The document discusses functional groups in organic chemistry, describing different types of functional groups including alkyl groups, carboxylic acids, alcohols, alkenes, and alkyl halides. It also covers IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming compounds containing these functional groups based on the parent hydrocarbon chain and location of substituents. Examples are provided of applying these naming conventions to specific molecular structures containing various functional groups.

1. Ever wonder about
“FUNCTIONAL GROUPS”
in a
CARBON-CHAIN?
BY: BONG MILLANES
III

2. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- any of numerous combinations of atoms that form parts of
chemical molecules, that undergo characteristic reactions themselves, and
that in many cases influence the reactivity of the remainder of each
molecule. In organic chemistry the concept of functional groups is useful
as a basis for classification of large numbers of compounds according to
their reactions.

3. TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
DIAGRAM 1 DIAGRAM 2
DIAGRAM 3

4. TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
DIAGRAM 4 DIAGRAM 5
DIAGRAM 6

5. TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
DIAGRAM 7 DIAGRAM 8

6. TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
DIAGRAM 10

7. HYDROCARBONS
is any of a class of organic chemicals made up of only
the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The
carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the
compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in
many different configurations.

8. HYDROCARBONS

9. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- a functional group is a specific group of atoms or bonds within a
compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical
reactions of that compound.
- also play an important part in organic compound nomenclature;
combining the names of the functional groups with the names of the
parent alkanes provides a way to distinguish compounds.
- atoms of a functional group are linked together and to the rest of
the compound by covalent bonds.

10. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

11. H Y D R O C A R B O N S
- is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

12. CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS
ALKANES—have characteristic names ending in “ane”; indicating their saturated
nature. It has a single bond. General formula is: Cn H2n +2
Single bond
COMPOUND NAME: OCTANE

13. CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS
ALKENES—have the characterstic names ending in “ene”; indicating their
unsaturated nature. It has a double bond. General formula: CnH2n.
COMPOUND NAME: 1-octene

14. CLASSES OF HYDROCARBONS
ALKYNES—have the characterisctic names ending in “yne”; indicating
their unsaturated nature. It has a triple bond. General formula:
CnH2n-2.
COMPOUND NAME: 1-octyne

15. Naming Compounds in relation to number of CARBONS
The naming of organic compounds is referred to
as organic nomenclature. There are a slew of rules
for naming organic compounds that have been
systemized by the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

16. Naming Compounds in relation to number of CARBONS
Number of Carbons Prefix Structure
1 Methane CH4
2 Ethane CH3CH3
3 Propane CH3CH2CH3
4 Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3
5 Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3
6 Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3
7 Heptane CH3(CH2)5CH3
8 Octane CH3(CH2)6CH3
9 Nonane CH3(CH2)7CH3
10 Decane CH3(CH2)8CH3
11 Undecane CH3(CH2)9CH3
12 Dodecane CH3(CH2)10CH3
Table 1

17. Naming Compounds in relation to number of CARBONS
1
2
3
4
All these endpoints represent a carbon. For this example, we have the longest chain or
parent chain of 4 carbons..No double bond in the carbon chain Going back to table 1,
4-carbon chain has a name of butane
Note: Hydrogen will not be displayed in angle-line structure
Note: Hydrogen will not be displayed in angle-line structure

18. Naming ALKYL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS attached to HYDROCARBONS
The naming of organic compounds is referred to as organic nomenclature. There are a slew of
rules for naming organic compounds that have been systemized by the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain (PARENT CHAIN).
For this diagram, there is a total of 7 carbon
chain. Is this your longest carbon?. NO, it is
not. Let’s try another one

19. Naming ALKYL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS attached to HYDROCARBONS
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain (PARENT CHAIN).
Longest carbon-chain or parent chain.
The parent chain has a total of 8-
carbon chain. Going back to table 1, 8
carbon chains has name “octane”
As you can see, there is a functional
group attach to this carbon chain. It is
attach to th ealkyl group with the
name “ethyl”. see table 1.2
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
Compound Name: 4-ethyloctane
An alkyl is a functional group of an
organic chemical that contains only
carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are
arranged in a chain
Table 1.2

20. Naming ALKYL FUNCTIONAL GROUPS attached to HYDROCARBONS
IUPAC Rules for Naming Alcohols (HYDROXYL GROUP)
The hydroxyl group is a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to
an oxygen atom. The hydroxyl group is denoted by -OH in chemical structures and has a valence charge of -1.
1. The longest continuous chain (LCC) (PARENT CHAIN) of carbon atoms containing the OH group is taken as the
parent compound—an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. The chain is numbered from the end
nearest the OH group.
2. The number that indicates the position of the OH group is prefixed to the name of the parent
hydrocarbon, and the -e ending of the parent alkane is replaced by the suffix -ol.

21. Naming FUNCTIONAL GROUPS attached to HYDROCARBONS
Parent chain: octane
Change the suffix of “e” to “ol”.
“OCTANOL”
Functional group is an alkyl”: ethyl
Location of ethyl: 4th carbon chain
Compound Name: 4-ethyl-1-
octanol

22. Naming Alkyl Halides functional group
IUPAC Rules for Alkyl Halides
Alkyl halides (also known as haloalkanes) are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in
an alkane have been replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine)
Functional group suffix = halide (i.e. fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide)
Substituent name = halo- (i.e. fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo)
Structural unit : haloalkanes contain R-X where X = F, Cl, Br, I etc.
Functional group is an alkene, therefore suffix = -ene
• The PARENT CHAIN is 8 carbons single-bond = octane
 The substituent is a bromine, therefore prefix = bromo
 There is the substiutuent “ethyl” form the alkyl group. 5th carbon
• Since bromine is named as a substituent, it gets the priority
• Therefore the bromine locant 3-

23. Naming Alkyl Halides functional group
Functional group suffix = halide (i.e. fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide)
Substituent name = halo- (i.e. fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo)
Structural unit : haloalkanes contain R-X where X = F, Cl, Br, I etc.
Functional group is an alkene, therefore suffix = -ene
• The PARENT CHAIN is 8 carbons single-bond = octane
The substituent is a bromine, therefore prefix = bromo
 There is the substiutuent “ethyl” form the alkyl group. 5th carbon
• Since bromine is named as a substituent, it gets the priority
• Therefore the bromine locant 3-
PARENT CHAIN: OCTANE
Alkyl group = ethyl
Alkyl halide group = bromo
COMPOUND NAME:3-bromo, 5-ethyloctane

24. Naming multi-branched HYDROCARBONS CARBOXYLIC ACID FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
CARBOXYLIC ACID FUNCTIONAL GROUP
 The carboxyl functional group is an acidic functional group frequently found in biological molecules.
- It is found in amino acids, proteins. fatty acids, acetic acids and other organic acids. Because the carboxyl
functional group is a weak acid it will dissociate.
IUPAC Rules for.CARBOXYLIC ACID
Nomenclature
Substituent suffix = -oic acid e.g. ethanoic acid
Substituent prefix = carboxy
Carboxyl Group

25. Naming multi-branched HYDROCARBONS CARBOXYLIC ACID FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
Carboxyl Group
The root name is based on the PARENT CHAIN including the carboxylic
acid group.
Since the carboxylic acid group is at the end of the chain, it must be C1
The carboxylic acid suffix is appended after the hydrocarbon suffix minus
the "e" : e.g. -ane + -oic acid = -anoic acid etc.
PARENT CHAIN: Octane
Functional Groups: Alkyl - ethyl and Carboxyl group
COMPOUND NAME: 4– ethyl,1-octanoic acid

26. INVENTOR
Y BY DAY
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Test tubes
Pipettes
Beakers
Monday Tuesday Wednesday

27. SUCCESSFUL TESTING
HYPOTHESIS
FORMULAS
CALCULATIONS

28. CONTACT
US
SOMEONE@EXAMPLE.CO
M