration of contents of the container to the
drug product.
Problems will be with colouring agents
used in plastics.
12. SORPTION
Removal of constituents of the drug product
by packing material.
This may cause serious problem like loss of
potency of drug.
A common problem is loss of preservatives.
Factors influencing: Chemical structure, pH.
Solvent system, temperature, length and area
of contact
21. TESTING OF PLASTICS
General tests on plastics for pharmaceutical
purposes include
Extractive and biological tests,
Chemical tests,
Physical tests and
Toxicity tests.
22. STANDARD TEST PROCEDURES APPLIED TO
PLASTICS.
Density
Melt flow index (MFI)
Appearance—optical properties
Gloss, Haze and transmittance (Clarity), Refractive index, Fastness to light
General physical properties
Tensile properties
Resistance to stress and flexing
Compression, Torsion, Shear, Stress
Impact strength
Tear properties (tear propagation resistance)
Hardness
Abrasion resistance (wear resistance)
Temperature and heat sensitive evaluations (thermal properties)
Heat distortion temperature (or heat deflection temperature)
Melting point (Tm or crystalline melting point)
Vicat softening point
Brittleness temperature
Thermal conductivity
Flammability
Electrical properties
23. APPLICATIONS
Based on the utility of plastics they can be
categorized as
1. Rigid material plastics
2. Flexible material plastics
3. Metallic surface plastics
4. Plastic cements
24. Rigid material plastics
These are the phenolic resines with various
inert filters these are used in the fabrication
of a number of items and it is light in weight
such as gears, pipes, valves, filter
press, pumps, etc…
25. Flexible material plastics
These are thermo plastic materials these
materials can be rigid or flexible depending
upon the amount of plasticizer added these
are used in the fabrication of
tanks,funnels,buckets,etc…
26. Metallic surface plastics
Plastics of polyethylene or poly vinyl chloride
types are used along with plasticizer for the
coating of metallic surface these are used to
protect the metals from corrosion. These
linings are applied on tanks, vessels, bottle
caps etc..