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1. X-RAYS
PRESENTATION PRESENTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
GRADE XII IN PHYSICS
PRESENTED TO :
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NEPAL MEGA COLLEGE
BABARMAHAL, KATHMANDU
PRESENTED BY :
KAMAL DHUNGANA
MOHIT PANDEY
MD. SAZID REZA
MUNA GURUNG
CLASS : XII SECTION : B1

2. CONTENT /OUTLINES
• NTRODUCTION/ BACKGROUND
• X-Rays
• -Background and introduction
• -Production of X-rays
• -Properties of x-rays
• -Uses and limitations of x-rays
• CONCLUSION
• REFRENCES
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. BACKGROUND & INTRODUCTION
• Discovered by Wilhelm Konard Roentgen in 1895
• Highly energetic /penetrating electromagnetic radiations
• Produced when fast moving electrons strike to the
surface of heavy metal
• Production of x-rays is the reverse of photoelectric
effect.

4. PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS BY COOLIDGE TUBE

5. PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS
• Electromagnetic waves having wavelength from 1A° to 100A°
• Show all the wave properties ( reflection, refraction, interference etc.)
• Travels with a velocity of light i.e. 3×10^8 m/sec in vacuum
• Diffracted through the crystals.

6. TYPES OF X-RAYS
• Depending upon the penetration power , X-rays are divided into 2 types :
S.N HARD X-RAYS SOFT X-RAYS
1 High penetration
power
Low penetration
power
2 Wavelength ~ 0.1 -10
A°
Wavelength ~10-100
A°
3 E / f ~10^4 ev/10^18
Hz
E/f ~ 10^2 ev /10^16
Hz
4 Useful in radiotherapy Useful in radiography

7. USES oF X-RAYS IN OUR PRACTICAL LIFE
1. Medicine :Used for diagnosis and treatment
2. Engineering: Detect the faults in infrastructures and heavy
machines
3. Immigration office and detective department: Detect
prohibited materials (coins, drugs ,weapons etc.)
4. In research laboratory: To study the crystal structure
through diffraction experiment

8. LIMITATIONS OF X-RAYS
• Ionizing radiation: X-rays are the form of ionizing radiation which can
damage living tissue and Increase the risk of cancer.
• Particularly for pregnant women and developing fetuses due to the
potential risk of harm to the unborn child.
• X-rays are best suited for visualizing dense tissues like bones, but they
have limited contrast for soft tissues such as muscles and organs.

9. CONCLUSION
• X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
shorter than visible light.
• They have high energy and can penetrate most materials, making
them useful for medical imaging, industrial inspection, and scientific
research.
• Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, leading to their
widespread application in various fields. In medical imaging, X-rays
are commonly used to visualize bones and detect abnormalities such
as fractures, tumors, and foreign objects.

10. REFERENCES
1. Producing (X-Ray) Devices, DOE Handbook, DOE-HDBK-1109-97,
August 1997, Reaffirmation with Errata July 2002.
2. Koirala.R.pd ,Gyanwali D.r. (2077) applied practical Physics book
,Asmita publication
3. https://www.physics knowledge .com
4. https://www.apec.gov.np

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Nepal mega college
• Department of physics (MR. ICG , MR. NP ,MR.SK , MR .RJ )
• Family Members & Friends