A to Z of Hidden Nasties - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
This presentation discusses animal by-products, specifically blood meal. It defines animal by-products and blood, describing their composition. Blood comes from slaughterhouses and is processed into blood meal. The presentation outlines the nutrient content and amino acid profile of blood meal. It describes the process for preparing blood meal and its functions as a fertilizer and animal feed supplement. Limitations of blood meal are also discussed.
This document discusses the various byproducts obtained from animals and their uses. It outlines edible byproducts such as organs and non-edible byproducts such as blood, hides, bones, and feathers. Each byproduct is then described in terms of its extraction or preparation process and common applications. For example, blood is used to make blood agar for bacterial culture, bones are processed into bone meal or gelatin with various culinary and adhesive uses, and feathers provide down for bedding and insulation in clothing. A wide range of glandular extracts are also highlighted, showing their uses in medicine, food processing, and other industries.
The document discusses the key steps involved in rearing chickens, including incubation, feeding, debeaking, vaccinating, changing litter, and slaughtering. Incubation requires keeping eggs at the proper temperature in an incubator. Chickens are fed starter, grower, and finisher feeds. Debeaking and vaccinating help control disease. Litter is changed regularly to keep the coop clean and absorb waste. Slaughtering involves hanging, stunning, scalding, evisceration, chilling, and packaging chickens raised for food.
Slaughtering of Animal and Processing of their ProductsKarl Obispo
This document discusses slaughtering of animals and processing of their products. It covers terminology used, the major animal products of meat, milk and eggs. For each product, it describes composition, categories and nutritive value. It also discusses requirements for slaughtering including cleanliness, hygiene, inspection and preservation. The process of ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection is explained as well as management of animals prior to slaughter such as selection, fasting, and relaxing the animals to reduce stress.
This document provides information on raising various animals. It discusses raising poultry like chickens and quails, including different breeds suitable for egg production or meat. It also discusses feeding and caring for poultry. The document also discusses raising other small animals like pigeons, as well as pig farming and the different pig breeds. Finally, it provides some tips on health considerations and maintaining sanitation when raising animals.
Poultry farming involves breeding birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese. The process begins on a breeder farm where eggs are laid and sent to a hatchery. At the hatchery, the eggs are incubated for around 20 days for chickens or 27 days for turkeys until the chicks or poults hatch. The young birds are then transported to rearing farms where they are fed and cared for until they reach the proper weight for processing. Once full grown, the birds are caught and sent to a processing plant to be slaughtered, packaged, and distributed for consumption.
This document provides an alphabetical glossary of animal-derived substances commonly found in food, cosmetics and other products. Each entry briefly explains what the substance is and which animals it comes from. The glossary aims to help consumers identify non-vegetarian ingredients and make ethical purchasing decisions. It also discusses various farming practices and their animal welfare implications.
Poultry refers to domesticated birds raised for their meat, eggs, and feathers. Common types of poultry include chickens, turkeys, and quail. Poultry is classified based on age, which influences tenderness and fat content. The document then describes the slaughtering process for chickens, including pre-slaughter handling, stunning, scalding, defeathering, evisceration, inspection, and chilling. It also provides details on nutritional aspects, halal cutting requirements in accordance with Islamic law, and grading and packaging of chicken meat.
This presentation discusses animal by-products, specifically blood meal. It defines animal by-products and blood, describing their composition. Blood comes from slaughterhouses and is processed into blood meal. The presentation outlines the nutrient content and amino acid profile of blood meal. It describes the process for preparing blood meal and its functions as a fertilizer and animal feed supplement. Limitations of blood meal are also discussed.
This document discusses the various byproducts obtained from animals and their uses. It outlines edible byproducts such as organs and non-edible byproducts such as blood, hides, bones, and feathers. Each byproduct is then described in terms of its extraction or preparation process and common applications. For example, blood is used to make blood agar for bacterial culture, bones are processed into bone meal or gelatin with various culinary and adhesive uses, and feathers provide down for bedding and insulation in clothing. A wide range of glandular extracts are also highlighted, showing their uses in medicine, food processing, and other industries.
The document discusses the key steps involved in rearing chickens, including incubation, feeding, debeaking, vaccinating, changing litter, and slaughtering. Incubation requires keeping eggs at the proper temperature in an incubator. Chickens are fed starter, grower, and finisher feeds. Debeaking and vaccinating help control disease. Litter is changed regularly to keep the coop clean and absorb waste. Slaughtering involves hanging, stunning, scalding, evisceration, chilling, and packaging chickens raised for food.
Slaughtering of Animal and Processing of their ProductsKarl Obispo
This document discusses slaughtering of animals and processing of their products. It covers terminology used, the major animal products of meat, milk and eggs. For each product, it describes composition, categories and nutritive value. It also discusses requirements for slaughtering including cleanliness, hygiene, inspection and preservation. The process of ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection is explained as well as management of animals prior to slaughter such as selection, fasting, and relaxing the animals to reduce stress.
This document provides information on raising various animals. It discusses raising poultry like chickens and quails, including different breeds suitable for egg production or meat. It also discusses feeding and caring for poultry. The document also discusses raising other small animals like pigeons, as well as pig farming and the different pig breeds. Finally, it provides some tips on health considerations and maintaining sanitation when raising animals.
Poultry farming involves breeding birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese. The process begins on a breeder farm where eggs are laid and sent to a hatchery. At the hatchery, the eggs are incubated for around 20 days for chickens or 27 days for turkeys until the chicks or poults hatch. The young birds are then transported to rearing farms where they are fed and cared for until they reach the proper weight for processing. Once full grown, the birds are caught and sent to a processing plant to be slaughtered, packaged, and distributed for consumption.
This document provides an alphabetical glossary of animal-derived substances commonly found in food, cosmetics and other products. Each entry briefly explains what the substance is and which animals it comes from. The glossary aims to help consumers identify non-vegetarian ingredients and make ethical purchasing decisions. It also discusses various farming practices and their animal welfare implications.
Poultry refers to domesticated birds raised for their meat, eggs, and feathers. Common types of poultry include chickens, turkeys, and quail. Poultry is classified based on age, which influences tenderness and fat content. The document then describes the slaughtering process for chickens, including pre-slaughter handling, stunning, scalding, defeathering, evisceration, inspection, and chilling. It also provides details on nutritional aspects, halal cutting requirements in accordance with Islamic law, and grading and packaging of chicken meat.
This document is a submission from Lea Ericka Merca to Daryl C. Ambrad regarding a project in Empowerment Technologies. It includes definitions and descriptions of different types of poultry, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and more. It also covers the origins and development of the purebred and commercial poultry industries. Various cuts of poultry meat are defined, and methods of cooking tender cuts are listed. Nutritional aspects are briefly discussed.
Poultry are birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese that are reared through farming to provide meat and eggs for human consumption. Poultry farming is a major agricultural practice where birds are raised in large numbers, with chickens being the most numerous globally. In the Caribbean, the most commonly farmed poultry are chickens, ducks, and turkeys.
1. Poultry farming involves breeding birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese for their meat and eggs. It is a multi-step process involving breeder farms, hatcheries, rearing farms, catching and processing.
2. Chickens make up the largest part of the poultry industry. Different breeds are used for meat (broilers) and eggs (layers). Hygiene is important throughout to prevent disease.
3. The global poultry industry is led by China, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. China has the largest chicken population in the world.
The document discusses value addition and processing of poultry products in India. It notes that the poultry sector has transformed from backyard activity to large commercial operations. It describes various value added egg and meat products that have been developed like pickled eggs, salted chicken eggs, egg rolls, etc. It also discusses key trends in the poultry market like convenience products and new packaging innovations. Finally, it outlines potential for traditional meat products in India due to availability of meats, demand for variety/convenience, and opportunities for value addition.
Yayati Singh would like to thank many people who supported his animal husbandry project, including his principal, biology teacher, parents, best friend, and God. His biology teacher, Ms. Ritu Jain, provided ongoing advice and encouragement. His parents inspired and supported him. His best friend helped complete the project by exchanging ideas. The project report discusses types of animal farming like cattle, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. It covers topics like cattle and buffalo milk production, poultry breeding and care, fish farming techniques, and the medicinal properties of honey from bee keeping.
Animal agriculture makes significant contributions to meeting human needs by providing food, clothing, livelihoods, and pleasure. Livestock convert feed into high-quality protein for human consumption. The top sources of protein worldwide are fish, pork, beef, and poultry. Livestock also generate income and jobs, especially in Iowa where livestock production represents about 50% of net farm income and supports over 70,000 jobs. Advancements in genetics, nutrition, health, and management have led to major increases in production efficiency over the past century.
Dr. Amit Hemant Mishal is an Associate Professor who teaches courses on special education. The document discusses various topics related to animal husbandry, including cattle farming, poultry farming, apiculture, uses of animals, animal shelters, feeding, health, crossbreeding, occupations related to agriculture like dairy farming and transport, and specific practices for sheep rearing, poultry farming, pearl culture, lac industry, sericulture, and pisciculture.
Poultry byproducts include feathers, blood, offal, manure, and eggshells. Feathers can be processed into feather meal, which contains 12% nitrogen and is used as fertilizer and animal feed. Blood is processed into blood meal which also contains nitrogen and amino acids and is used as fertilizer, feed, and fish bait. Poultry manure contains protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium and is used as fertilizer, feed supplement, and to improve soil structure. Eggshells can be used in compost, as seedling pots, to provide calcium for chickens, and for crafts and chalk making.
I HOPE THIS MIGHT HELP THOSE STUDENTS WHO ARE HAVING SUBJECTS SUCH AS HELE or TLE (TAKING CARE OF POULTRY).....
I TAUGHT THIS SLIDE TO MY STUDENTS.....
The document discusses the cruelty involved in various animal product industries such as fashion, meat, dairy, and eggs. It notes that fur farm animals are confined to small cages and often skinned alive. Leather also involves harming and killing animals such as cows, goats, and alligators. The meat industry slaughters billions of animals annually despite frequent welfare law violations. Dairy cows are repeatedly impregnated and have their calves taken away so their milk can be harvested for human consumption. Male calves may be raised for veal while male baby chicks are killed since they do not produce eggs or meat. The document promotes veganism and cruelty-free alternatives to animal products.
The document discusses the cruelty involved in several animal product industries such as fashion, food, and dairy. In the fashion industry, animals are confined and killed for their fur, skin, and leather. Alternatives like faux fur and synthetic leather are available. In the food industry, billions of animals are slaughtered annually for their meat. However, protein and other nutrients can be obtained from plant-based sources. The dairy industry involves artificially impregnating cows and separating them from their calves to produce milk, with both cows and calves eventually being killed. Soymilk is presented as a cruelty-free alternative to dairy milk.
Llivestock reared in the Caribbean RegionSLIDE TEACHER
Livestock are animals raised in agricultural settings to produce food, raw materials, and labor. Some common livestock reared in the Caribbean include pigs, which provide meat, bacon, and leather; sheep, which provide dairy products, leather, and meat; goats, which provide dairy, meat, wool, and leather; and cattle, which provide meat, beef, dairy, and leather. Horses and donkeys are also reared and used for labor and occasionally horses are used for meat.
Farming and fishing have played important roles in human development and meeting basic needs over 500,000 years. Animals provide humans with food, clothing, labor and power, shelter, and emotional well-being. There are two main types of livestock farming - factory farming, where animals live indoors in close quarters, and free-range farming, where animals live outdoors but require more space. Coastal fishing harvests fish and shellfish near shore like sardines and mussels, while deep sea fishing uses large boats far from coasts to catch fish like hake, cod and swordfish.
This document discusses the poultry industry in Pakistan. It provides an overview of the development and growth of the poultry sector from the 1960s to present day. It describes the types of poultry farms and breeds commonly raised in Pakistan. Challenges facing the industry such as disease outbreaks and high feed costs are also summarized.
The document provides a lengthy list of examples of processed foods organized into categories such as processed fruits and vegetables, meats, baked goods, fast foods, dairy, snacks, beverages, and oils. It notes that processed foods seem to be everywhere in grocery stores and the food industry continually develops new processed options. The list is intended to help people recognize heavily processed items and make healthier choices by minimizing processed foods in their diets.
This document summarizes the process of poultry farming. It discusses how chickens, turkeys and other birds are raised on breeder farms where eggs are collected and sent to hatcheries. The eggs are incubated at hatcheries for around 20 days for chickens or 27 days for turkeys, and the hatched chicks or poults are transported to rearing farms. The baby birds are reared and fed specially until they reach the required weight, then they are caught and transported to processing plants to be packaged for distribution.
How to Start Poultry Processing Business (Chicken Processing, Broiler Industry)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Poultry production is big business throughout the world. It has become a standard form of cheap protein. It is also a highly competitive industry and feed suppliers, producers, processors, manufacturers of equipment etc have all appreciated the economies of scale and gone on to develop bigger and more automated systems of operation than ever before to supply an insatiable market.
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This document discusses the benefits humans obtain from animals, the types of animal farming, and some examples of livestock farming. Humans receive clothing, food, transportation, and companionship from animals. Animal farming can be extensive or intensive. Common livestock include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry. Sheep farming involves shepherds protecting sheep from wild animals with dogs, while poultry farming uses incubators to hatch chicks from fertilized eggs.
This document provides an overview of livestock animal production. It discusses how the domestication of plants and animals allowed humans to shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture around 500,000 years ago. This development was crucial for civilization as it provided humans with food, clothing, power for farming, and materials for shelter. The document then lists the various needs livestock animals fulfill for humans, including food, clothing, labor, and emotional well-being. It concludes by outlining some of the key inputs for livestock animal production such as animals, feed, health care, and waste management.
This document introduces Ostrich Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nepal's first ostrich breeding farm. It states that the company has invested 300 million Nepali rupees to farm over 1,000 ostriches across 13.54 hectares of land. The company aims to increase ostrich numbers to 1,500, produce one ton of ostrich meat in the first year and 15 tons in the second year. It also plans to export ostrich skin and feathers. The document provides details on the nutritional benefits of ostrich meat and products derived from ostriches such as leather, eggs, feathers and oil.
How to find if ingredients in food products are from animal originvikas_deshpande
This document provides information on identifying whether food additives and ingredients are derived from animal sources. It lists various E-numbers and explains whether their origin is animal, plant, or either depending on what the producer uses. For additives derived from fatty acids, the origin could be animal or plant since chemically they are identical. The document encourages religious groups to check with producers about the exact source. It provides a table of common ingredients that often come from animals such as casein, gelatin, lactose, and whey.
Abattoir byproduct blood meal and bone mealLDDhote
This document discusses abattoir by-products focusing on blood and bones. It defines by-products as parts of animals not included in the dressed carcass and notes that by-products account for up to 30% of abattoir income. The document categorizes by-products and describes the utilization and manufacturing processes for blood meal and bone meal, the two main by-products discussed. Blood and bones can be used for human food, animal feed, fertilizer, and industrial purposes like glue or gelatin production.
This document is a submission from Lea Ericka Merca to Daryl C. Ambrad regarding a project in Empowerment Technologies. It includes definitions and descriptions of different types of poultry, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and more. It also covers the origins and development of the purebred and commercial poultry industries. Various cuts of poultry meat are defined, and methods of cooking tender cuts are listed. Nutritional aspects are briefly discussed.
Poultry are birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese that are reared through farming to provide meat and eggs for human consumption. Poultry farming is a major agricultural practice where birds are raised in large numbers, with chickens being the most numerous globally. In the Caribbean, the most commonly farmed poultry are chickens, ducks, and turkeys.
1. Poultry farming involves breeding birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese for their meat and eggs. It is a multi-step process involving breeder farms, hatcheries, rearing farms, catching and processing.
2. Chickens make up the largest part of the poultry industry. Different breeds are used for meat (broilers) and eggs (layers). Hygiene is important throughout to prevent disease.
3. The global poultry industry is led by China, the former Soviet Union, and the United States. China has the largest chicken population in the world.
The document discusses value addition and processing of poultry products in India. It notes that the poultry sector has transformed from backyard activity to large commercial operations. It describes various value added egg and meat products that have been developed like pickled eggs, salted chicken eggs, egg rolls, etc. It also discusses key trends in the poultry market like convenience products and new packaging innovations. Finally, it outlines potential for traditional meat products in India due to availability of meats, demand for variety/convenience, and opportunities for value addition.
Yayati Singh would like to thank many people who supported his animal husbandry project, including his principal, biology teacher, parents, best friend, and God. His biology teacher, Ms. Ritu Jain, provided ongoing advice and encouragement. His parents inspired and supported him. His best friend helped complete the project by exchanging ideas. The project report discusses types of animal farming like cattle, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. It covers topics like cattle and buffalo milk production, poultry breeding and care, fish farming techniques, and the medicinal properties of honey from bee keeping.
Animal agriculture makes significant contributions to meeting human needs by providing food, clothing, livelihoods, and pleasure. Livestock convert feed into high-quality protein for human consumption. The top sources of protein worldwide are fish, pork, beef, and poultry. Livestock also generate income and jobs, especially in Iowa where livestock production represents about 50% of net farm income and supports over 70,000 jobs. Advancements in genetics, nutrition, health, and management have led to major increases in production efficiency over the past century.
Dr. Amit Hemant Mishal is an Associate Professor who teaches courses on special education. The document discusses various topics related to animal husbandry, including cattle farming, poultry farming, apiculture, uses of animals, animal shelters, feeding, health, crossbreeding, occupations related to agriculture like dairy farming and transport, and specific practices for sheep rearing, poultry farming, pearl culture, lac industry, sericulture, and pisciculture.
Poultry byproducts include feathers, blood, offal, manure, and eggshells. Feathers can be processed into feather meal, which contains 12% nitrogen and is used as fertilizer and animal feed. Blood is processed into blood meal which also contains nitrogen and amino acids and is used as fertilizer, feed, and fish bait. Poultry manure contains protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium and is used as fertilizer, feed supplement, and to improve soil structure. Eggshells can be used in compost, as seedling pots, to provide calcium for chickens, and for crafts and chalk making.
I HOPE THIS MIGHT HELP THOSE STUDENTS WHO ARE HAVING SUBJECTS SUCH AS HELE or TLE (TAKING CARE OF POULTRY).....
I TAUGHT THIS SLIDE TO MY STUDENTS.....
The document discusses the cruelty involved in various animal product industries such as fashion, meat, dairy, and eggs. It notes that fur farm animals are confined to small cages and often skinned alive. Leather also involves harming and killing animals such as cows, goats, and alligators. The meat industry slaughters billions of animals annually despite frequent welfare law violations. Dairy cows are repeatedly impregnated and have their calves taken away so their milk can be harvested for human consumption. Male calves may be raised for veal while male baby chicks are killed since they do not produce eggs or meat. The document promotes veganism and cruelty-free alternatives to animal products.
The document discusses the cruelty involved in several animal product industries such as fashion, food, and dairy. In the fashion industry, animals are confined and killed for their fur, skin, and leather. Alternatives like faux fur and synthetic leather are available. In the food industry, billions of animals are slaughtered annually for their meat. However, protein and other nutrients can be obtained from plant-based sources. The dairy industry involves artificially impregnating cows and separating them from their calves to produce milk, with both cows and calves eventually being killed. Soymilk is presented as a cruelty-free alternative to dairy milk.
Llivestock reared in the Caribbean RegionSLIDE TEACHER
Livestock are animals raised in agricultural settings to produce food, raw materials, and labor. Some common livestock reared in the Caribbean include pigs, which provide meat, bacon, and leather; sheep, which provide dairy products, leather, and meat; goats, which provide dairy, meat, wool, and leather; and cattle, which provide meat, beef, dairy, and leather. Horses and donkeys are also reared and used for labor and occasionally horses are used for meat.
Farming and fishing have played important roles in human development and meeting basic needs over 500,000 years. Animals provide humans with food, clothing, labor and power, shelter, and emotional well-being. There are two main types of livestock farming - factory farming, where animals live indoors in close quarters, and free-range farming, where animals live outdoors but require more space. Coastal fishing harvests fish and shellfish near shore like sardines and mussels, while deep sea fishing uses large boats far from coasts to catch fish like hake, cod and swordfish.
This document discusses the poultry industry in Pakistan. It provides an overview of the development and growth of the poultry sector from the 1960s to present day. It describes the types of poultry farms and breeds commonly raised in Pakistan. Challenges facing the industry such as disease outbreaks and high feed costs are also summarized.
The document provides a lengthy list of examples of processed foods organized into categories such as processed fruits and vegetables, meats, baked goods, fast foods, dairy, snacks, beverages, and oils. It notes that processed foods seem to be everywhere in grocery stores and the food industry continually develops new processed options. The list is intended to help people recognize heavily processed items and make healthier choices by minimizing processed foods in their diets.
This document summarizes the process of poultry farming. It discusses how chickens, turkeys and other birds are raised on breeder farms where eggs are collected and sent to hatcheries. The eggs are incubated at hatcheries for around 20 days for chickens or 27 days for turkeys, and the hatched chicks or poults are transported to rearing farms. The baby birds are reared and fed specially until they reach the required weight, then they are caught and transported to processing plants to be packaged for distribution.
How to Start Poultry Processing Business (Chicken Processing, Broiler Industry)Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Poultry production is big business throughout the world. It has become a standard form of cheap protein. It is also a highly competitive industry and feed suppliers, producers, processors, manufacturers of equipment etc have all appreciated the economies of scale and gone on to develop bigger and more automated systems of operation than ever before to supply an insatiable market.
See more
http://goo.gl/BMQU1R
http://goo.gl/9kmtqt
http://goo.gl/g6nYOH
http://goo.gl/wgJu1r
Tags
Best small and cottage scale industries, Broiler processing Industry, Broiler processing plant, Business guidance for poultry industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chicken processing plant, Chicken Processing, Chicken Raising business, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to set up and operate a profitable poultry business, How to Start a Chicken Farm Business, How to Start a Chicken processing Business, How to start a poultry processing business, How to Start a Poultry Production Business, How to start a successful Poultry business, How to Start Poultry Processing Business, How to Start Poultry Processing Industry, How to Start Poultry Processing Industry in India, Livestock Processing, Meat and Poultry, Meat Processing Meat Industry Poultry, Methods of processing meat and poultry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Poultry Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Poultry processing industry, Poultry Based Profitable Projects, Poultry Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Poultry business, Poultry Processing Business, Poultry Processing Industry in India, Poultry Processing Plant, Poultry Processing Procedure, Poultry Processing Projects, Poultry Production, Processing of poultry, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Poultry Processing Business, Project for startups, Sample Poultry Processing Plant Business Plan, Setting up and opening your Poultry Processing Business, Setting up of Poultry Processing Units, Small poultry processing plants, Small scale poultry processing, Small Scale Poultry Processing Projects, Small scale Poultry production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Poultry Processing Business, Starting a Poultry processing for Beginners Business Plan, Starting a Poultry Processing Plant Startup Business, Start-up Business Plan for Poultry Processing Business, Startup ideas, Startup Project, Startup Project for Poultry Processing Business, Startup project plan
This document discusses the benefits humans obtain from animals, the types of animal farming, and some examples of livestock farming. Humans receive clothing, food, transportation, and companionship from animals. Animal farming can be extensive or intensive. Common livestock include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry. Sheep farming involves shepherds protecting sheep from wild animals with dogs, while poultry farming uses incubators to hatch chicks from fertilized eggs.
This document provides an overview of livestock animal production. It discusses how the domestication of plants and animals allowed humans to shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture around 500,000 years ago. This development was crucial for civilization as it provided humans with food, clothing, power for farming, and materials for shelter. The document then lists the various needs livestock animals fulfill for humans, including food, clothing, labor, and emotional well-being. It concludes by outlining some of the key inputs for livestock animal production such as animals, feed, health care, and waste management.
This document introduces Ostrich Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Nepal's first ostrich breeding farm. It states that the company has invested 300 million Nepali rupees to farm over 1,000 ostriches across 13.54 hectares of land. The company aims to increase ostrich numbers to 1,500, produce one ton of ostrich meat in the first year and 15 tons in the second year. It also plans to export ostrich skin and feathers. The document provides details on the nutritional benefits of ostrich meat and products derived from ostriches such as leather, eggs, feathers and oil.
How to find if ingredients in food products are from animal originvikas_deshpande
This document provides information on identifying whether food additives and ingredients are derived from animal sources. It lists various E-numbers and explains whether their origin is animal, plant, or either depending on what the producer uses. For additives derived from fatty acids, the origin could be animal or plant since chemically they are identical. The document encourages religious groups to check with producers about the exact source. It provides a table of common ingredients that often come from animals such as casein, gelatin, lactose, and whey.
Abattoir byproduct blood meal and bone mealLDDhote
This document discusses abattoir by-products focusing on blood and bones. It defines by-products as parts of animals not included in the dressed carcass and notes that by-products account for up to 30% of abattoir income. The document categorizes by-products and describes the utilization and manufacturing processes for blood meal and bone meal, the two main by-products discussed. Blood and bones can be used for human food, animal feed, fertilizer, and industrial purposes like glue or gelatin production.
This workshop presentation summarized the experiences of two small-scale dairy goat farmers in the Maritimes. Alyson Chisholm discussed her experiences raising dairy goats on her organic farm in New Brunswick. She covered goat breeds, housing, fencing, feeding, health maintenance, milking, and cheese making. Roger Henry then discussed the challenges small milk producers face in marketing goat milk in the Maritimes due to supply management regulations. He emphasized the importance of having a market and distribution plan before pursuing goat dairy production. The presentation concluded with a question and answer session.
Importance of utilizing slaughterhouse offal’sanandjeughale2
Importance according to byproducts classification.
use & importance is given with market information,Act's and production/utilization in private sector aspects.
.
.
.
Anand Gajanan Jeughale (LPT, COVAS Parbhani
MAFSU ,Maharashtra)
Taking a look into animal welfare in our food system. We will be exploring topics on humane treatment, slaughter, environment, vegetarianism, sustainability, and what Campus Dining Services is doing.
A quick overview about veganism, its definition and other implications related to the topic. Click to learn something about vegans you may have not known before!
Opportunities & Options for Organic Dairy in the Maritimes with Roger Henry a...acornorganic
The document summarizes a presentation given at the 2013 ACORN conference about opportunities for organic dairy farming in the Maritimes. Alyson Chisholm of Windy Hill Farm discussed her experience raising dairy goats for milk and meat production. She covered goat breeds, housing, fencing, feeding, health maintenance, parasite management, milking practices, and cheese making. Roger Henry also spoke about barriers small milk producers face in the region.
This document discusses feeding cattle. It explains that feeding cattle is complex due to the variety of feedstuffs, ration types, and feeding methods that depend on the type and purpose of the cattle. It defines different types of feeds and feed formulations that vary based on factors like the cattle's sex, age, use, environment, and season. The document also describes ruminant digestive systems, which have multiple stomach compartments, and the microorganisms involved in breaking down plant matter. It provides feeding recommendations for cattle in different age groups during the rabi and kharif seasons in India.
Animal Feed Ingredients/Raw Materials from Navadhane-Global Agro commodity &...Karthikeyan Dhanushkodi
Animal Feed Ingredients/Raw Materials- All type of raw materials for Poultry Feed, Cattle Feed, Fish Feed, Shrimp Feed and other special Feed-Cereals,Millets and Grains, Cakes and Oil meal, Flour, Feed of animal origin, By-Products and much more.
-All raw materials for Animal Feed
-Oil Cakes and Oil meal: Soybean Meal, Ground Nut de oiled cake, Cotton Seed Meal, Rape seed Meal, Castor Seed Meal, Mustard de Oiled Cake and etc
-Feed of animal origin: Fish Meal, Meat Bone, Silkworm Pupae and etc.
-Cereal and grains, By-products, Minerals and vitamins and Feed additives etc.
We supply all type of raw materials for Poultry Feed, Cattle Feed, Fish Feed, Shrimp Feed and other special Feed-Cereals, Millets and Grains, Cakes and Oil meal, Flour, Feed of animal origin, By-Products and much more.
This document provides an overview of poultry meat processing. It discusses the chemical composition of poultry meat, including that it is high in protein and low in fat compared to red meats. It also discusses factors that affect composition, such as bird type, age, diet, and hormones. The document outlines the major quality attributes of poultry meat like appearance, texture, and flavor. It provides details on the primary processing of poultry meat and types of products produced from whole carcasses, parts, and further processed items. Vertical integration in the industry is also mentioned to ensure efficiency from breeding to processing.
Animal husbandry involves the feeding, caring for, and breeding of domestic animals. It requires planning for animals' shelter, breeding, health, disease control, and economic use. Livestock includes animals raised for farming purposes, such as cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, and camels. As populations and standards of living increase, the demand for milk, eggs, and meat is also rising. Proper management practices, such as adequate shelter and cleaning, are important for livestock health and high production. Poultry farming provides a balanced source of protein and is an important industry in many countries including India. Good management including hygienic housing and disease prevention and control are crucial for high poultry output. Aqu
This document discusses plant uses for food. It begins by stating that plants are one of the most fundamental sources of food for the world. Approximately 75,000 plant species are edible, but only around 3,000 are major food sources. Cereals, legumes, nuts, vegetables, and fruits are some of the main food plants. The document then goes on to describe various cereal crops like rice, wheat, maize, and minor cereals. It also discusses important legume crops, nuts with high fat/protein content, and common vegetables.
The document describes several unusual and sometimes disturbing foods from around the world, including dishes made from bird's nests, fertilized eggs with developing chicken fetuses, cheese containing live insect larvae, live octopus, coffee made from cat feces, snake wine with venomous snakes steeped in alcohol, ant eggs, mice stuffed alive in bottles of wine, boiled sheep heads, haggis made from sheep organs packed in stomachs, boiled bats, roasted crickets coated in chocolate, roasted rats on sticks, cow urine, poisonous puffer fish, and steamed snails in butter and garlic.
This document provides information about poultry, including its definition and various types. It discusses the classification of poultry like chicken, turkey, duck and goose according to age and size. The document also outlines the characteristics of quality poultry and different market forms. It describes the nutritive value of poultry and principles of preparation involving slaughtering, scalding, defeathering and eviscerating. Furthermore, it covers spoilage prevention and cooking methods like moist and dry heat cooking.
The document discusses animal husbandry practices for raising livestock such as cattle and poultry. It covers topics like cattle breeds, dairy and draught animals, cattle diseases and their prevention, poultry breeds, egg and meat production, and fish farming. The key aspects are breeding cattle to improve milk yield through cross-breeding of indigenous and exotic breeds, maintaining animal health through vaccination and sanitation, and managing poultry and fish farms for optimal meat and egg production.
What would farmscape look like once cell-based meat (cultured meat) enters mainstream? What would a typical day of ranchers be like? How would their incomes and business models change?
Fish is the major economically exported source. There are various products are there based on fish. The major products are exported to other countries than utilizing in India such as oyster which are more preferred for eaten by Germans and Italians.
This document provides an overview of sustainable goat production. It discusses selecting healthy goats, feeding ruminants, raising goats on pasture through both continuous and controlled grazing, and related ATTRA publications on topics like dairy goats, meat goats, grazing, and predator control. The document is from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service and provides fundamental information on feeding, reproduction, health, and includes an extensive resource list for goat producers.
Goat care and management depends on factors like age, health, nutrition, and facilities. Young kids have very different needs than mature goats. Goats are bred for milk, meat, fiber, and other purposes. Worldwide there are over 460 million goats producing milk and meat. Housing can be confinement or pasture systems. Feeding requires energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water. Newborn kids need colostrum. Proper health, breeding, and disease prevention are also important for goat management.
Pesticides & Chemicals Hurt your Child’s Health & Comprehensionv2zq
INCLUDES LINKS TO:
Over 120 books and web sites on Education, Children's Health and Academic Success, Organic Food Recipes, Organic Non-Sugar Sweeteners, School Lunches ~ Over 300 books on Organic Gardening and Heirloom Gardening ~ Over 200 books on Sustainable Technology and Alternative Housing ~ Over 30 books on Renewable Energy ~ Many Free PDF files on Rain Gardens, Roof Gardens, Aeroponic Gardening, Rainwater Harvesting, Waterwise Gardening, Green Eco Churches, Vegetable Oil Cars, Organic Gardening Guides, Ram Pumps, Companion Planting, Garden Therapy Manuals, Faith Healing
Resource Handbook for City Beekeeping & Honey for Healthv2zq
This document provides summaries of and links to numerous books and resources about urban beekeeping and beekeeping topics. It begins by noting some browser compatibility issues and then lists over 50 books on topics like urban beekeeping, top-bar beekeeping, natural beekeeping approaches, mason bees, and bee health. Links are provided to purchase or borrow each book from various sources.
The Book on Value Added Products from Beekeepingv2zq
This document provides an overview of value-added products that can be produced from beekeeping, including honey, pollen, wax, propolis, royal jelly, venom, and bees themselves. It discusses the composition, uses, production methods, storage, quality control and recipes for each product. The document is intended to help beekeepers diversify and increase their income by utilizing all primary beekeeping products, not just honey. It also suggests these products can support small home-based businesses and developing industries to strengthen local markets for beekeeping.
This document provides instructions for making different types of candles using beeswax or paraffin wax, including pillar candles, spiral candles, and flower candles. The instructions explain how to cut and roll the beeswax to form different candle shapes without using heat. Additional instructions are provided for making tea light candles in used tea cups using paraffin wax, including two pouring stages and securing the wick. A third set of instructions explains how to make flower-shaped tart candles using molds and paraffin wax. Safety warnings are also listed.
Cosmetic Properties of Honey & Antioxidant Activity v2zq
This document discusses the antioxidant properties and cosmetic uses of various types of honey. It reviews the historical use of honey topically and in cosmetics. An experiment measured the hydrating power of emulsions containing six different honeys on human skin. The Brazilian pot-honey of Melipona fasciculata was found to have the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by two methods. It also produced an emulsion with the highest measured hydrating power on skin. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties varied between honey types and were correlated with their hydrating abilities in emulsions applied to human skin.
This document reviews honey as a nutrient and functional food. It discusses honey's composition, nutritional value, and potential health benefits. Some key points:
1) Honey is composed mainly of carbohydrates (glucose and fructose), small amounts of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. It provides a marginal contribution to daily nutrient requirements.
2) Different types of honey have varying glycemic indices depending on their fructose/glucose ratio, with some lower-GI honeys potentially beneficial for diabetes management.
3) Studies show honey may be an effective performance-enhancing carbohydrate source for athletes, though more research is still needed to confirm its benefits.
Honey has a long history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years. It was commonly used in ancient Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Greek and Roman medicine to treat wounds, infections, and other ailments. Honey remains an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, and the developing field of apitherapy. Specific types of honey are prescribed for certain conditions based on their properties. Honey is used internally and externally to treat infections, respiratory issues, digestive problems, wounds and more according to traditional medical systems.
Making Beeswax Candles, Polishes & Homemade Cosmetics - Part 1 v2zq
Beeswax has been used for thousands of years for a variety of purposes. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China, beeswax was used for mummification, paintings, seals, candles, and medicine. Throughout history, beeswax was crucial for lost wax casting techniques and was the main ingredient in encaustic painting. While beeswax was once the primary wax, the development of paraffin wax in the 19th century reduced its exclusivity, though it remains the most expensive natural wax. Beeswax is still used today in batik art, sculpture preservation, candle making, wood polishes, and leather treatments.
Making Beeswax Candles, Polishes & Homemade Cosmetics - Part 2 v2zq
Bees produce beeswax from their wax glands to build honeycomb cells. They produce the greatest amount of wax during colony growth in spring under moderate climate conditions. Beeswax is made from carbohydrates in honey through the wax glands on the bee's abdomen. Old honeycomb needs to be recycled and rendered into beeswax blocks to control wax moths and produce high quality wax. There are several methods for small-scale wax production including melting comb in boiling water or using sun melters to extract wax, which is then further purified. Proper processing and equipment are needed to produce quality beeswax and avoid defects from contamination, emulsions or darkening.
Pollen is described as the "perfectly complete food" and its nutritional value and medical uses have been praised for centuries. However, bee-collected pollen only began to be used widely for human nutrition after World War II with the development of pollen traps. Proper drying, storage, and processing are important to preserve pollen's quality and nutrients. Drying should be done at low temperatures, ideally below 30°C, to avoid vitamin losses. Freezing or freeze-drying pollen provides the best preservation of nutrients, though dried pollen can be stored for 1-2 years if kept cool, dry and dark. Standards have been proposed for pollen, including limits on moisture content and minimum levels of proteins
Using Bee Glue for Health, Medicine & Perfume v2zq
This document provides a review of the composition, history, and health benefits of propolis. It discusses that propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used as a sealant in beehives. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical source, with poplar and Baccharis plants being common sources. Historically, propolis was used in ancient Egypt and by Greek, Roman, and medieval physicians for its medicinal properties. Modern research has identified hundreds of compounds in propolis and demonstrated broad anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects in cell and animal studies.
A Guide for Developing a Hygiene Promotion Program to Increase Handwashing wi...v2zq
This document provides a guide for developing large-scale national handwashing promotion programs. It lays out the experiences of the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW) which has brought together governments, donors, private sector partners, and organizations to promote handwashing on a mass scale. The guide covers laying the foundation for a national program, understanding target consumers through research, implementing promotion programs, and organizing public-private partnerships. It emphasizes the importance of handwashing in preventing diarrhea and respiratory infections, which are two leading causes of child mortality globally. Promoting handwashing with soap at key times can reduce diarrhea incidence by 42-47% and respiratory infections by 30%, making it
Big Batch Soap Making - A Guide for Making your own Soap v2zq
This document provides instructions for making large or "big batch" cold process soap. It discusses the advantages of big batch soap making such as being more cost effective and producing more consistent results. The document outlines the basic supplies needed, provides a sample recipe formulation for a 50 lb batch, and gives step-by-step instructions for scaling the recipe and mixing the master batch. It also discusses making and adjusting lye solutions, essential equipment, and sources for supplies to enable large scale soap production.
Detergents Toxics Link - Counting the Cost of Cleanlinessv2zq
This document discusses laundry detergents in India. It notes that detergents contain chemicals that can harm human health and the environment. The Indian government has not adequately addressed these issues through legislation. As a result, the detergent industry does little to reduce harmful chemicals or inform consumers without mandatory rules. The document provides details on the composition and effects of detergents, as well as the Bureau of Indian Standards' guidelines for eco-friendly detergents. However, no products on the market actually comply with these standards.
Development of Equipment for Making Homemade Laundry Soap v2zq
The document describes the development of equipment for homemade laundry soap production, including a pedal-powered soap mixer, mold, and cutting and stamping machines. Simple machines were designed and tested to enhance local soap production. The pedal-powered mixer allows soap to be properly mixed with little effort in minutes. The wooden mold can withstand hot soap temperatures without damage. The cutting and stamping machine facilitates faster, neater cutting and stamping of soap bars compared to manual methods. The soap produced was found to form good lather and feel fair on the skin. The soap making equipment assembly provides a cost-effective model for small-scale soap production businesses.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. What’s a vegetarian?
Vegetarian
A vegetarian doesn’t eat red meat (such
as lamb, beef, pork, bacon etc), white
meat (poultry such as chicken, duck and
turkey), fish (eg anchovies, salmon, cod
etc) or other water life (eg prawns,
lobsters, crabs, oysters, shellfish etc) or
slaughterhouse by-products (eg gelatine,
animal fat, lard or animal rennet). There
are estimated to be some 5 million
vegetarians in the UK.
Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian
Most vegetarians fit this category. It
means vegetarians who don’t eat meat or
fish but do eat dairy products and eggs.
Lacto-Vegetarian
A vegetarian who eats dairy products
but no eggs.
Ovo-Vegetarian
A vegetarian who eats eggs but no
dairy products.
Vegan
A vegan eats legumes (eg beans of all
sorts, lentils, peas), grains (eg cereals,
bread, pasta, rice etc), fruits, nuts, seeds
and vegetables. Vegans do not eat any
animal products at all - so no meat, fish
or slaughterhouse by-products like a
vegetarian - but additionally exclude
dairy products, eggs and honey. Most
vegans also choose not to wear animal
products such as fur, wool, silk or
leather due to the exploitation (and
usually death) of the animals concerned
in order to derive them.
The easy way to remember -
vegetarians eat nothing from
slaughtered animals; vegans eat nothing
from living or dead animals.
A-Z Of Hidden Nasties!
Alphabetical Glossary of Animal Substances
By Juliet Gellatley, Director of VVF
and Laura Scott, MSc Nutrition
Charitynumber:1037486
VVF, Top Suite, 8 York Court, Wilder Street, Bristol BS2 8QH. Tel: 0117 970 5190. Email: info@vegetarian.org.uk Web: www.vegetarian.org.uk
A
A (Vitamin) - can be derived from egg yolk or fish liver
oils used in nutritional food supplements and cosmetics.
albumen - (egg white) protein part of an egg, used
in food as a binder.
alcohol - many types of alcohol are refined using
animal-derived ingredients, such as *isinglass .
(*Viva! runs a vegan wine and beer club - contact
them for a free catalogue (see their details at end).
alpaca - clothing material derived from the alpaca, a
mammal related to the llama with long shaggy hair.
anchovy - small fish of the herring family, often used
as a flavour enhancer. Found in Worcester sauce and
pizza toppings.
angora - wool fibre obtained from goats (called *mohair)
or *rabbits and used in clothing. The shearing process can
be painful and traumatic. Angora rabbits are routinely
strapped to boards for shearing which is very stressful and
males are killed at birth as have low wool yields.
animal fat - fat derived from slaughtered animals.
This is boiled off the skin and used in many
processed foods eg baked and pastry products,
margarines, soups and stocks as well as soaps.
aspic - used as a glazing agent from meat or fish-
derived jelly.
astrakhan - luxury clothing material derived from
the skin of stillborn or very young lambs from a
breed of sheep originating from Astrakhan in Russia.
B
barn-fresh eggs - eggs from hens reared indoors,
usually thousands to a shed, but not in cages. Large
stocking densities, selective breeding and poor
indoor conditions result in many chicken welfare
problems. After two to three years they are killed
for low grade meat.
battery eggs - 70% of eggs produced in the UK are
from hens kept in battery cages. Close confinement
means hens suffer extreme physical and mental
suffering. After a year or two these worn-out hens
are slaughtered and ground down to be added to
many processed foods such as pies, pasties and
soups (thus disguising their battered bodies). This
system is to be outlawed in Europe from 2012 but
replacement ‘enriched cages’ are little better with
only tiny amounts of extra space being provided.
*see also eggs, free-range eggs, barn-fresh eggs.
beef - meat from cows. Beef cattle may spend just
six months of their life outside. They are then
sometimes kept inside feedlots (huge barns) where
they are fed a concentrated diet to be fattened for
slaughter before they reach 36 months (natural
lifespan is 20 to 30 years, depending on breed).
beer - most real ales (cast-conditioned) are clarified
(cleared) with animal-derived *isinglass. Canned, keg
and some bottled beers are normally animal-free.
bees - are exploited in similar ways to farmed
animals. Beekeepers often kill the old queen bees at
two years old (natural lifespan is five years) and
replace her with a new one. This is because older
queens are much more likely to swarm - fly away and
form a new colony - than younger ones, and since
swarming requires a queen, the queen's wings are
often clipped. Artificial insemination involving the
death of the male is the norm for the generation of
new queen bees. The favoured method of obtaining
bee sperm is to pull off the insect's head: decapitation
sends an electrical impulse to the nervous system,
causing sexual arousal. The lower half of the headless
bee is then squeezed to make it ejaculate, and the
resulting liquid is collected in a hypodermic syringe
for insertion into the female. On factory bee farms,
hundreds of queens are kept in cages waiting to be
flown around the country. After arrival at the post
office or shipping depot, they can suffer from
overheating, cold, get banged around, and be exposed
to insecticides. No matter how careful the beekeeper,
bees are always killed when honey is collected. A
whole array of products are derived from bees
including *honey, *propolis, *beeswax and *royal
jelly, which are used in cosmetics and food.
beeswax (E901) - secreted by bees, used in candles,
polishes and cosmetics.
beta-carotene - an antioxidant (disease-fighting)
plant form of vitamin A, found in fruits and
vegetables often used as an orange colourant in soft
drinks and foods. Foods containing beta-carotene
can include *gelatine as the carrier for it. The use of
gelatine will not necessarily be listed in the
ingredients label.
bone char - The ash of burned animal bones. Used
in bone china crockery and ornaments. Major use to
produce *charcoal.
bone meal - ground or crushed animal bones. Used in
garden and agricultural fertilisers. Also used in some
nutritional food supplements as a source of calcium.
brawn - boiled pig parts such as the meat, ears
and tongue.
bristle - animal hair used for brushes, mostly from pigs
but also from *sable, horse and badger. The hair may
be from a slaughtered or living animal. Found in many
‘natural’ brushes eg shaving/hair/cosmetic make-
up/paint (decorating, painting and artist) brushes.
British Farm Standard - umbrella *farm assurance
scheme covering both plant and animal production eg
Farm Assured British Beef & Lamb (FABBL), Assured
Chicken Production (ACP). Food produced under this
scheme carries the *Little Red Tractor trademark
symbol and it claims that its standard is a promise to
consumers that, when they buy food carrying the
British Farm Standard mark on the label, it has been
produced to meet exacting food safety, environmental
and welfare standards. There is an implied
assumption that such a logo ensures animals are
reared to strict welfare standards but work by Viva!
and other groups shows this not to be so and usual
intensive farming methods are routinely allowed.
BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow
Disease). A degenerative brain disease in cattle. First
known about in 1986. Responsible for fatal human
form vCJD - new variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease.
C
capsules - used in nutritional food supplements and
How to use this guide:
The addition of a star (*) accompanying
a word used in the text to explain a term
refers to other words in the glossary.
The accompanying of an E number in
brackets after a term (eg E901) refers to
an ingredient’s E-number which is how it
may be referred to on ingredients labels.
FS6
2. medicines. Often *gelatine-based unless stated as
from a vegetarian source.
carmine (E120) - red food and drink dye pigment
obtained from *cochineal.
casein - milk-derived protein, used in cheese
production. Also found in most condoms (one brand
of condoms now available made without casein).
castor - substance derived from beaver anal sex
gland and used as a fixative in perfumes and
incense. Synthetic and plant castor oil available.
cashmere - luxury wool made from the cashmere goat
and wild goat of Tibet. Up to 80% of young goats may
be killed as their coats are not of sufficient quality.
catgut - dried and twisted intestines of horse or
sheep used in surgical stitching, tennis rackets and
musical instruments.
caviar - fish eggs (*roe) of slaughtered sturgeon or
other fish, considered a delicacy.
chamois - skin of the chamois antelope, goats, sheep,
deer etc used to make very soft leather cleaning cloths
eg chamois leather. Synthetic alternatives available.
charcoal - roasted (charred) animal bone or wood.
Used in aquarium filters and in refining cane *sugar.
cheese - dairy product made from cow’s (and goat’s,
buffalo’s, sheep’s) milk. Unless otherwise stated on
labelling is likely to have been made using animal-
derived *rennet.
chewing gum - some contain animal-derived
*glycerine. Wrigley’s use a vegetable glycerine.
chitin - derived from the hard parts of insects or
crustacea (eg shrimp and crab), used in shampoos
and moisturisers.
cochineal (E120) - red dye made from the dried
bodies of crushed insects.
cod liver oil - nutritional food supplement made
from the liver of slaughtered cod. Is one source of
essential (omega-3) fats, as well as vitamins *A and
*D. Plant-derived nuts and seeds are alternative
sources of omega-3 fats eg linseed (flax), rapeseed
oil and walnuts, as well as dark green vegetables.
collagen - constituent of animal connective tissue, which
when boiled produces *gelatine, used in cosmetics.
coral - derived from the skeletons of ‘primitive’ aquatic
animals. Becoming endangered as removed from
oceans by humans as a tourist souvenir and destroyed
by warming sea temperatures due to global warming.
D
D (Vitamin) - vitamin supplement added to many
processed foods especially cereals and margarines.
Found in two different forms - *D2 and *D3.
D2 (ergocalciferol) - form of vitamin D
commercially derived from yeasts, thus acceptable to
vegans. Added to some margarines and cereals as
well as nutritional food supplements.
D3 (cholecalciferol) - form of vitamin D derived
from *lanolin (fat from sheep’s wool) or fish oil.
Added to many cereals and margarines as well as
nutritional food supplements. Derived from live and
slaughtered sheep - only that guaranteed from live
sheep wool is listed as suitable for vegetarians. No
form of vitamin D3 is acceptable to vegans.
dairy cows - to produce milk, female cows must be
kept in a constant cycle of pregnancy and lactation.
Their babies will be taken away shortly after birth so
humans can drink the milk - causing enormous
distress to both cows and calves. Male calves are
often killed within hours or days as they are seen of
no economic use (as they can’t produce milk and are
the wrong breed for beef). Females are usually raised
for the dairy herd. Dairy cows are often kept indoors
for 6 months of each year. They are subjected to
huge physical strains due to the huge volume of milk
that selective breeding and continual pregnancies
ensures. The normal lifespan for a cow is 25 years
but dairy cows are usually sent for slaughter after
only five years as their milk yields drop. This is
caused by a dairy cow’s body literally breaking down
under the pressures of intensive milk production.
dairy produce - products made from cows, goats,
sheep or any other animal’s milk. Includes milk,
butter, cream, gee (rancid butter used in many
Indian dishes), *casein, yoghurts, cheese, ice-cream,
*lactose or anything that contains these products or
derivatives of them.
down - specialised *feathers from waterfowl (mostly
ducks and geese) which are very soft and have
superior thermal insulating properties. Duck down is
generally obtained from slaughtered birds (factory
farmed indoors for meat). Geese may be painfully
live plucked - especially goose down produced in
Eastern European countries - and the geese may also
be used in the production of *pate de foie gras.
Used in luxury quilts, pillows and outdoor padded
jackets, clothing and sleeping bags.
dripping - melted animal fat.
ducks - 20 million ducks are killed in the UK each
year for meat. Almost all are factory farmed - kept
thousands to a shed with no access to water for
preening or swimming. They are killed at just seven
weeks old. Viva! campaigns against duck farming.
E
E numbers - European Union numbering system for
food additives, found in most processed foods.
Either animal or vegetable-derived.
eggs - the unfertilized reproductive cells of
domesticated birds especially chickens, ducks, quail
and geese. The wild jungle fowl ancestors of chicken
hens would have previously laid about a dozen eggs
in one clutch and then incubated them - sitting on
them to get the right temperature for further
development. Years of selective breeding and
removal of eggs as soon as they have been laid
means that the domestic hen unnaturally produces
eggs almost every day. Male chicks are killed as soon
as they are hatched (as they cannot lay eggs and are
‘too scrawny’ for chicken meat). Most eggs eaten in
the UK are from hens kept in *battery cages. Eggs
are used in baked products as a liquid; as an
emulsifier of fats (keeping the fat in suspension
rather than separating out eg mayonnaise); as a
leavening agent (to hold air in cakes to add
lightness) and as a binder (to stick food together).
Found in foods such as pastry, cakes, biscuits, some
pastas, flans, meringues etc. *Lecithin and *lutein
are derived from eggs.
eiderdown - very soft, small *feathers from the rare
large sea duck called an Eider duck. Female Eider
plucks her own breast *down as nest-liner for her
eggs. The down is harvested (especially in Iceland)
by repeatedly removing the down and eggs from the
nest until the season ends. Un-hatched ducklings die
and there is continual disturbance of the female
duck. Very expensive material used as a luxury
filling in pillows and quilts.
elastin - protein found in the muscles of meat, used
in cosmetics
F
farm assurance schemes - there are a number of
these so-called quality farm/food assurance schemes
that are supposed to indicate that the food product
meets a set of agreed standards of agricultural
practice eg minimum farm animal welfare standards.
Most are more concerned with creating an image of
animal welfare rather than actually offering real
welfare advantages to farmed animals. The best
known schemes are *British Farm Standard and the
associated *Little Red Tractor logo, *Freedom
Foods, *Soil Association Approved. The Soil
Association scheme is considered to be the most
trustworthy of all the schemes. The others approve
by-standard factory farming.
feathers - bird plumage. Principally chicken, duck
and geese but also decorative feathers from
ostriches, peacocks and birds killed by hunters. Wide
variety of uses especially in hats, feather dusters,
darts, arrows and fishing lures, mattresses, pillows
and quilts. Feathers (and *down) are by-products of
food production, helping to keep poultry meat
prices low. Chicken and duck feathers normally
come from slaughtered, factory farmed birds.
felt - cloth made from *wool or wool and *fur or
wool and animal hair.
fish - studies show that fish do feel pain. Most fish
eaten now comes from fish farms as wild fish stocks
have been decimated around the world. There are
enormous welfare problems for the fish and health
concerns for humans eating fish - farmed or
otherwise. (See also VVF Fishing for Facts report.)
fish oils - oils made from fish or marine mammals
used in soaps, nutritional food supplements,
cosmetics. Plant-derived oils from seeds, nuts and
vegetables are alternatives to fish oils eg linseed
(flax), walnuts and rapeseed oil.
flavourings - term often stated on food labels. May
or may not be animal-derived.
Freedom Foods - An RSPCA assurance scheme
aiming to give (but not actually giving!) farmed
animals five basic freedoms (but does NOT mean
‘free-range’): freedom from fear and distress; from
pain, injury and disease; from discomfort and
freedom to behave naturally. To join the scheme
farmers, animal hauliers and abattoir owners have to
agree to certain conditions. In order to fully comply
with this no animal could be raised for meat so
Freedom Foods is a contradiction in terms. The
written standards vary little from the government’s
low standards. Viva! has video evidence that some
farms licensed by the RSPCA under this scheme are
little better than intensive farms.
free-range eggs - although hens laying these eggs
must have access to outdoors the reality is that most
systems keep huge flocks of birds (up to 16,000) in
one shed. (Usually it’s only on the few small scale
units that hens are genuinely free range.) Outside
access is usually through a few small holes and this,
coupled with hen’s well-developed ‘pecking order’,
means that up to half the birds in large scale units
never actually get to go outside. Once hens’ egg-
laying rate declines they are sent for slaughter. As in
all egg systems, males can’t lay eggs, so they are
gassed or macerated at one day old.
free-range meats - meat from animals kept in the
open as opposed to inside factory farms (though
even these would be kept inside for some parts of
the year). Many so-called free-range meats fail good
3. animal welfare needs - eg free-range pigs are often
kept in barren muddy fields instead of their natural
home of woodland. The animals from these systems
are still sent for slaughter young - they are not
simply left to die naturally of old age.
fur - clothing material from slaughtered animals.
Millions of caged (especially mink and fox) and
wild-caught animals are killed every year for their
fur. Whilst the UK market for coats made from fur
has declined, the fur industry is incorporating real
fur into fur trims on eg coat/jacket hoods and cuffs.
G
gelatin(e) - protein jelly obtained by boiling animal
tissues such as hooves, bones, horns, skin etc. One
of the most widely used animal-derived ingredients
in processed foods and many other products. Used
as a gel in most sweets, jellies, capsules (eg for
nutritional food supplements and drugs),
confectionary and all non-digital photographic film.
glycerin(e) or glycerol (E422) - colourless liquid
which can be obtained from animal fats, sugar
fermentation or propylene. Used as a solvent for
flavours, also found in toothpastes.
GMOs - genetically modified organisms. Insertion of
foreign genes into an organism. Both plant and animal
GMO species are being created for eventual use in the
human food chain. No human studies have been
conducted to assess possible health impact from eating
GMOs. Environmental damage is likely to be
enormous and irreversible. As of March 2004 the
Government has given the go-ahead for the
commercial growing of GM maize for dairy cattle feed.
Milk from such GMO-maize-fed cattle will not be
labelled. (See also Viva! Guide Genetic Engineering.)
goats - goats are kept for their milk (used as a
substitute for cow’s milk). Unlike cows, goats can go
on producing milk for a number of years after having a
kid but commercial goat milk production will normally
mean they are made to give birth more often. Kids’
surplus to requirements will be slaughtered as will
goats whose milk yields have dropped. There is a
thriving market from ethnic, middle-eastern cultures
for goat’s meat. Some goats (along with some sheep)
may be used to produce illegal *smokies. Some goats
will also go for *ritual slaughter.
H
hide - animal skin used in the clothing, footwear and
upholstery industries.
honey - is made-from flower nectar that is collected by
honeybees and then regurgitated back and forth among
them until it is partially digested. After the final
regurgitation, the bees fan the substance with their
wings until it is cool and thick. This mixture, honey, is
then stored in the cells of the hives for larvae and used
as their sole source of nutrition in cold weather and
other times when alternative food sources are not
available. The average bee hive contains about 60,000
bees and produces about 8 gallons of honey every year.
To produce 450g (1 lb) of honey, bees have to gather
about 1.8kg (4 lbs) of nectar, which means visiting 2
million flowers. Each worker bee has an average life
span of only 3-6 weeks just long enough to collect
about one teaspoonful of nectar. Commercial honey
production is a very large scale enterprise and mass
production techniques are used. Honey bees live in
artificial hives designed to facilitate the easy removal of
the combs. When these are removed and returned to
the hive even with the utmost care, bees are crushed
and killed. Used as a spread and a flavouring in food
and also used in cosmetics. See also *bees.
horse hair - hair from horse tails, used in some
furniture, brushes etc. Mostly derived from slaughtered
horses, though some may come from live animals.
HRT - Hormone Replacement Therapy - some
hormonal preparations eg Premarin are made from the
urine of pregnant mares. These horses are kept
continually pregnant in order to produce the hormone,
are often kept in intensive stabling conditions to keep
the urine concentrated and the foals are considered a
waste by-product of the industry and are slaughtered.
Non-animal HRT available.
I
insulin - hormone derived from the pancreas of
sheep or pigs used to treat diabetes. Synthetic
versions are now available.
isinglass - pure form of gelatine, obtained from the swim
(air) bladders of slaughtered freshwater fish, especially
sturgeon. Used to clarify (refine) alcoholic drinks.
J
jelly - gel-like substance, many of which are made
from animal-derived *gelatine.
K
Kangaroo - 4.4 million kangaroos were shot in
Australia in 2004 for their meat and skin. *Viva!
stopped UK supermarkets selling kangaroo meat,
however some pubs and restaurants sell it. Adidas and
other sports manufacturers use their skin for football
boots. When mothers are shot, joeys in the pouch are
pulled out and bludgeoned. Older baby joeys always
die from hunger, cold or predation. Many top
footballers (such as Ronaldo) wear synthetic boots.
karakul - (Persian lamb) - Unborn lamb pelt
produced in Afghanistan derived by killing mother
sheep just before she gives birth. Used to make
luxury coats and hats.
keratin - protein found in hair, horns, hooves and
feathers, used in shampoos and conditioners.
kid - baby goat.
kobe - ‘luxury’ beef meat from the Wagyu breed of
cattle raised on a specialised diet. Heavily marbled
throughout with streaks of saturated (unhealthy) fat.
L
L’cysteine hydrochloride (E920) - obtained from
animal hair or chicken feathers, used in shampoos
and as an improving agent in white flour. Can be
produced synthetically.
lactic acid (E270) - acid produced by fermenting milk
sugar. Can also be obtained from non-dairy sources.
lactose - milk sugar from milk of mammals (mainly
cows). Used as a carrier for flavouring agents in many
processed foods. Also used in cosmetics and medicines.
lanolin(e) - fat extracted from sheep's wool, used in
cosmetics. Can be derived from both living and
slaughtered sheep.
lard - hard fat surrounding stomach and kidneys in
cattle, pigs and sheep. Found in many processed foods.
leather - tanned *hide (skin of animals eg cows, pigs,
alligators, snakes etc), used in clothing, accessories
and upholstery. Leather is produced by chemically
removing the flesh from one side and the hairs from
the other side of an animal’s hide. Leather
production is not simply a by-product of the meat
industry - it contributes significantly to the
profitability of the meat industry itself. Used widely
in footwear, upholstery, clothing accessories eg
watch and bag straps etc. Leather items can be made
from Indian cow leather where cows in India are
subjected to horrifically cruel deaths.
lecithin (E322) - fatty substance found in nerve
tissues, egg yolk and blood. Can also be obtained
from vegetable sources especially soya. Used in many
processed foods eg confectionary and baked products.
Little Red Tractor - symbol found on farm produce
including meat and dairy foods that is the *British Farm
Standard trademark. This is an umbrella farm assurance
scheme logo that implies high animal welfare systems
for farmed animals. Viva! research shows that this
scheme allows normal intensive rearing practices such as
intensively farmed chicken meat and egg production
and animal mutilations eg chicken de-beaking.
lutein (E161(b)) - dye obtained from egg yolk. May
also be obtained from marigolds.
M
milk - mammary gland secretions of a lactating
(milk-producing) *dairy cow, *goat or sheep (or
other mammal).
milk fat - fat found in milk derived from milking eg
a dairy cow.
mohair - cloth made from the shorn hair of
angora goat.
musk - oil secreted in a gland obtained from
slaughtered male musk deer as well as trapped
beaver and captive civet cats. Used in perfumes.
O
oleic acid - fatty acid found in animal and vegetable
fats. Used in soaps and cosmetics.
oleostearin - solid derived from *tallow and used in
soaps and candles.
organic - has a legal definition. British farms using the
label must be registered and approved by one of
several certification bodies eg the *Soil Association.
Pesticide and fungicide use is hugely reduced,
compared to that of intensive farms; GMOs are
banned; farmed animals are reared less intensively and
drug use on organic farms is greatly restricted. Unlike
conventional farms an annual inspection is required.
About 75% of Britain’s organic consumption is
imported. Viva! and VVF recommend that organic
fruit and vegetables are used as much as possible.
oestrogen - female sex hormone, used in cosmetics,
hormone medicines and creams as well as
bodybuilding supplements. Produced from cow
ovaries and horse urine eg *HRT.
ostrich - see *volaise
oysters - oysters are shellfish which live on sea beds.
They are now increasingly intensively farmed. There
are two types of oyster farming: suspension culture
farming - in which oysters are grown off the sea bottom
in floating trays (this method is labour intensive) and
bottom culture farming, in which an area of the sea
floor, that provides natural food and environment for
the oysters, is selected. Oysters are then stocked in the
selected area and left to grow and then harvested using
a bottom drag from boats. Intensive farming of oysters
means that these animals are kept in crowded and
unnatural conditions. Fresh oysters are bought alive and
often eaten living, although some people choose to
cook the living creatures. To open live oyster shells a
knife is used to cut internal muscles - this is extremely
painful and distressing for the oyster. Depending on the
oyster breed they will live for a few days to two weeks
out of water. The French squeeze lemon on the opened
4. oyster to assure themselves that it is still alive by
watching the muscular reaction to the acidic lemon. For
humans there is a high risk of food poisoning through
eating raw/live oysters. As oysters live in the sea they
also contain harmful toxins such as dioxins and PCB’s.
See also *pearl.
P
parchment - skin of sheep or goat, prepared for
writing on.
pashmina - fibre gathered from Himalayan goats,
used to make luxury shawls. Goats generally
combed for this very fine wool.
pate de foie gras - goose or duck liver where the
bird has been deliberately force-fed so that the liver
grows abnormally large.
pearl - (eg mother of pearl) - formed mainly by
*oysters (a mollusc) but also rarely by mussels and
clams. The formation of a natural pearl begins when a
foreign substance slips into the oyster between the
mantle (the organ which makes the shell) and the shell,
which irritates the mantle. It's like the oyster getting a
splinter. The oyster's natural reaction is to cover up
that irritant to protect itself. The mantle covers the
irritant with layers of the same nacre substance that is
used to create the shell. This eventually forms a pearl.
Oysters are killed to obtain the pearl. Used in jewellery.
pepsin - enzyme found in gastric juices and sourced from
slaughtered farmed animals, used in cheese making.
pet foods - animal tissues and parts not used in the
human food chain are used in pet foods. Dogs can
be fed a completely vegan diet and there are a
number of vegetarian and vegan dog foods available.
Cats require a special supplement if they are fed a
non-meat diet to provide minerals such as taurine.
pigs - nine million pigs were killed in the UK in 2003.
95% of ‘meat’ pigs are kept indoors, crammed in
concrete pens, usually stressed and diseased, until being
killed at six months for pork, bacon, ham and sausages.
Their natural lifespan is up to 20 years. Mother pigs are
repeatedly pregnant, two thirds give birth in cages
called farrowing crates. They are killed at four to five
years for ‘low’ grade meat. One third of mother pigs are
kept outside but their offspring are reared intensively.
progesterone - sex hormone used in hormone
creams, derived from animal tissues.
propolis - a waxy resinous substance collected by
bees from the buds of various conifers and used to
repair the cracks and openings in the hive. Used in
toiletries and cosmetics.
R
rabbit - rabbits are intensively farmed in cages for both
their fur, meat and for supplying research laboratories.
*Angora rabbits have their coats shorn for their wool
which can be a painful process. Rabbit fur is not a by-
product of the rabbit meat industry as fur producers
demand the thicker pelt of an older animal. Rabbits bred
for meat are typically slaughtered at 10 to 12 weeks.
rennet - enzyme extracted from calves’ stomachs after
they have been slaughtered, used in cheese-making.
Non-animal rennets made from microbial or fungal
enzymes are available to make vegetarian cheeses.
religious slaughter - slaughter of animals according to
the Muslim (for halal meat) and Jewish (for kosher
meat) religions. For both religions animals may be fully
conscious as they are bled to death as no pre-stunning
was traditionally allowed. However, 90% of animals
killed for halal meat are now pre-stunned - partly due
to a long-running campaign by *Viva!. Sadly, most
animals killed for kosher meat are still conscious when
knifed. Since only certain parts of the animal are
selected for consumption, other parts may end up in
the non-religiously slaughtered food chain. There is no
legal requirement that meat produced under religious
slaughter conditions be labelled as such.
roe - eggs obtained from slaughtered female fish. See
also *caviar.
royal jelly - a substance secreted by worker bees and
fed to future queen bees (for which extravagant
health claims are made). Used as a nutritional food
supplement and in cosmetics.
S
sable - fur from small mammal, the sable marten,
used in artists’ paint brushes and make-up brushes.
shahtoosh - fabric made from the Tibetan antelope
which is killed to obtain the fine under-fleece used
to weave shahtoosh shawls. Trade in these antelopes
is illegal due to their endangered status.
shearling - the skin of lambs with wool attached.
sheepskin - sheep leather used in clothing and rugs
made from slaughtered lambs and sheep.
shellac (E904) - insect secretion, used as a candied
sweet glaze and also added to hair spray, lip sealer
and polishes.
silk - cloth derived from the fibre produced by
certain silkworm moth larvae. Larvae are killed by
boiling in order to obtain the silk.
smokies - the meat of exotic (and often endangered)
animals as well as sheep and goats that have been
slaughtered without pre-stunning and had their skins
blowtorched. This practice is illegal in the UK but a
growing black market exists, supplying West African
communities throughout Britain.
Soil Association - considered to be the most
stringent of the *farm assurance schemes and
guaranteeing the products they certify are *organic.
Labelled on foods as UK5.
sponge - bathing product made from skeletons of
‘primitive’ aquatic animals.
squalene - found in livers of sharks, used in toiletries
and cosmetics.
stearic acid (E570) - fat from cows, sheep and pigs.
Used in medicines, toiletries and cosmetics.
Synthetic vegetarian alternatives are available.
spermaceti wax - waxy oil derived from the head of
sperm whales and also from dolphins. Used in
cosmetics and toiletries.
suede - very soft *kid, pig or calf skin, made into
luxury clothes and footwear.
suet - hard fat used in cooking made from the kidneys
of cattle and sheep. Vegetable suet is widely available.
sugar - many cane sugars are processed (refined) using
*charcoal (charred animal bones). Tate & Lyle and
Billingtons sugars are processed without animal charcoal
and Silver Spoon white (but not brown) sugar is likewise.
supplements - nutritional food supplements
(vitamins, minerals, protein powders etc) can contain
either animal or plant-derived substances. Many are
coated in animal-derived *gelatine capsules.
T
tallow - hard animal fat, obtained from around the
kidneys of slaughtered cattle or fat from slaughtered
sheep. Tallow is used in soaps, cosmetics and candles.
testosterone - male hormone, sourced from farmed
animals and used in bodybuilding supplements.
U
urea - waste nitrogen formed in the liver, sourced from
farmed animals and used in toiletries and cosmetics.
V
veal - meat from three to six month old baby male
calves. Narrow veal crates have been banned in the
UK since 1990 and are to be phased out across
Europe by 2007. However rearing conditions will still
fall well short of ideal and veal imported from abroad
(eg USA) is still allowed which permits veal crates.
venison - deer meat. Much venison now comes from
farmed deer.
vellum - fine skin derived from calves, *kids or
lambs used in luxury paper.
velvet - clothing fabric usually made from *silk, bit
can also be made synthetically.
volaise - ostrich meat. Ostriches are now farmed in
the UK and are subjected to similar cruelties as other
farmed animals. They are killed at one year old for
meat - their natural lifespan is 70 years.
W
wax - glossy, hard substance used to make foods
look more visually appealing, especially fruit and
vegetables. Also used in some cosmetics. Can be
animal or plant-derived. Non-animal waxes include
carnauba, paraffin, candelilla and polyethylene.
whey - milk-derived substance left after most of the
fat and *casein has been removed in cheese-making.
Used in many processed foods eg margarines, biscuits
and crisps as well as some cleaning products.
wine - can be clarified (cleared) using animal
products such as *isinglass or eggs. Contact *Viva!
for a vegan wine catalogue.
wool - fleecy hair of sheep, goat, antelope, rabbit (and
other animals eg *alpaca). Used in clothing, blankets,
mattresses and carpets. Whilst the animal may or may not
be killed to obtain its wool, all will be subjected to various
forms of cruelty and exploitation during their lifetimes. A
large proportion of wool clothing in the UK comes from
slaughtered sheep. Selective breeding has produced sheep
that are unnaturally woolly, necessitating shearing. Sheep
are subjected to a number of painful procedures during
their lifespan - shearing, tail docking, un-anaesthetised
mulesing (flesh removal from anal area to prevent flies
laying eggs) and castration. In the UK, 20% of lambs die
within a few days of birth from exposure, malnutrition
and neglect. Many sheep in Australia die from starvation
and heat exhaustion. The wool industry routinely kills so-
called ‘competing animals’ in wool-producing areas eg
kangaroos in Australia (in fact kangaroos do not compete
with sheep) and coyotes in the USA. Many people are
allergic to wool close to their skin. Numerous wool
alternative fabrics are available.
VVF - Feeding you the Facts
This is one in a series of VVF factsheets. For details contact:
VVF, Top Suite, 8 York Court, Wilder Street, Bristol BS2 8QH. Tel: 0117 970 5190. Email: info@vegetarian.org.uk Web: www.vegetarian.org.uk
Viva! - Vegetarians International Voice for
Animals. The world’s largest vegetarian and
vegan group campaigning to protect animals and
promote a vegan world. Contact: Viva!
8 York Court, Wilder Street, Bristol BS2 8QH;
Tel: 0117 944 1000; E: info@viva.org.uk;
W: www.viva.org.uk
VVF - Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation. An active
group campaigning to show the huge health and
nutritional benefits of vegetarian and vegan diets.
(Address below.)