Lipsticks & Nail Polishes - Potential Sources of Heavy Metal in Human Body - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ ijpras.com
Heavy Metal Assessment of Some Eye Shadow - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 ~ scholarsresearchlibrary.com - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contents (Lead & Cadmium) in Lipsticks in Iran v2zq
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contents (Lead & Cadmium) in Lipsticks in Iran - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Reduction of toxicity from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent: RSM method...Premier Publishers
Heavy metal pollution of waste water is a common environmental hazard, since the toxic metal ions dissolved can ultimately reach the top of the food chain and thus become a risk factor for human health. Chromium is present in waste water as trivalent and hexavalent. Trivalent chromium is relatively less toxic and less mobile while hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to animals as well as humans. Therefore, the removal of Cr (VI) from industrial waste water has been a research topic of great interest. In the present study carried out the comparative study of removal of the chromium (VI) from waste water by adsorption method. The search for new technologies involving the removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has directed attention to adsorption, based on metal binding capacities of various materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the microhardness and color of dental enamel. Fifteen bovine enamel fragments were exposed to the equivalent of 50 cigarettes over five days using a smoking machine. Testing found that exposed enamel fragments had a significant decrease in microhardness and an unacceptable increase in color change compared to pre-exposure measurements. The study concludes that cigarette smoke exposure can negatively impact the microhardness and coloring of dental enamel.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study analyzed lead levels in soil samples from different sites in Baghdad, Iraq during 2008. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine total and ionic lead concentrations. Results found higher lead levels in Al-Karkh sites compared to Al-Rasafa sites, with the highest levels near an old car battery factory. Ionic lead levels were more important indicators of environmental pollution risk than total lead. Children are most at risk of health effects from lead exposure through soil ingestion and inhalation. The analytical methods used to determine lead concentrations were accurate and precise.
Schiff’s Bases as Potential Mapping Agents for Iron Traces on Skinijtsrd
Invisible impression of weapon which are left on holder’s palm form an important evidence during investigation of a crime. Identifying the traces of such metals is finding an increasing role of chemists in forensic science. A few reagents like 8 hydroxyquinoline and triazines have been tried for this purpose but their usage entails a number of drawbacks as well. We report here the utility of schiff’s bases as potential reagents for mapping the traces of iron left on skin after the suspect held the weapon made up of iron or an alloy of iron. Krishan Kumar Arora | Sarita Passey "Schiff’s Bases as Potential Mapping Agents for Iron Traces on Skin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35710.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/35710/schiff’s-bases-as-potential-mapping-agents-for-iron-traces-on-skin/krishan-kumar-arora
Heavy Metal Assessment of Some Eye Shadow - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 ~ scholarsresearchlibrary.com - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contents (Lead & Cadmium) in Lipsticks in Iran v2zq
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contents (Lead & Cadmium) in Lipsticks in Iran - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Reduction of toxicity from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent: RSM method...Premier Publishers
Heavy metal pollution of waste water is a common environmental hazard, since the toxic metal ions dissolved can ultimately reach the top of the food chain and thus become a risk factor for human health. Chromium is present in waste water as trivalent and hexavalent. Trivalent chromium is relatively less toxic and less mobile while hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic to animals as well as humans. Therefore, the removal of Cr (VI) from industrial waste water has been a research topic of great interest. In the present study carried out the comparative study of removal of the chromium (VI) from waste water by adsorption method. The search for new technologies involving the removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has directed attention to adsorption, based on metal binding capacities of various materials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the microhardness and color of dental enamel. Fifteen bovine enamel fragments were exposed to the equivalent of 50 cigarettes over five days using a smoking machine. Testing found that exposed enamel fragments had a significant decrease in microhardness and an unacceptable increase in color change compared to pre-exposure measurements. The study concludes that cigarette smoke exposure can negatively impact the microhardness and coloring of dental enamel.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study analyzed lead levels in soil samples from different sites in Baghdad, Iraq during 2008. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine total and ionic lead concentrations. Results found higher lead levels in Al-Karkh sites compared to Al-Rasafa sites, with the highest levels near an old car battery factory. Ionic lead levels were more important indicators of environmental pollution risk than total lead. Children are most at risk of health effects from lead exposure through soil ingestion and inhalation. The analytical methods used to determine lead concentrations were accurate and precise.
Schiff’s Bases as Potential Mapping Agents for Iron Traces on Skinijtsrd
Invisible impression of weapon which are left on holder’s palm form an important evidence during investigation of a crime. Identifying the traces of such metals is finding an increasing role of chemists in forensic science. A few reagents like 8 hydroxyquinoline and triazines have been tried for this purpose but their usage entails a number of drawbacks as well. We report here the utility of schiff’s bases as potential reagents for mapping the traces of iron left on skin after the suspect held the weapon made up of iron or an alloy of iron. Krishan Kumar Arora | Sarita Passey "Schiff’s Bases as Potential Mapping Agents for Iron Traces on Skin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35710.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/35710/schiff’s-bases-as-potential-mapping-agents-for-iron-traces-on-skin/krishan-kumar-arora
Cosmetics are used by most of women all over the world,So taking care of their composition is the most critical point to avoid the harm of heavy metals and their concentration in them.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Thiazolyl Blue as a Corrosion I...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion effect of thiazolyl blue (MTT) for copper in 3% NaCl at 298 K
was researched by electrochemical methods, scanning electron-microscopy (SEM), and atomic
force microscopy (AFM). The results reveal that MTT can protect copper efficiently, with a
maximum efficiency of 95.7%. The corrosion inhibition mechanism was investigated by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectral (FT-IR), and theoretical
calculation. The results suggest that the MTT molecules are adsorbed on metal surface forming a
hydrophobic protective film to prevent copper corrosion. It also indicates that the MTT and copper
form covalent bonds. The molecular dynamic simulation further gives the evidence for adsorption.
The adsorption isotherm studies demonstrate that a spontaneous, mixed physical and chemical
adsorption occurs, which obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The present research can help us
better understand the corrosion inhibition process and improve it.
Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Reviewresearchinventy
This document reviews the use of agricultural by-products and waste as adsorbents for removing dye and metal ions from water. It discusses various agricultural by-products that are generated in large quantities worldwide including rice husk, coffee grounds, spent tea leaves, date palm leaves, tomato waste, orange peels, oak leaves, walnut shells, olive cake, and others. These wastes present environmental and economic problems if not properly disposed of or utilized. The document examines case studies where these agricultural wastes have been used effectively as low-cost adsorbents for removing synthetic dyes and heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
This document summarizes a study on the membrane assisted electrochemical degradation of three textile dyes: Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal. The study characterized the dyes and evaluated their degradation using four different polyelectrolyte membranes in an electrochemical membrane reactor. Degradation was compared for the different membranes and optimized experimental conditions. The goal was to develop an electrochemical membrane process for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Chromium exists in two main forms, trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Cr(III) is essential for balancing blood sugar in humans but Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and contaminates groundwater. Chromium enters the environment and causes pollution through various industrial applications like steel manufacturing, electroplating, and chemical production. Exposure to chromium through industrial practices can cause health issues like lung cancer, skin allergies, and damage to organs. Lack of enforcement of environmental regulations has led to widespread chromium contamination globally, impacting millions of people, especially in South Asia where 75% of high-risk sites exist and groundwater in places like Kanpur, India has been contaminated
Novel Conductive Nano-composite Ink Based on Poly Aniline, Silver Nanoparticl...Khaled Abdel-Razeq
The document describes the preparation and characterization of a novel conductive nano-composite ink based on polyaniline, silver nanoparticles, and nitrocellulose. Polyaniline was synthesized via chemical oxidation of aniline and doped with hydrochloric acid. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method. The nano-composite ink was prepared by dispersing and mixing the polyaniline, silver nanoparticles, and nitrocellulose using sonication. The materials were characterized through various spectroscopic and thermal techniques. Electrical conductivity measurements showed the nano-composite ink has high performance properties suitable for applications as a conductive ink.
IRJET- Comparative Studies on Copper Removal by Sawdust and Iron Oxide Na...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the comparative removal of copper using sawdust and iron oxide nanoparticles as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of parameters like pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on copper removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 81.32% for sawdust and 98.02% for iron oxide nanoparticles at pH 6 and an equilibrium time of 100 minutes. Column studies showed maximum removal of 68.82% for sawdust and 92.06% for iron oxide nanoparticles. The iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited better adsorption capacity for copper compared to sawdust. The study provides removal efficiencies of the adsorbents under different conditions
Potential of hydroxamic acid in determination of phenol in industrial waste w...Alexander Decker
This document describes a spectrophotometric method for determining phenol concentration in industrial wastewater. The method uses N-phenyl benzo hydroxamic acid to react with phenol in an acidic medium containing V(V) ions, producing a purple complex with maximum absorbance at 522 nm. Beer's law is followed in the range of 0.006 to 0.03 μg/mL. The method was optimized and found to be selective. It was successfully applied to determine phenol levels in wastewater from six industrial areas, demonstrating its potential for phenol analysis in real samples.
Lead toxicity due to paint and other industrial sources and contradiction in ...SriramNagarajan15
Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental toxins. Despite intensive study, there is still vigorous debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, but any legislation must be based on a genuine scientific evaluation of the available evidences. We will discuss in this article about the various Mechanism of actions due to toxicity of the lead.
Lead toxicity due to paint and other industrial sources and contradiction in ...pharmaindexing
This document discusses lead toxicity from paint and other industrial sources. It summarizes the debate around lead toxicity studies and effects. Lead is commonly found in paint pigments like lead chromates and carbonates. Exposure can occur occupationally from industries like painting, as well as from ingesting lead-based paint chips and dust. Lead exposure is especially harmful to children and can cause neurological, cardiovascular, renal and other health effects even at low levels. The document reviews the mechanisms by which lead exposure impacts the body.
IRJET- Model Analysis for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the use of electrocoagulation to treat wastewater from tanneries. Electrocoagulation uses an electric current to remove contaminants through chemical reactions and precipitation. The study tested aluminum and iron electrodes to treat tannery wastewater and remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and chromium. A linear regression model was developed and confirmed the treatment process could achieve over 87% removal rates for each contaminant under optimal conditions of pH 9, voltage of 20 volts, electrode distance of 1cm, and electrolysis time of 90 minutes. The electrocoagulation treatment was found to be an effective and economical alternative to traditional chemical coagulation
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
Electro-Fenton Oxidation of Simulated Pharmaceutical Waste: Optimization usin...abdul raufshah
This research article examines the removal of the pharmaceutical contaminant diclofenac from wastewater using an electro-Fenton oxidation process. The researchers optimized various parameters of the process, such as NaCl concentration, H2O2 concentration, electrode distance, and electrolysis time, using a central composite design experimentation approach. Their results showed up to 80% removal of the drug and 91% reduction in chemical oxygen demand at optimal parameter levels. Kinetic studies of drug removal were also conducted. The electro-Fenton process was found to be effective at degrading the pharmaceutical waste using hydroxyl radicals generated in situ.
Recovery of silver from x ray film processing effluents by hydrogen peroxide ...Muhammad Adeel Shakoor
This document summarizes a study on recovering silver from X-ray film processing effluents using hydrogen peroxide precipitation. Key findings include:
- Hydrogen peroxide treatment is highly exothermic and rapidly precipitates over 95% of silver from effluents containing 1.1 g/L silver and 113 g/L thiosulfate when at least 37.6 g/L hydrogen peroxide is used.
- Increasing pH and adding ethylene glycol enhances silver recovery, likely by stabilizing hydrogen peroxide.
- Characterization of precipitates found silver is mainly present as fine silver sulfide.
- Hydrogen peroxide consumption oxidizes thiosulfate, increasing sulfate
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
This document describes a new fluorimetric method for detecting and quantifying siderophores using Calcein Blue dye. Siderophores are iron-chelating compounds released by bacteria under iron-deficient conditions and can be used as markers for bacterial detection. The method exploits the property that Calcein Blue fluorescence is quenched by iron but regained when a stronger chelator like a siderophore removes the iron. Standard strains, clinical isolates, and media compositions were tested. A standard curve using the siderophore desferal allowed quantification of siderophores down to 50 nM. This sensitive, simple fluorescence-based method provides a new tool for bacterial detection within 7-8 hours.
Trace Metal Contents of Facial (Make-Up) Cosmetics Commonly Used in Nigeriav2zq
The document analyzes the heavy metal content of various facial cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. It finds that the levels of the essential metals chromium, iron, and zinc are much higher than the toxic heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and nickel. Specifically, it reports the following average metal contents across different cosmetic types: chromium <40 μg/g, cadmium ~1 μg/g, lead 87-123 μg/g, iron 97-256 μg/g, nickel 8-13 μg/g, and zinc 88-101 μg/g. While continuous use may increase metal exposure, these cosmetics contain lower toxic metal levels than traditional kwali eye makeup commonly used in Nigeria.
Evaluation of the Concentration of Toxic Metals In Cosmetic Products In Nigeria v2zq
Evaluation of the Concentration of Toxic Metals In Cosmetic Products In Nigeria - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Cosmetics are used by most of women all over the world,So taking care of their composition is the most critical point to avoid the harm of heavy metals and their concentration in them.
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Eco-friendly method for the estimation of cobalt (II) in real samples using 1...Innspub Net
An easy and quick spectrophotometric method is developed for the investigation of cobalt at trace level using 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) in presence of surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous micellar solution. The cobalt forms bis [1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol] cobalt complex reacting with 1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol. Proposed method is of great importance because use of micellar system instead of solvent extraction steps that were toxic, expensive and time consuming. The method shows improved sensitivity, selectivity and molar absorption. The coefficient of molar absorption and Sandell’s sensitivity was found to be ε 1.89 × 104L mol-1 cm-1 and 3.1ngcm-2 at λmax 572.7nm. Graph of Linear concentration calibration was obtained in the range 0.02-9.0μgmL-1; stoichiometric metal ligand ratio was found 1:2 for the complex Co-[TAN]2 formation. The proposed method was applied for the investigation of cobalt from different alloys, biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples. Full articles at https://lnkd.in/fbEHTJ6
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Thiazolyl Blue as a Corrosion I...Al Baha University
The anticorrosion effect of thiazolyl blue (MTT) for copper in 3% NaCl at 298 K
was researched by electrochemical methods, scanning electron-microscopy (SEM), and atomic
force microscopy (AFM). The results reveal that MTT can protect copper efficiently, with a
maximum efficiency of 95.7%. The corrosion inhibition mechanism was investigated by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectral (FT-IR), and theoretical
calculation. The results suggest that the MTT molecules are adsorbed on metal surface forming a
hydrophobic protective film to prevent copper corrosion. It also indicates that the MTT and copper
form covalent bonds. The molecular dynamic simulation further gives the evidence for adsorption.
The adsorption isotherm studies demonstrate that a spontaneous, mixed physical and chemical
adsorption occurs, which obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The present research can help us
better understand the corrosion inhibition process and improve it.
Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Reviewresearchinventy
This document reviews the use of agricultural by-products and waste as adsorbents for removing dye and metal ions from water. It discusses various agricultural by-products that are generated in large quantities worldwide including rice husk, coffee grounds, spent tea leaves, date palm leaves, tomato waste, orange peels, oak leaves, walnut shells, olive cake, and others. These wastes present environmental and economic problems if not properly disposed of or utilized. The document examines case studies where these agricultural wastes have been used effectively as low-cost adsorbents for removing synthetic dyes and heavy metals from aqueous solutions.
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
This document summarizes a study on the membrane assisted electrochemical degradation of three textile dyes: Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal. The study characterized the dyes and evaluated their degradation using four different polyelectrolyte membranes in an electrochemical membrane reactor. Degradation was compared for the different membranes and optimized experimental conditions. The goal was to develop an electrochemical membrane process for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Chromium exists in two main forms, trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Cr(III) is essential for balancing blood sugar in humans but Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and contaminates groundwater. Chromium enters the environment and causes pollution through various industrial applications like steel manufacturing, electroplating, and chemical production. Exposure to chromium through industrial practices can cause health issues like lung cancer, skin allergies, and damage to organs. Lack of enforcement of environmental regulations has led to widespread chromium contamination globally, impacting millions of people, especially in South Asia where 75% of high-risk sites exist and groundwater in places like Kanpur, India has been contaminated
Novel Conductive Nano-composite Ink Based on Poly Aniline, Silver Nanoparticl...Khaled Abdel-Razeq
The document describes the preparation and characterization of a novel conductive nano-composite ink based on polyaniline, silver nanoparticles, and nitrocellulose. Polyaniline was synthesized via chemical oxidation of aniline and doped with hydrochloric acid. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method. The nano-composite ink was prepared by dispersing and mixing the polyaniline, silver nanoparticles, and nitrocellulose using sonication. The materials were characterized through various spectroscopic and thermal techniques. Electrical conductivity measurements showed the nano-composite ink has high performance properties suitable for applications as a conductive ink.
IRJET- Comparative Studies on Copper Removal by Sawdust and Iron Oxide Na...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the comparative removal of copper using sawdust and iron oxide nanoparticles as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of parameters like pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on copper removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 81.32% for sawdust and 98.02% for iron oxide nanoparticles at pH 6 and an equilibrium time of 100 minutes. Column studies showed maximum removal of 68.82% for sawdust and 92.06% for iron oxide nanoparticles. The iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited better adsorption capacity for copper compared to sawdust. The study provides removal efficiencies of the adsorbents under different conditions
Potential of hydroxamic acid in determination of phenol in industrial waste w...Alexander Decker
This document describes a spectrophotometric method for determining phenol concentration in industrial wastewater. The method uses N-phenyl benzo hydroxamic acid to react with phenol in an acidic medium containing V(V) ions, producing a purple complex with maximum absorbance at 522 nm. Beer's law is followed in the range of 0.006 to 0.03 μg/mL. The method was optimized and found to be selective. It was successfully applied to determine phenol levels in wastewater from six industrial areas, demonstrating its potential for phenol analysis in real samples.
Lead toxicity due to paint and other industrial sources and contradiction in ...SriramNagarajan15
Lead is one of the oldest known and most widely studied occupational and environmental toxins. Despite intensive study, there is still vigorous debate about the toxic effects of lead, both from low-level exposure in the general population owing to environmental pollution and historic use of lead in paint and plumbing and from exposure in the occupational setting. The majority of industries historically associated with high lead exposure have made dramatic advances in their control of occupational exposure. However, cases of unacceptably high exposure and even of frank lead poisoning are still seen, predominantly in the demolition and tank cleaning industries. Nevertheless, in most industries blood lead levels have declined below levels at which signs or symptoms are seen and the current focus of attention is on the subclinical effects of exposure. The significance of some of these effects for the overt health of the workers is often the subject of debate. Inevitably there is pressure to reduce lead exposure in the general population and in working environments, but any legislation must be based on a genuine scientific evaluation of the available evidences. We will discuss in this article about the various Mechanism of actions due to toxicity of the lead.
Lead toxicity due to paint and other industrial sources and contradiction in ...pharmaindexing
This document discusses lead toxicity from paint and other industrial sources. It summarizes the debate around lead toxicity studies and effects. Lead is commonly found in paint pigments like lead chromates and carbonates. Exposure can occur occupationally from industries like painting, as well as from ingesting lead-based paint chips and dust. Lead exposure is especially harmful to children and can cause neurological, cardiovascular, renal and other health effects even at low levels. The document reviews the mechanisms by which lead exposure impacts the body.
IRJET- Model Analysis for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the use of electrocoagulation to treat wastewater from tanneries. Electrocoagulation uses an electric current to remove contaminants through chemical reactions and precipitation. The study tested aluminum and iron electrodes to treat tannery wastewater and remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and chromium. A linear regression model was developed and confirmed the treatment process could achieve over 87% removal rates for each contaminant under optimal conditions of pH 9, voltage of 20 volts, electrode distance of 1cm, and electrolysis time of 90 minutes. The electrocoagulation treatment was found to be an effective and economical alternative to traditional chemical coagulation
This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.
Electro-Fenton Oxidation of Simulated Pharmaceutical Waste: Optimization usin...abdul raufshah
This research article examines the removal of the pharmaceutical contaminant diclofenac from wastewater using an electro-Fenton oxidation process. The researchers optimized various parameters of the process, such as NaCl concentration, H2O2 concentration, electrode distance, and electrolysis time, using a central composite design experimentation approach. Their results showed up to 80% removal of the drug and 91% reduction in chemical oxygen demand at optimal parameter levels. Kinetic studies of drug removal were also conducted. The electro-Fenton process was found to be effective at degrading the pharmaceutical waste using hydroxyl radicals generated in situ.
Recovery of silver from x ray film processing effluents by hydrogen peroxide ...Muhammad Adeel Shakoor
This document summarizes a study on recovering silver from X-ray film processing effluents using hydrogen peroxide precipitation. Key findings include:
- Hydrogen peroxide treatment is highly exothermic and rapidly precipitates over 95% of silver from effluents containing 1.1 g/L silver and 113 g/L thiosulfate when at least 37.6 g/L hydrogen peroxide is used.
- Increasing pH and adding ethylene glycol enhances silver recovery, likely by stabilizing hydrogen peroxide.
- Characterization of precipitates found silver is mainly present as fine silver sulfide.
- Hydrogen peroxide consumption oxidizes thiosulfate, increasing sulfate
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
This document describes a new fluorimetric method for detecting and quantifying siderophores using Calcein Blue dye. Siderophores are iron-chelating compounds released by bacteria under iron-deficient conditions and can be used as markers for bacterial detection. The method exploits the property that Calcein Blue fluorescence is quenched by iron but regained when a stronger chelator like a siderophore removes the iron. Standard strains, clinical isolates, and media compositions were tested. A standard curve using the siderophore desferal allowed quantification of siderophores down to 50 nM. This sensitive, simple fluorescence-based method provides a new tool for bacterial detection within 7-8 hours.
Trace Metal Contents of Facial (Make-Up) Cosmetics Commonly Used in Nigeriav2zq
The document analyzes the heavy metal content of various facial cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. It finds that the levels of the essential metals chromium, iron, and zinc are much higher than the toxic heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and nickel. Specifically, it reports the following average metal contents across different cosmetic types: chromium <40 μg/g, cadmium ~1 μg/g, lead 87-123 μg/g, iron 97-256 μg/g, nickel 8-13 μg/g, and zinc 88-101 μg/g. While continuous use may increase metal exposure, these cosmetics contain lower toxic metal levels than traditional kwali eye makeup commonly used in Nigeria.
Evaluation of the Concentration of Toxic Metals In Cosmetic Products In Nigeria v2zq
Evaluation of the Concentration of Toxic Metals In Cosmetic Products In Nigeria - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Metals in Lip Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ niehs.nih.gov
Analysis of heavy_metal_content_in_conventional_anZubariaKhan7
This study analyzed heavy metal content and polyphenol levels in 9 toothpastes from 3 categories (conventional, herbal, children's). Metal analysis found zinc, tin, silver and chromium levels were highest while cadmium and mercury were absent in all samples. Lead and nickel exceeded limits set by some regulatory bodies. Total polyphenol content varied between categories with the highest level in a children's toothpaste. The study aims to determine if toothpaste metal levels comply with cosmetic product standards and investigates potential relationships between metal and polyphenol amounts.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal content in dietary supplements in Kathmandu, Nepal. 10 samples each of herbal products and nutraceuticals were collected from markets and analyzed for levels of lead, arsenic, mercury, and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrometry. Previous studies on heavy metals in herbal medicines, lipsticks, and supplements found some products exceeded allowable limits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate metal contamination in supplements available in Kathmandu and increase consumer awareness of safety. Samples were prepared in a lab and sent for analysis, with results to be compared among brands. The research aims to determine if selected supplements contain heavy metals and help regulators set limits.
This document summarizes the analysis of heavy metals in cosmetics using ICP-MS. Samples of lipsticks, nail polishes, and skin creams were digested and then analyzed for chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, selenium, and antimony. The results showed:
1) Heavy metal concentrations varied across different lipstick samples, with some containing metals like chromium, cadmium, and lead above guidelines from Health Canada and California Proposition 65.
2) Duplicate analyses of the same lipstick sample had precision of less than 5% relative percent difference for most metals, demonstrating the sample preparation and analysis were reproducible.
3) The method detection limits were sufficient to
PerkinElmer: The Determination of Metals in Cosmetics Application NotePerkinElmer, Inc.
Cosmetics of one form or another have been used since the beginning of time. The U.S. FDA has not regulated metals in cosmetics except in the case that zirconium is prohibited in aerosol preparations and mercury can only be used (generally as a preservative) when no other alternative is possible. They do have the authority to protect consumers against contamination deemed to be deleterious to health. Proposition 65 in California requires notice when concentrations in a product may cause exposure to hazardous components exceeding a prudent level. A letter from the Attorney General of the State of California discusses the level of concern and calculates that based on documented lipstick use, a concentration of 5 mg/kg would be the level of concern requiring listing. The regulations in Canada include statements about heavy metals, and although low concentrations may be difficult to avoid, concentrations above the levels listed in Table 1 (page 2 of Application Note) require special scrutiny.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the reactivity of nanoparticles in the human digestive system. Specifically, it investigated the dissolution of copper and iron nanoparticles in simulated digestive fluids, and the ability of various nanoparticles to induce lipid oxidation in these fluids. Key results include: 1) Gastric fluid most readily dissolved copper and iron nanoparticles compared to other digestive fluids. 2) All nanoparticles induced some level of lipid oxidation, with nanoiron causing the most oxidation across all fluids. 3) The reactivity of nanoparticles differed between particle types and digestive fluids. This suggests nanoparticles may react in the digestive system and pose potential health risks.
Analysis of Lipstick for Toxic Elements - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Elements in Scalp Hair & Nails Indicating Metal Body Burden in Polluted Envir...v2zq
Elements in Scalp Hair & Nails Indicating Metal Body Burden in Polluted Environment - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The document summarizes research analyzing trace metal concentrations in tattoo inks using ICP MP-AES. Previous digestion methods did not fully digest samples, so a microwave digestion method was developed using nitric acid. Metal calibration curves were constructed and used to determine concentrations in ink samples. Results found some inks contained staggeringly high metal levels like over 9,000 ppm copper, contradicting manufacturer information. Future work aims to fully digest samples containing titanium dioxide by filtering it out.
Heavy Metals in Cosmetics - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Study of Trace and Heavy Metals Content of Soft Drinks in the State of KuwaitIJERA Editor
This study analyzed 25 trace and heavy metals in 29 brands of soft drinks collected from Kuwait. Testing with ICP/MS found that all metal levels were below international limits for drinking water. The levels of essential nutrients like calcium and magnesium were much lower in soft drinks than in other domestic waters in Kuwait. Toxic heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, and lead were detected at very low levels, far below WHO/EPA standards. The type of container did not significantly affect metal concentrations. Overall, the soft drinks were found to be safe for consumption with regards to toxic metal content.
Determination of Lead & Cadmium in Cosmetic Products v2zq
Determination of Lead & Cadmium in Cosmetic Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Pretty Scary - Could Halloween Face Paint Cause Lifelong Health Problems v2zq
Pretty Scary - Could Halloween Face Paint Cause Lifelong Health Problems - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ safecosmetics.org
This document discusses mercury use in dentistry and its risks. It covers the history of dental amalgam, forms of mercury exposure including vapor release from dental fillings, and health effects like neurological and renal toxicity. Regulations for mercury in dentistry are outlined, such as the OSHA exposure limit. The document also describes managing mercury spills and proper disposal of dental waste containing mercury.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the corrosion resistance of three Ni-Cr-Mo dental alloys (SC, SB, W) in solutions simulating the oral environment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, immersion tests, and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used. The alloys were exposed to solutions of 0.05% NaF and commercial mouthwashes. Testing showed that alloy SC, with the lowest chromium content, had the lowest corrosion resistance as indicated by more negative potentials, higher current densities, and greater ion release compared to alloys SB and W, which performed similarly and had better corrosion resistance. The solution analyses and mass loss calculations from immersion tests supported the electrochemical results and showed alloy SC to have
This document provides information on heavy metal toxicity. It discusses that heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that can be toxic even in small amounts. It outlines the major sources of heavy metal pollution as mining and processing, industrial and domestic waste, agricultural runoff, and combustion of fossil fuels. Specific heavy metals discussed in detail include lead, arsenic, and mercury. For each metal, the document examines mechanisms of toxicity, signs and symptoms of acute and chronic poisoning, methods of diagnosis, and regulations to prevent heavy metal exposure.
Similar to Lipsticks & Nail Polishes - Potential Sources of Heavy Metal in Human Body (20)
Pesticides & Chemicals Hurt your Child’s Health & Comprehensionv2zq
INCLUDES LINKS TO:
Over 120 books and web sites on Education, Children's Health and Academic Success, Organic Food Recipes, Organic Non-Sugar Sweeteners, School Lunches ~ Over 300 books on Organic Gardening and Heirloom Gardening ~ Over 200 books on Sustainable Technology and Alternative Housing ~ Over 30 books on Renewable Energy ~ Many Free PDF files on Rain Gardens, Roof Gardens, Aeroponic Gardening, Rainwater Harvesting, Waterwise Gardening, Green Eco Churches, Vegetable Oil Cars, Organic Gardening Guides, Ram Pumps, Companion Planting, Garden Therapy Manuals, Faith Healing
Resource Handbook for City Beekeeping & Honey for Healthv2zq
This document provides summaries of and links to numerous books and resources about urban beekeeping and beekeeping topics. It begins by noting some browser compatibility issues and then lists over 50 books on topics like urban beekeeping, top-bar beekeeping, natural beekeeping approaches, mason bees, and bee health. Links are provided to purchase or borrow each book from various sources.
The Book on Value Added Products from Beekeepingv2zq
This document provides an overview of value-added products that can be produced from beekeeping, including honey, pollen, wax, propolis, royal jelly, venom, and bees themselves. It discusses the composition, uses, production methods, storage, quality control and recipes for each product. The document is intended to help beekeepers diversify and increase their income by utilizing all primary beekeeping products, not just honey. It also suggests these products can support small home-based businesses and developing industries to strengthen local markets for beekeeping.
This document provides instructions for making different types of candles using beeswax or paraffin wax, including pillar candles, spiral candles, and flower candles. The instructions explain how to cut and roll the beeswax to form different candle shapes without using heat. Additional instructions are provided for making tea light candles in used tea cups using paraffin wax, including two pouring stages and securing the wick. A third set of instructions explains how to make flower-shaped tart candles using molds and paraffin wax. Safety warnings are also listed.
Cosmetic Properties of Honey & Antioxidant Activity v2zq
This document discusses the antioxidant properties and cosmetic uses of various types of honey. It reviews the historical use of honey topically and in cosmetics. An experiment measured the hydrating power of emulsions containing six different honeys on human skin. The Brazilian pot-honey of Melipona fasciculata was found to have the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by two methods. It also produced an emulsion with the highest measured hydrating power on skin. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties varied between honey types and were correlated with their hydrating abilities in emulsions applied to human skin.
This document reviews honey as a nutrient and functional food. It discusses honey's composition, nutritional value, and potential health benefits. Some key points:
1) Honey is composed mainly of carbohydrates (glucose and fructose), small amounts of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. It provides a marginal contribution to daily nutrient requirements.
2) Different types of honey have varying glycemic indices depending on their fructose/glucose ratio, with some lower-GI honeys potentially beneficial for diabetes management.
3) Studies show honey may be an effective performance-enhancing carbohydrate source for athletes, though more research is still needed to confirm its benefits.
Honey has a long history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years. It was commonly used in ancient Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Greek and Roman medicine to treat wounds, infections, and other ailments. Honey remains an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, and the developing field of apitherapy. Specific types of honey are prescribed for certain conditions based on their properties. Honey is used internally and externally to treat infections, respiratory issues, digestive problems, wounds and more according to traditional medical systems.
Making Beeswax Candles, Polishes & Homemade Cosmetics - Part 1 v2zq
Beeswax has been used for thousands of years for a variety of purposes. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China, beeswax was used for mummification, paintings, seals, candles, and medicine. Throughout history, beeswax was crucial for lost wax casting techniques and was the main ingredient in encaustic painting. While beeswax was once the primary wax, the development of paraffin wax in the 19th century reduced its exclusivity, though it remains the most expensive natural wax. Beeswax is still used today in batik art, sculpture preservation, candle making, wood polishes, and leather treatments.
Making Beeswax Candles, Polishes & Homemade Cosmetics - Part 2 v2zq
Bees produce beeswax from their wax glands to build honeycomb cells. They produce the greatest amount of wax during colony growth in spring under moderate climate conditions. Beeswax is made from carbohydrates in honey through the wax glands on the bee's abdomen. Old honeycomb needs to be recycled and rendered into beeswax blocks to control wax moths and produce high quality wax. There are several methods for small-scale wax production including melting comb in boiling water or using sun melters to extract wax, which is then further purified. Proper processing and equipment are needed to produce quality beeswax and avoid defects from contamination, emulsions or darkening.
Pollen is described as the "perfectly complete food" and its nutritional value and medical uses have been praised for centuries. However, bee-collected pollen only began to be used widely for human nutrition after World War II with the development of pollen traps. Proper drying, storage, and processing are important to preserve pollen's quality and nutrients. Drying should be done at low temperatures, ideally below 30°C, to avoid vitamin losses. Freezing or freeze-drying pollen provides the best preservation of nutrients, though dried pollen can be stored for 1-2 years if kept cool, dry and dark. Standards have been proposed for pollen, including limits on moisture content and minimum levels of proteins
Using Bee Glue for Health, Medicine & Perfume v2zq
This document provides a review of the composition, history, and health benefits of propolis. It discusses that propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used as a sealant in beehives. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical source, with poplar and Baccharis plants being common sources. Historically, propolis was used in ancient Egypt and by Greek, Roman, and medieval physicians for its medicinal properties. Modern research has identified hundreds of compounds in propolis and demonstrated broad anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects in cell and animal studies.
A Guide for Developing a Hygiene Promotion Program to Increase Handwashing wi...v2zq
This document provides a guide for developing large-scale national handwashing promotion programs. It lays out the experiences of the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW) which has brought together governments, donors, private sector partners, and organizations to promote handwashing on a mass scale. The guide covers laying the foundation for a national program, understanding target consumers through research, implementing promotion programs, and organizing public-private partnerships. It emphasizes the importance of handwashing in preventing diarrhea and respiratory infections, which are two leading causes of child mortality globally. Promoting handwashing with soap at key times can reduce diarrhea incidence by 42-47% and respiratory infections by 30%, making it
Big Batch Soap Making - A Guide for Making your own Soap v2zq
This document provides instructions for making large or "big batch" cold process soap. It discusses the advantages of big batch soap making such as being more cost effective and producing more consistent results. The document outlines the basic supplies needed, provides a sample recipe formulation for a 50 lb batch, and gives step-by-step instructions for scaling the recipe and mixing the master batch. It also discusses making and adjusting lye solutions, essential equipment, and sources for supplies to enable large scale soap production.
Detergents Toxics Link - Counting the Cost of Cleanlinessv2zq
This document discusses laundry detergents in India. It notes that detergents contain chemicals that can harm human health and the environment. The Indian government has not adequately addressed these issues through legislation. As a result, the detergent industry does little to reduce harmful chemicals or inform consumers without mandatory rules. The document provides details on the composition and effects of detergents, as well as the Bureau of Indian Standards' guidelines for eco-friendly detergents. However, no products on the market actually comply with these standards.
Development of Equipment for Making Homemade Laundry Soap v2zq
The document describes the development of equipment for homemade laundry soap production, including a pedal-powered soap mixer, mold, and cutting and stamping machines. Simple machines were designed and tested to enhance local soap production. The pedal-powered mixer allows soap to be properly mixed with little effort in minutes. The wooden mold can withstand hot soap temperatures without damage. The cutting and stamping machine facilitates faster, neater cutting and stamping of soap bars compared to manual methods. The soap produced was found to form good lather and feel fair on the skin. The soap making equipment assembly provides a cost-effective model for small-scale soap production businesses.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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Lipsticks & Nail Polishes - Potential Sources of Heavy Metal in Human Body
1. Research Article ISSN 2277-3657
Available online at www.ijpras.com
Volume 3, Issue 4 (2014):45-51
International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research &
Allied Sciences
45
Lipsticks and Nail Polishes: Potential Sources of Heavy Metal in
Human Body
Olabanji Iyabo Ouremi *
Oluyemi Emmanuel Ayodele
Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
*Email: ioolabanji@yahoo.com
Subject: Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Abstract
The concentrations of six heavy metals, Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr)
and Arsenic (As) were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in different color but most
popular brand of ten lipsticks and ten nail polishes sold at cosmetic store in Ile- Ife market. Samples dissolution
were carried out by wet oxidation methods. The results showed a high metal content in the lipsticks with the range
of metals in nail polishes as follows; Pb (< 0.00 − 42.14) µg/ml; Ni (1.88 – 4.22) µg/ml; Cd (5.90 –8.12) µg/ml;
Mn (0.76 – 6.32)µg/ml; Cr (1.48 – 3.02) µg/ml and As (0.16 – 0.42)µg/ml. The concentrations in lipstick samples
ranges; Pb (15.6 – 124.2) µg/g; Ni (12.2 – 20.4) µg/g; Cd (18.6 – 38.2)µg/g; Manganese (10.4 – 23.4) µg/g; Cr ( 6.6
– 28.4) µg/g and As (0.8 – 3.0) µg/g. The concentrations were compared with available data on internationally
proposed limits for these elements and their possible health implications on the consumering public.
Keywords: Lipstick, Nail Polishes, Heavy Metals.
Introduction
The threat of any contaminant to human health is a
function of its concentration in the body, in recent
times attention had been focused on cosmetics,
disinfectants and other personal body care products
as major sources of heavy metals in human systems
(Ayenimo, 2010 and 2013; Amartey et al., 2011;
Onwordi et al.,2011; Khalid et al., 2013) without any
information on the levels of heavy metals in the nail
polishes. The human nail is permeable than skin and
the composition consists of 10% - 30% of water. The
nails absorb the pigment in polishes (Rebecca, 2011)
and so could enhance easy passage of metal in
vapourized form or in solution. The metals in
lipstick enroute the mouth and swallowed during
eating, while some get to the body through the skin
pores, metals in nail polishes reached the body
through the porous keratinized nails. The amount
that is actually absorbed from the digestive tract can
vary widely, depending on the chemical form of the
metal and the age and nutritional status of the
individual. Once a metal is absorbed, it distributes in
tissues and organs. Exposure to heavy metals and
metalloids at relatively low levels can cause adverse
effects, for example cadmium causes kidney damage
and bone degradation. Lead causes mental retardation
in children and learning disability. cadmium (Cd) and
lead (Pb) often accumulate in the human tissues when
they are not metabolized by the body for absorption
and utilization (Health Concerns, 2003). Research
has shown that lead can cause intrauterine fatal
death, premature delivery and low birth weight
(ATSDR, 2003 and 2005; Papanikolaou et al., 2005;
Al-Saleh et al., 2009). Research in metal
concentration of cosmetics is raising awareness on
direct ingestion and skin absorption of metals, since
they are daily used and are applied to the thinnest
areas of facial skin, such as the pre-ocular areas and
lips, where absorption is very high (Corazza et al.,
2009). Steinemann (2004) described exposure
sciences as the science of identification of a
contaminant sources rather than tracing it to the
receptor. It is becoming increasingly difficult to
avoid exposure to heavy metals because of its
prevalence in water , food, air and through skin
contact during our daily activities in agricultural,
pharmaceutical, industrial or residential settings
among others (Ekpo et al., 2008). Thus, this study
aimed at determining the concentration of metals
available in different lipsticks and nail polishes and
compare it internationally acceptable limit and
highlighting with the possible health implication of
its prolong use.
2. Available online at www.ijpras.com
46
Materials and Methods
Sample Collection and Dissolution
Ten different colored commonly use brands of
lipstick and ten nail polishes were bought at
cosmetic stores in Ile-Ife main market. They were
transported to the laboratory. 0.5g of each of the
lipsticks samples were weighed into a teflon beaker,
20 ml of 4:1 HNO3/ H2O2 was added at interval of
3mins repeatedly for ten times using the same ratio
while heating at 120o
C until the wax and oil content
were digested and formed a clear solution. It was
allowed to stand for about five minutes before
distilled water was added, the content of the beaker
was filtered and transferred to a 100 ml capacity
volumetry flask and made up to the mark.
About 5ml of each of the samples of nail
polish were pipette using a dropping pipette into a
teflon beaker. Immediately(to prevent solidification),
15ml of 2:1 H2SO4/H2O2 was added. The reaction
was highly exothermic and after the completion of
the reaction, it was left to cool down before distilled
water was added and filtered. The content was
transferred to 100 ml capacity volumetry flask and
made to the mark.
This procedure was repeated for each
sample three times to ensure quality assurance of the
work and 1000 ppm standard solutions were prepared
from the salts of these chosen heavy metals and were
serially diluted (Bruce and Whiteshide, 1984) as
working solution for calibrating the AAS used for the
analysis. All salts were analytical grade of British
Drug House (BDH) chemicals. The samples were
analyzed at Centre for Energy Research and
Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,
with AAS(Buck Scientific 200A model, East
Norwalk, CT 06855-1023, USA) using air- acetylene
flame at the most sensitive wavelength. The actual
concentrations of the metals were determined using
the dilution factor.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS,
version 17.0, Chicago IL, USA) was used to
determine the descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results and Discussion
Tables 1 and 2 showed the mean concentrations of
heavy metals in nail polishes and lipsticks determined
in this study. The range of concentrations in nail
polishes were: Pb ( BDL − 42.14) µg/ml, Ni (1.88 –
4.22) µg/ml, Cd (5.90 –8.12) µg/ml, Mn (0.76 –
6.32)µg/ml, Cr (1.48 – 3.02) µg/ml and As (0.16 –
0.42)µg/ml while the concentrations in lipstick
samples ranged as follows: Pb (15.6 – 124.2) µg/g;
Ni (12.2 – 20.4) µg/g; Cd (18.6 – 38.2)µg/g; Mn
(10.4 – 23.4) µg/g; Cr ( 6.6 – 28.4) µg/g and As (0.8
– 3.0) µg/g. The nail polishes were the same brand
with different colours, lead is more accumulated in
all the nail polish samples except for the white color
(sample 2) whose concentration was below detection
limit implying very low lead content. The reason
could be due to the fact that lead and lead compounds
are colorants (HSDB, 2009) which might not be
applied in this sample. Lead and cadmium are two
potentially harmful metals that have aroused
considerable interest from the results obtained.
Particularly, lead has been described as the most
harmful environmental contaminant to arise in human
civilization and has been shown to impair renal,
homopoietic and the nervous system with different
reports linking it to deficiency in cognitive
functioning (Chukwuma, 1997). Amartey et. al.,
(2011) found Pb to be above 1.0ppm recommended
for cosmetics by Ghana Standards Board. Khalid et.
al., (2013) found Pb to be 48.0ppm in brand 4 of their
lip sticks study, the average mean value in this study
was 30.43 µg/g; Sainio et. al., (2001) found Pb to be
less than 20ppm in 88 samples of eye shadow. It has
been reported that the use of lead based cosmetics
and herbal remedies might have led to high level of
Pb in breast milk up to 130 µg Pb/l in nomadic Fulani
women in Northern Nigeria (Nnoromi et al., 2005).
Obi et. al., (2006) revealed that 100% of Nigerian
herbal remedies contained elevated amount of lead.
Nail polishes and Lipsticks are organic base, elevated
Pb may be from the starting materials and colorants.
One way T- test was conducted at 95% confidence
interval to know the effects of the color on the metal
concentrations (Table 1 and 2), it was found that all
the metal concentrations were dependent on the
colors. The colorants were main source of metals.
The USFDA (US Food and Drug Administration)
limit for lead as color additive in cosmetics is 20
ppm. So in all colors both in nail polishes and
lipsticks, the lead concentration were above the FDA
limit. To buttress this point correlation matrix was
carried out on the samples. In nail polishes, sample
2,whose Pb concentration was below detection limit
was negatively correlated with other samples. In the
lipstick samples, samples were categorized into two
based on the Pb content. Samples 1,2 and 3 whose
range of Pb concentration was (15.6- 20) µg/g were
highly positively correlated with r2
value of 0.79,
0.87 and 1.00 while samples 4 to 10 were also better
positively correlated with r2
values ≥ 0.91.
It has been reported that Cd are present in
lipstick and face powder as colorants and with about
0.5% absorption capacity through the skin but binds
to epidermal keratin (Chauhan et. al., 2010). The
proposed allowable limit of impurity of Cd in
cosmetics by Health Canada (2009) due to absence of
3. Available online at www.ijpras.com
47
international limit of metal impurities in cosmetics
was 3ppm. This call for concern because of its high
concentration of 6.66µg/ml in the nail polishes and
28.4 µg/g in lipstick. The requirement for Pb in
cosmetic products is 1.0 ppm according to the Ghana
Standards Board, however there is no available
permissible limit on Cd for such products(Amartey
et.al.,2011).
The lead and cadmium concentrations were
higher in all the tested colors, when the total mean
value of all colors were calculated, followed by the
nickel (both in nail polishes and lipsticks). Figures 1
and 2 showed the percentage composition of the
heavy metals in the samples, similar result was
obtained by Khalid et. al., (2013). Cadmium is a toxic
metal, it has been found to be connected with
diabetes and high blood pressure(Godt et. al., 2006).
The average concentrations of Cr in nail polishes and
lipsticks were (1.64±0.0005)µg/mL and (17.1±
0.004) µg/g respectively. Chromium (VI) compounds
are toxins and known human carcinogens, whereas
Chromium (III) is an essential nutrient. Breathing
high levels can cause irritation to the lining of the
nose, asthma and shortness of breath or wheezing.
Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. Allergic reactions
consisting of severe redness and swelling of the skin
have been noted. Long term exposure can cause
damage to liver, kidney circulatory and nerve tissues,
as well as skin irritation (Eastern Research Group,
2001). Small amounts of Nickel are needed by the
human body to produce red blood cells, however, in
excessive amounts, can become mildly toxic. Short-
term overexposure it to nickel is not known to cause
any health problems, but long-term exposure can
cause decreased body weight, heart and liver damage,
and skin irritation. The EPA does not currently
regulate nickel levels in drinking water(Eastern
Research Group, 2001). Manganese is an essential
component of over 36 enzymes that are used for the
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. When
manganese uptake takes place through the skin it can
cause tremors and coordination failures. Laboratory
test animals have shown that severe manganese
poisonings could cause tumor development with
animals(Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases
Registry, 2008).
As, Mn Cr were within the range of
concentration 3ppm proposed for metals in cosmetics
by Health Canada (2009). As the had the lowest
concentration in this study, metals at low
concentration in the body due to its bioaccumulation
and being non degradable are dangerous to human
health. The cumulative effects over time, since these
cosmetics are use daily could be dangerous. These
brand were not labeled to know the chemical
composition, it was difficult to confirm the
percentage composition of these metal in them.
Conclusion
This study showed that heavy metals in the nail
polishes and lipsticks were above the proposed limit
of metal in cosmetics Health Canada (2009) and
Ghana Standards Board of 1.00 ppm of Pb in
cosmetics. However, the absence of allowable limit
of metals in cosmetics by international bodies limits
our judgment. The study also revealed that lead and
lead compounds used as colorants play significant
role in the elevation of the metals in the cosmetics as
other metals serves as impurities in them. The herbal
materials/ products used in preparation of these
cosmetics played significant role in elevating the
metals in the final products.
The daily use of these cosmetics should aroused the
regulatory bodies in Nigeria to regulate and enforce
the limit of these metal in the cosmetics as the
prevalence of cancer is on the increase in women, the
main user of these products.
Acknowledgement
The authors appreciate the assistance of Oluwayemi
Olaoluwa Ayomide and Mr Makinde (CERD, OAU)
for the assistance in bench work and analysis of the
samples
“Cite this article”
O. I. Ouremi, O. E. Ayodele .
“Lipsticks and Nail Polishes: Potential Sources of Heavy Metal in Human Body”
Int. J. of Pharm. Res. & All. Sci. 2014;3(4):45-51
4. Available online at www.ijpras.com
48
Table 1: Concentration (µg/ml) of Heavy metals in Nail polish Samples
BDL - Below Detection Limit
Figure 1: A pie chart showing the percentage composition of heavy metals in nail polishes
Cd
15%
Cr
4%
Mn
5%
Pb
69%
Ni
7%
As
0%
Metals ( ± SD)
Sample No Colors Cd Cr Mn Pb Ni As
1 Orange 8.12 ± 0.004 3.02±0.0003 6.32 ±0.0014 42.14 ±0.0008 3.26±0.0004 0.52 ±0.0002
2 White 6.52 ±0.0019 2.36±0.0004 2.44 ±0.0008 BDL 3.06±0.0005 0.28 ±0.0006
3 Lilac 6.04 ±0.0010 2.02±0.0002 2.30 ±0.0006 19.54 ±0.0005 2.80±0.0006 0.16 ±0.0003
4 Blue 6.62 ±0.0004 2.74±0.0017 2.76 ±0.0005 24.78±0.0004 4.22±0.0004 0.30±0.0008
5 Baby pink 6.98±0.0006 2.64±0.0003 0.76 ±0.0005 28.58 ±0.0003 3.66±0.0009 0.42 ±0.0001
6 Red 5.90 ±0.0006 1.48±0.0004 1.62 ±0.0008 33.02 ±0.0003 4.00±0.0006 0.20 ±0.0006
7 Black 6.76 ±0.0005 1.88±0.0006 2.16 ±0.0005 32.18 ±0.0003 2.66±0.0007 0.18 ±0.0002
8 Fusia pink 6.92 ±0.0003 2.06±0.0004 2.20 ±0.0009 31.78 ±0.0007 2.58±0.0004 0.34 ±0.0010
9 Brown 6.36 ±0.0010 2.24±0.0003 0.96 ±0.0004 32.56 ±0.0008 1.88±0.0005 0.22 ±0.0005
10 Fusia pink
with filler
6.36 ±0.0010 2.00±0.0005 0.98 ±0.0006 29.28 ±0.0003 2.22±0.0004 0.20 ±0.0008
Average
Mean
Concentration
- 6.66 ±0.0008 1.64±0.0005 2.25 ±0.0006 30.43 ±0.0005 3.03±0.0005 0.28 ±0.0004
Test for
difference in
means
One way T-
Test
33.885 15.533 4.473 14.700 12.648 7.661
Mean
Difference
6.65800 2.24400 2.25000 30.42889 3.03400 0.28200
P- value
(0.05)
0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000
5. Available online at www.ijpras.com
49
Table 2: Concentration (µg/g) of Heavy metals in Lipstick Samples
Metals ( ± SD)
Sample No Colors Cd Cr Mn Pb Ni As
1 Red 26.0±0.0012 11.8±0.0004 8.6±0.0006 15.6±0.0010 20.2±0.0007 1.2 ±0.0001
2 Orange 30.6±0.0010 14.6±0.0008 23.4±0.0007 17.2±0.0010 17.8±0.0005 2.0 ±0.0002
3 Fusia pink 38.2±0.0004 14.4±0.0003 20.2±0.0004 20.0±0.0005 18.4±0.0006 3.0 ±0.0004
4 Deep brown 34.6±0.0007 6.6 ±0.0001 19.6±0.0001 111.2±0.0005 13.2±0.0010 2.6±0.0010
5 Ash 30.2±0.0008 12.2±0.0006 19.8±0.0001 66.0 ±0.0010 20.4±0.0010 2.2 ±0.0011
6 Light brown 34.4±0.0011 18.2±0.0005 10.4±0.0003 71.6 ±0.0007 16.2±0.0009 1.6 ±0.0006
7 Wine 18.6±0.0006 15.2±0.0004 16.6±0.0005 82.4 ±0.0002 12.2±0.0004 0.8 ±0.0007
8 Black 21.4±0.0010 12.2±0.0004 20.6±0.0005 65.2 ±0.0002 18.0±0.0004 0.8 ±0.0002
9 Baby pink 27.8±0.0012 28.4±0.0007 13.0±0.0002 64.8 ±0.0006 22.0±0.0006 1.6 ±0.0008
10 Blue 22.2±0.0010 24.0±0.0002 18.8±0.0005 124.2±0.0006 18.4±0.0005 1.2 ±0.0005
Mean
concentration
- 28.4±0.0009 15.76±0.0004 17.1±0.0004 63.82±0.0006 17.68±0.0007 1.70±0.0006
Test for
difference in
means
T- statistic 14.042 7.858 11.137 5.368 18.102 7.227
Mean
Difference
28.400 15.7600 17.1000 63.8200 17.6800 1.7000
P- Value
(0.05)
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Figure 2: A pie chart showing the percentage composition of heavy metals in lipsticks
Cd
20%
Cr
11%
Mn
12%
Pb
44%
Ni
12%
As
1%
6. Available online at www.ijpras.com
50
Table 3: Correlation Matrix of the Nail Polish samples
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9
Sample
10
sample1 1
sample2 -0.37512 1
sample3 0.989373 -0.26067 1
sample4 0.991076 -0.30089 0.998086 1
sample5 0.985145 -0.31837 0.994746 0.996762 1
sample6 0.992304 -0.37022 0.991879 0.996635 0.996365 1
sample7 0.995699 -0.34782 0.995657 0.997051 0.996556 0.99801 1
sample8 0.995434 -0.34487 0.995788 0.99676 0.996612 0.997498 0.99996 1
sample9 0.992555 -0.36079 0.992867 0.994534 0.997262 0.996662 0.998957 0.999145 1
sample10 0.991592 -0.34057 0.995081 0.996177 0.998515 0.997034 0.999166 0.999339 0.999672 1
Table 4: Correlation matrix of lipstick samples
Sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 sample 7 sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10
Sample1 1
Sample2 0.794303 1
Sample3 0.876521 0.955978 1
Sample4 0.303137 0.237412 0.307384 1
Sample5 0.463208 0.393034 0.445973 0.979876 1
Sample6 0.479856 0.336537 0.434527 0.964407 0.973563 1
Sample7 0.244602 0.17939 0.219595 0.982423 0.962961 0.953487 1
Sample8 0.351149 0.310487 0.332175 0.97897 0.987673 0.950446 0.984699 1
Sample9 0.465542 0.298564 0.360253 0.910476 0.934729 0.969643 0.942934 0.933535 1
Sample10 0.220854 0.122776 0.167694 0.971959 0.947719 0.946394 0.99734 0.973913 0.946007 1
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