about hydrocarbons nd complete

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SATURATED AND UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS

2. The branch of chemistry that
deals with carbon compounds is organic chemistry.

3. Alkanes
Saturated hydrocarbons

4. Hybridization SP3

5. Drawing Chemical Structures
Structural
formula
Condensed ( Abbreviated) formula
Skeletal formula
Molecular model

6. The parent name of the hydrocarbon is that given to the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule.
Naming organic compounds

7. STEP 1 FIND THE PARENT HYDROCARBON
 Find the longest
continuous carbon
chain in the molecule
and use the name of
that chain as the
parent name. The
longest chain may not
always be obvious;
you may have to “turn
corners.”
 If two chains of equal
length are present,
choose the one with
the larger number of
branch points as the
parent.
Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes

9. STEP 2 NUMBER THE ATOMS IN THE MAIN CHAIN
Beginning at the end nearer the
first branch point, number
each carbon atom in the parent
chain.

10. STEP 3 IDENTIFY AND NUMBER THE SUBSTITUENTS
Assign a number, called a locant, to each
substituent to specify its point of attachment
to the parent chain. If there are two
substituents on the same carbon, assign
them both the same number.
There must always be as many
numbers
in the name as there are substituents.

11. STEP 4 WRITE THE NAME AS A SINGLE WORD
Use hyphens to separate the various
prefixes and commas to separate
numbers.
If two or more different side chains are
present, cite them in alphabetical order.
If two or more identical side chains are
present, use the appropriate
multiplier prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so
forth. Don’t use these prefixes for
alphabetizing, though.

12. NAMING
3,4-Diethyl-4-methyloctane

15. Isomers
Each of two or more compounds with the same
formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the
molecule and different properties.

18. Reactions of Alkanes
Alkanes are generally not considered
to be very reactive substances.
1. Combustion
2. Reaction with halogens
Alkanes in which one or more hydrogen
atoms have been replaced by a halogen
atom are called alkyl halides.

19. The best known are
chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4),
methylene chloride (CH2Cl2).
Chloroform is a volatile, sweet-tasting liquid that was
used for many years as an anesthetic. However, because of
its toxicity (it can severely damage the liver, kidneys, and
heart) it has been replaced by other compounds.
Carbon tetrachloride, also a toxic substance, serves as a
cleaning liquid, for it removes grease stains from clothing.
Methylene chloride is used as a solvent to decaffeinate
coffee and as a paint remover.

20. Cycloalkanes

21. Alkenes

25. Reactions of Alkenes
1. Combustion
2. Additional reactions:
Hydrogenation (H2)
Halogenation (Cl2)
Hydrohalogenation (HCl)
Hydration (H2O)
3. Oxidation

26. Polymerization

29. Alkynes

32. Reactions of Alkynes
1. Combustion
2. Additional reactions:
Hydrogenation,
Halogenation,
Hydrohalogenation
3. Oxidation

33. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

35. Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds

37. Benzene can be hydrogenated
(Additional Reaction)

38. Substitution

39. Nitrobenzene is used in shoe and floor polishes,
leather dressings,
paint solvents,
and other materials to mask unpleasant odors.
nitrobenzene has been used as an inexpensive
perfume for soaps.
production of the analgesic paracetamol (also
known as acetaminophen.
Nitrobenzene is highly toxic