West Zone Power Distribution Company Limited (WZPDCL)
Assistant Engineer (Mechanical)
Exam date: 29.06.2019, Exam Time: 10.30 AM ~ 11.30 AM, Venue: KUET
Total Marks: 100
The document is an assignment from an engineering course that contains 5 questions about thermodynamic systems and properties. It includes questions about differentiating between open and closed systems, state variables that define phases of matter, using pressure-temperature diagrams to analyze multi-phase systems, and completing thermodynamic property tables using reference tables. The responses provide definitions, explanations, calculations, and diagram labeling to fully answer each question.
This document discusses a steam power cycle with a closed feedwater heater (CFwH) that has drains cascaded backwards. It provides the T-s diagram for the cycle, noting that the terminal temperature difference (TTD) is typically around 3°C for the low-pressure heater and negative for the high-pressure heater due to superheating. Mass and energy balances must be applied to the heaters to analyze the cycle. An example problem is also provided to calculate values like steam extraction and pump work for a given set of temperatures.
This document contains solutions to multiple problems involving gas turbine cycles. Problem 9.1 involves calculating the power output, efficiency and work ratio of a gas turbine with given specifications. Problem 9.2 calculates the pressure between turbine stages, efficiency and shaft power of a marine gas turbine. Problem 9.3 calculates the efficiency of the turbine from Problem 9.2 when a heat exchanger is added. Problem 9.4 involves a more complex cycle with two compression stages, intercooling, reheat and heat exchange, calculating power output and overall efficiency. Problem 9.5 presents another gas turbine problem without showing the full solution.
This document discusses a theoretical model for the phase behavior and transitions of long filament networks that are cross-linked. The model presents a phase diagram with two transitions: 1) a phase separation between a dense and sparse network driven by entropy, and 2) a gelation transition where an infinite network spans the system based on concentration alone. It also predicts the formation of bundles of parallel, nematically aligned and cross-linked chains at low temperatures. The model assumes a grand canonical ensemble of junctions and ends that are in equilibrium with a reservoir. It develops equations for the free energy and grand canonical potential as functions of junction and end densities and analyzes the behaviors of strong vs. weak cross-linking.
Auxiliary Consumption and Saving due to Increase in Boiler EfficiencyManohar Tatwawadi
Discussions on Auxiliary consumption in a 4 X 210 MW TPS, the common systems and individual unitwise Auxiliary consumption has been briefed in the presentation. Also savings in various aspects due to increase in Boiler Efficiency are also discussed in the presentation.
This document provides an overview of a 726.6 MW natural gas power plant located near Palatana Village in Tripura, India. The plant is owned by OTPC and was constructed by BHEL. It uses a combined cycle with two gas turbines that produce a total of 726.6 MW of power. The gas turbines exhaust is used to generate steam to power steam turbines, increasing the total efficiency. The plant uses natural gas from ONGC fields in Tripura.
The document describes a combined cycle power plant that uses both a gas turbine cycle and a steam turbine cycle to achieve high efficiency. It discusses:
1) How a combined cycle works by using the exhaust heat of a gas turbine to produce steam and power a steam turbine, thereby capturing more energy than a single cycle plant.
2) Combined cycles can achieve over 50% efficiency, higher than either cycle alone. The document provides an example combined cycle calculation.
3) Cogeneration plants similarly produce both electricity and thermal energy for industrial processes from a single fuel source to improve efficiency. An example cogeneration plant calculation is also given.
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
The document is an assignment from an engineering course that contains 5 questions about thermodynamic systems and properties. It includes questions about differentiating between open and closed systems, state variables that define phases of matter, using pressure-temperature diagrams to analyze multi-phase systems, and completing thermodynamic property tables using reference tables. The responses provide definitions, explanations, calculations, and diagram labeling to fully answer each question.
This document discusses a steam power cycle with a closed feedwater heater (CFwH) that has drains cascaded backwards. It provides the T-s diagram for the cycle, noting that the terminal temperature difference (TTD) is typically around 3°C for the low-pressure heater and negative for the high-pressure heater due to superheating. Mass and energy balances must be applied to the heaters to analyze the cycle. An example problem is also provided to calculate values like steam extraction and pump work for a given set of temperatures.
This document contains solutions to multiple problems involving gas turbine cycles. Problem 9.1 involves calculating the power output, efficiency and work ratio of a gas turbine with given specifications. Problem 9.2 calculates the pressure between turbine stages, efficiency and shaft power of a marine gas turbine. Problem 9.3 calculates the efficiency of the turbine from Problem 9.2 when a heat exchanger is added. Problem 9.4 involves a more complex cycle with two compression stages, intercooling, reheat and heat exchange, calculating power output and overall efficiency. Problem 9.5 presents another gas turbine problem without showing the full solution.
This document discusses a theoretical model for the phase behavior and transitions of long filament networks that are cross-linked. The model presents a phase diagram with two transitions: 1) a phase separation between a dense and sparse network driven by entropy, and 2) a gelation transition where an infinite network spans the system based on concentration alone. It also predicts the formation of bundles of parallel, nematically aligned and cross-linked chains at low temperatures. The model assumes a grand canonical ensemble of junctions and ends that are in equilibrium with a reservoir. It develops equations for the free energy and grand canonical potential as functions of junction and end densities and analyzes the behaviors of strong vs. weak cross-linking.
Auxiliary Consumption and Saving due to Increase in Boiler EfficiencyManohar Tatwawadi
Discussions on Auxiliary consumption in a 4 X 210 MW TPS, the common systems and individual unitwise Auxiliary consumption has been briefed in the presentation. Also savings in various aspects due to increase in Boiler Efficiency are also discussed in the presentation.
This document provides an overview of a 726.6 MW natural gas power plant located near Palatana Village in Tripura, India. The plant is owned by OTPC and was constructed by BHEL. It uses a combined cycle with two gas turbines that produce a total of 726.6 MW of power. The gas turbines exhaust is used to generate steam to power steam turbines, increasing the total efficiency. The plant uses natural gas from ONGC fields in Tripura.
The document describes a combined cycle power plant that uses both a gas turbine cycle and a steam turbine cycle to achieve high efficiency. It discusses:
1) How a combined cycle works by using the exhaust heat of a gas turbine to produce steam and power a steam turbine, thereby capturing more energy than a single cycle plant.
2) Combined cycles can achieve over 50% efficiency, higher than either cycle alone. The document provides an example combined cycle calculation.
3) Cogeneration plants similarly produce both electricity and thermal energy for industrial processes from a single fuel source to improve efficiency. An example cogeneration plant calculation is also given.
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
A combined cycle power plant generates electricity in two stages. First, a gas turbine burns fuel to drive a generator and produce electricity, with the exhaust heat recovered. This waste heat is then used to create steam to drive a steam turbine and generate additional electricity. Combined cycle power plants can achieve efficiencies as high as 55% and produce up to 50% more electricity than traditional simple-cycle plants from the same fuel. They have advantages of higher efficiency, lower emissions, and ability to run on different fuels, but also have higher costs and are less responsive than other power plant types.
This document provides information on fans, blowers, and pumps used in building energy audits. It discusses the general introduction and components of fan systems. It describes different types of fans and blowers, including centrifugal fans, axial fans, and blowers. It outlines the steps involved in conducting an energy audit of fans, including collecting data, making measurements and observations, assessing fan performance, and exploring energy conservation opportunities. The document also provides examples and case studies to illustrate fan performance analysis and potential efficiency improvements.
The document discusses a combined separating and throttling calorimeter, which is used to find the dryness fraction (x) of steam. It measures x using two methods - a separating calorimeter that calculates x1 as the ratio of steam mass to total sample mass, and a throttling calorimeter that uses enthalpy calculations before and after throttling to find x2. The overall dryness fraction x is calculated as the product of x1 and x2.
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy sector. It manufactures steam turbines, which convert thermal energy from pressurized steam into rotational mechanical energy. Steam turbines are classified by the action of steam and include impulse, reaction, and combination turbines. They have high and low pressure sections with different sized blades made of materials like stainless steel or nickel alloys. BHEL's manufacturing process involves foundries, forging, and machine shops that produce turbine components like rotors, casings, and blades which are then assembled into complete steam turbines.
TPS training report Gandhinagar, coal base power plant vishal patel
This document provides an overview of a practical training report submitted by two students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering. It includes an introduction to the power plant where they conducted their training, describing its key components like the boiler, coal mill, draught system and more. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the typical processes used in a coal-fired thermal power station.
India's electricity sector has an installed capacity of 250 GW as of 2014. Thermal power makes up the majority at 87.5% of capacity, while renewable sources like hydro, solar and wind make up the remaining 12.5%. Coal fired plants account for 59% of India's installed capacity. India faces challenges in meeting rising demand due to insufficient domestic coal reserves and transmission and distribution losses. However, the government is promoting renewable energy and aims to increase nuclear and hydro power generation to meet its growing needs in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses instrumentation and control systems used in thermal power plants. It describes the objectives of instrumentation and control which include safe and efficient plant operation. It provides an overview of the Distributed Digital Control and Management Information System (DDCMIS) and its components, including the burner management system, turbine control system, and generator instruments. It explains the various functions, measurements, controls, and benefits provided by the DDCMIS.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle steam power plant. It describes lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to high temperatures using reheat, increasing the boiler pressure, implementing an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heaters, using closed feedwater heaters, and utilizing cogeneration to make use of waste heat. The key methods discussed are lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, and implementing regenerative feedwater heating to improve the average heat addition and cycle efficiency.
Thermodynamics Assignment 02 contains calculations for various cycles of a steam power plant operating between 40 bar and 0.04 bar:
1) Carnot, simple Rankine, and modified Rankine cycles are analyzed. The modified Rankine cycle with superheat has the highest efficiency of 40.86% and lowest SSC of 2.4820 kg/kWh.
2) "Metallurgical limit" refers to the maximum safe pressures and temperatures a power plant's components can withstand without damage.
3) Implementing reheating in the Rankine cycle increases efficiency to 41.05% and lowers SSC to 2.4663 kg/kWh by utilizing the steam's initial high temperature again
Refrigeration is the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of its surroundings. Major uses include air conditioning, food preservation, and industrial processes. A ton of refrigeration is the heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hours. The Carnot refrigeration cycle involves heat addition, heat rejection, and net work to transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir. The vapor compression cycle uses the same processes as the Carnot cycle and is commonly used in refrigeration systems. It involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation. Refrigerants are circulated through the system's main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Multi-pressure and cascade systems
This document provides information about the 467.5MW Hindalco-Hirakud Power captive power plant located in Hirakud, Sambalpur, Odisha. The power plant has 5 units capable of generating 467.5MW total. It uses coal from the nearby Talabira mines as fuel. The plant includes various components like steam generators, turbines, coal handling systems, and an electrostatic precipitator to reduce emissions. The document discusses the working of key systems like the boilers, economizers, cyclones, and turbines that work together to generate power for the plant's own use and export some to the grid.
This document provides an overview of a steam power plant. It discusses the history and development of steam engines and turbines for power generation. It then describes the key components of a steam power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document explains that steam power plants operate on the Rankine cycle, where water is heated to steam to drive the turbine, then condensed back to water to be reheated. It provides diagrams of the ideal and actual Rankine cycles and discusses methods to increase the efficiency of the plant.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions that are controlled by control rods. The key components of a nuclear power plant are the nuclear reactor, where fission takes place inside fuel rods; the steam generator, which uses the reactor's heat to create steam; and a turbine, which is spun by steam to generate electricity. Nuclear power produces low carbon emissions but radioactive waste is a disadvantage. India's nuclear power capacity is expanding rapidly with plans to increase output five-fold by 2032.
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
T.H. Chemicals wants to produce nitrogen, oxygen, and argon from air using cryogenic distillation. Cryogenic air separation is the dominant technology for producing large quantities of high-purity liquified gases. The process involves compressing and cooling air, removing impurities via membrane separation, further cooling the air using heat exchangers, and fractionating the components in distillation columns. Oxygen is recovered from the bottom of the low pressure column at 99.49% purity, nitrogen from the top at 99.275% purity, and argon from the middle. Heat integration occurs between the condenser and reboiler to improve efficiency.
The document discusses regenerative Rankine cycles with feedwater heaters. It introduces open feedwater heaters (OFWH) and closed feedwater heaters (CFWH), explaining their basic principles and differences. OFWH directly mix extracted steam with condensate, always requiring an additional pump. CFWH use a heat exchanger to heat condensate with extracted steam, and may or may not require an additional pump depending on the design.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A combined cycle power plant generates electricity in two stages. First, a gas turbine burns fuel to drive a generator and produce electricity, with the exhaust heat recovered. This waste heat is then used to create steam to drive a steam turbine and generate additional electricity. Combined cycle power plants can achieve efficiencies as high as 55% and produce up to 50% more electricity than traditional simple-cycle plants from the same fuel. They have advantages of higher efficiency, lower emissions, and ability to run on different fuels, but also have higher costs and are less responsive than other power plant types.
This document provides information on fans, blowers, and pumps used in building energy audits. It discusses the general introduction and components of fan systems. It describes different types of fans and blowers, including centrifugal fans, axial fans, and blowers. It outlines the steps involved in conducting an energy audit of fans, including collecting data, making measurements and observations, assessing fan performance, and exploring energy conservation opportunities. The document also provides examples and case studies to illustrate fan performance analysis and potential efficiency improvements.
The document discusses a combined separating and throttling calorimeter, which is used to find the dryness fraction (x) of steam. It measures x using two methods - a separating calorimeter that calculates x1 as the ratio of steam mass to total sample mass, and a throttling calorimeter that uses enthalpy calculations before and after throttling to find x2. The overall dryness fraction x is calculated as the product of x1 and x2.
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy sector. It manufactures steam turbines, which convert thermal energy from pressurized steam into rotational mechanical energy. Steam turbines are classified by the action of steam and include impulse, reaction, and combination turbines. They have high and low pressure sections with different sized blades made of materials like stainless steel or nickel alloys. BHEL's manufacturing process involves foundries, forging, and machine shops that produce turbine components like rotors, casings, and blades which are then assembled into complete steam turbines.
TPS training report Gandhinagar, coal base power plant vishal patel
This document provides an overview of a practical training report submitted by two students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering. It includes an introduction to the power plant where they conducted their training, describing its key components like the boiler, coal mill, draught system and more. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the typical processes used in a coal-fired thermal power station.
India's electricity sector has an installed capacity of 250 GW as of 2014. Thermal power makes up the majority at 87.5% of capacity, while renewable sources like hydro, solar and wind make up the remaining 12.5%. Coal fired plants account for 59% of India's installed capacity. India faces challenges in meeting rising demand due to insufficient domestic coal reserves and transmission and distribution losses. However, the government is promoting renewable energy and aims to increase nuclear and hydro power generation to meet its growing needs in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses instrumentation and control systems used in thermal power plants. It describes the objectives of instrumentation and control which include safe and efficient plant operation. It provides an overview of the Distributed Digital Control and Management Information System (DDCMIS) and its components, including the burner management system, turbine control system, and generator instruments. It explains the various functions, measurements, controls, and benefits provided by the DDCMIS.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle steam power plant. It describes lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to high temperatures using reheat, increasing the boiler pressure, implementing an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heaters, using closed feedwater heaters, and utilizing cogeneration to make use of waste heat. The key methods discussed are lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, and implementing regenerative feedwater heating to improve the average heat addition and cycle efficiency.
Thermodynamics Assignment 02 contains calculations for various cycles of a steam power plant operating between 40 bar and 0.04 bar:
1) Carnot, simple Rankine, and modified Rankine cycles are analyzed. The modified Rankine cycle with superheat has the highest efficiency of 40.86% and lowest SSC of 2.4820 kg/kWh.
2) "Metallurgical limit" refers to the maximum safe pressures and temperatures a power plant's components can withstand without damage.
3) Implementing reheating in the Rankine cycle increases efficiency to 41.05% and lowers SSC to 2.4663 kg/kWh by utilizing the steam's initial high temperature again
Refrigeration is the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of its surroundings. Major uses include air conditioning, food preservation, and industrial processes. A ton of refrigeration is the heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hours. The Carnot refrigeration cycle involves heat addition, heat rejection, and net work to transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir. The vapor compression cycle uses the same processes as the Carnot cycle and is commonly used in refrigeration systems. It involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation. Refrigerants are circulated through the system's main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Multi-pressure and cascade systems
This document provides information about the 467.5MW Hindalco-Hirakud Power captive power plant located in Hirakud, Sambalpur, Odisha. The power plant has 5 units capable of generating 467.5MW total. It uses coal from the nearby Talabira mines as fuel. The plant includes various components like steam generators, turbines, coal handling systems, and an electrostatic precipitator to reduce emissions. The document discusses the working of key systems like the boilers, economizers, cyclones, and turbines that work together to generate power for the plant's own use and export some to the grid.
This document provides an overview of a steam power plant. It discusses the history and development of steam engines and turbines for power generation. It then describes the key components of a steam power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, and generator. The document explains that steam power plants operate on the Rankine cycle, where water is heated to steam to drive the turbine, then condensed back to water to be reheated. It provides diagrams of the ideal and actual Rankine cycles and discusses methods to increase the efficiency of the plant.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions that are controlled by control rods. The key components of a nuclear power plant are the nuclear reactor, where fission takes place inside fuel rods; the steam generator, which uses the reactor's heat to create steam; and a turbine, which is spun by steam to generate electricity. Nuclear power produces low carbon emissions but radioactive waste is a disadvantage. India's nuclear power capacity is expanding rapidly with plans to increase output five-fold by 2032.
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
T.H. Chemicals wants to produce nitrogen, oxygen, and argon from air using cryogenic distillation. Cryogenic air separation is the dominant technology for producing large quantities of high-purity liquified gases. The process involves compressing and cooling air, removing impurities via membrane separation, further cooling the air using heat exchangers, and fractionating the components in distillation columns. Oxygen is recovered from the bottom of the low pressure column at 99.49% purity, nitrogen from the top at 99.275% purity, and argon from the middle. Heat integration occurs between the condenser and reboiler to improve efficiency.
The document discusses regenerative Rankine cycles with feedwater heaters. It introduces open feedwater heaters (OFWH) and closed feedwater heaters (CFWH), explaining their basic principles and differences. OFWH directly mix extracted steam with condensate, always requiring an additional pump. CFWH use a heat exchanger to heat condensate with extracted steam, and may or may not require an additional pump depending on the design.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
1. Presented By-
Engineering News Bangladesh
FB/bdengrnews
engineeringnewsbd@gmail.com
Copying any contents of this document without permission is crime.
West Zone Power Distribution Company Limited (WZPDCL)
Assistant Engineer (Mechanical)
Exam date: 29.06.2019, Exam Time: 10.30 AM ~ 11.30 AM, Venue: KUET
Total Marks: 100
Ques.
No
Question Marks
Q.1 লিঙ্গ পলিবর্তন কিঃ
সপত
কিযাণীয়েষু
2
Q.2 সলি লবয়েদঃ
মৃন্মে
বজ্জার্
2
Q.3 বযাস বাকযসহ সমাস লনণতে কিঃ
যুবজালন
সমযক
Q.4 বাগধািা বাকযগঠন সহঃ
ককউ ককটা
বযায়েি আধুলি
Q.5 কািক ও লবভলি লনণতে কিঃ
বাবা আমায়দি কাপড় পলড়য়েয়েন।
অকৃ র্কায়যত োত্র ভে পাে না।
Q.6 Translation into English:
আলম যলদ িাজা হর্াম।
বাবা লক গর্িায়র্ বাসাে এয়সলেয়িন?
Q.7 Sentence Transformation:
Nobody trusts a liar. (Interrogation)
Everybody wants to be happy. (negative-interrogative)
2
Q.8 English to Bangla:
oh that i could help the old man.
There seems to be a mistaken
2
Q.9 Correct Preposition:
They insist me --- doing this.
I read the book ---- much interest.
2
Q.10 Correct the sentence (right form of verb)
The wall is built by brick
Burn the letter in ashes.
2
2. Presented By-
Engineering News Bangladesh
FB/bdengrnews
engineeringnewsbd@gmail.com
Copying any contents of this document without permission is crime.
Ques.
No
Question Marks
Q.11 General knowledge
উত্তি কগািায়ধত সবয়েয়ে বড় লদন কয়ব?
সবয়েয়ে প্রােীন সভযর্া ককাথাে গয়ড় উয়ঠ ?
ওোনয়ে লিয়কয়ট বাাংিায়দয়েি সয়বতাচ্চ িান কর্?
সম্প্রলর্ ককাথাে কিাহাি আকলিক পাওো কগয়ে?
স্কটিযান্ড ইোেত ককাথাে অবলির্ ?
লবশ্বকাপ লিয়কট ২০১৯ কর্লট কভনুয়র্ অনুলির্ হয়ে ?
ওোর্ল্ত বযাাংয়কি অপি নাম লক ?
IDCOL পূণত রূপ লক?
BERC পূণত রূপ লক?
মুলিযুয়েি সমে বাাংিায়দেয়ক কর্লট কসক্টয়ি লবভি কিা হয়েলেয়িা ?
10X1
Q.12 Difference between shaper and planer machine. 5
Q.13 Define Ton of Refrigeration and COP. 5
Q.14 What is meter rate? Write down its main components? 5
Q.15 Contrast Welding and soldering 5
Q.16 Distinguish between boiler mountings and accessories? Write down
three components of each.
5
Q.17 In which thermodynamic cycle gas turbine is run? Draw P-V and T-s
plan? Also distinguish between open and close gas turbine system ?
5
Q.18 What is critical insulation of Thickness? Why it is called critical
insulation?
5
Q.19 What is refrigerant? How mixtures of refrigerants is designated? 5
Q.20 What is base load power plant? What is the characteristics of base load
power plant?
5
Q.21 What are the advantages of underground power transmission? 5
Q.22 What is specification fuel consumption? What is octane number of a
fuel?
5
Q.23 In a boiler 400Kg of fuel is consumed to produce 3200 Kg steam ,
calorific value of fuel 32675 KJ/Kg, enthalpy of steam is 2976 KJ/Kg,
feed water enthalpy 189 KJ/kg, find thermal efficiency boiler ? (approx.
data)
5
Q.24 Single acting reciprocating pump having piston area 0.1 m2
, length 0.3
m, rpm 500, suction and delivery head 6m and 4m, find power
required to drive the pump ? take specific weight 9810 N/m3
(approx. data)
5