Yellow fever can be fatal. About 8% of people who get yellow fever die from it. Know more: https://www.travel-doc.com/service/yellowfever/

1. Yellow Fever Vaccination
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Yellow Fever is a serious viral infection
that’s usually spread by a type of daytime
biting mosquito known as the Aedes
aegypti. It can be prevented with a
vaccination.
Yellow fever mainly occurs in sub-Saharan
Africa (countries to the south of the Sahara
desert), South America (especially the
Amazon) and in parts of the Caribbean.
Yellow fever can be fatal. About 8% of
people who get yellow fever die from it.

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Luckily, there is a very effective vaccination for yellow fever.
Some countries require proof of vaccination (a certificate)
against yellow fever before they let you enter the country.
Vaccination is the single most effective way of preventing yellow
fever. In the UK, Stamaril (produced by Sanofi Pasteur MSD) is
the only licensed yellow fever vaccine. A single dose of the
yellow fever vaccine will protect against yellow fever for life. It is
no longer recommended to have a booster dose every 10 years
(WHO, World Health Organization, July 2016).

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Ideally, you should have the yellow fever
vaccination at least 10 days before your
travel. This will allow enough time for your
body to develop protective antibodies
against the yellow fever infection.

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The yellow fever vaccination is recommended for:
Anyone traveling to, or living in, areas or countries where
yellow fever is endemic
Anyone traveling to a country where an International
Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) against yellow
fever is required for entry.
You must have a yellow fever vaccination at least 10 days
before you travel. This will allow enough time for your body to
develop protective antibodies against the yellow fever
infection.

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Certificate of proof of vaccination:
Under regulations set out by the World Health
Organization (WHO), anyone traveling to a country
or area where the Aedes aegypti mosquito is found
must have the vaccine or have an International
Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP). You
can find a list of all the countries that require you to
have an ICVP in the WHO International travel and
health guide. You can also search the country
information on NaTHNaC to find out whether the
places you are visiting require an ICVP.
If you have been traveling in an “at-risk” area
during the past month, it is a good idea to carry
your certificate with you.

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This will help avoid potential problems with
immigration. It is possible for travelers without a
valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to be
vaccinated and held in isolation for up to 10 days.
An ICVP is not required for entry into the UK.
If you lose your certificate, you may be able to get
another one reissued as long as you have details of
the vaccination batch number and the date you had
the vaccination.
Always consult staff at a designated vaccination
centre if you are planning to travel to an area where
there is a risk of getting yellow fever. If you tell
them where you are traveling to, they will be able to
advise you about whether you need to be
vaccinated against yellow fever and whether you
need an ICVP.

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Who should not be vaccinated?
People who should not have the yellow fever
vaccination include: Babies under nine months of
age – babies who are six to nine months old should
only be vaccinated if the risk of getting yellow fever
during travel is unavoidable.
Pregnant women – unless the risk of yellow fever is
unavoidable.
Breastfeeding women – unless the risk of yellow
fever is unavoidable.
People whose immune systems are lowered
(immunosuppressed) – such as people with HIV and
those receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
People who are allergic to eggs – the vaccine
contains small amounts of egg white protein,
albumin.

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People who have had a severe allergic reaction
(anaphylaxis) to a previous dose of the yellow fever
vaccine.
People who are allergic to any of the ingredients in
the vaccine (including eggs).
People who have a condition that affects the
thymus gland (part of your immune system that is
located in your upper chest).
People who are currently very unwell (such as with
a high fever) – this is to avoid confusing the
diagnosis of your current illness with any side
effects from the vaccine.
Yellow fever naïve travellers – those who have not
been previously exposed to the vaccine who are 60
years of age or over should be individually
assessed by the travel doctor or nurse.

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Exemption letters
In cases where having a yellow fever vaccination is
not advised, your GP may be able to issue you with
an exemption letter. The letter should be written on
headed notepaper and include the practice details.
It may be accepted by some immigration authorities
although this is not guaranteed. If you are traveling
from an area where there is a risk of yellow fever
without a valid yellow fever certificate, immigration
officials are legally entitled to quarantine you for a
period of at least seven days at the point of arrival
into a country.

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Side effects of the vaccine
After having the yellow fever vaccine, 10-30% of
people will have mild side effects such as:
headache, muscle pain, soreness at the injection
site and mild fever.
Reactions at the injection site usually occur one to
five days after being vaccinated, although other
side effects may last for up to two weeks.
An allergic reaction to the vaccine occurs in one
case out of every 130,000 doses of the vaccine that
are given. Yellow fever vaccine-associated
neurological disease (YEL-AND).

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Rarely, the yellow fever vaccine is associated with a
neurological condition known as yellow fever
vaccine-associated neurological disease (YEL-
AND). Neurological means that it affects the nerves
and the nervous system, including the brain and
spinal cord.
YEL-AND occurs in around four cases out of every
1 million doses given. However, for people who are
60 years of age or over and yellow fever vaccine
naïve, the incidence of YEL-AND increases to
around one in every 50,000. This needs to be
balanced against the risk of acquiring the disease.

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Preventing mosquito bites
As well as getting the yellow fever vaccination
before traveling, you should also take steps to
avoid being bitten by mosquitoes.
The mosquitoes that carry yellow fever bite during
daylight hours. Although it may not always be
possible, you should try to:
Avoid places where mosquitoes live, such as
swamps, forests and jungles
Choose air-conditioned accommodation.
Mosquitoes do not like air-conditioned spaces.
Choose accommodation with mesh screening over
the windows and doors.

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Wear loose fitting, long-sleeved tops and trousers,
even in the heat of day.
Use insect repellent containing DEET on exposed
skin, such as Jungle Formula. 50% DEET is
sufficient.
Burn a mosquito coil or use a plug-in device that
releases insecticide in your accommodation.
Use a mosquito net where possible, especially in
bedrooms that are not air-conditioned.

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