This document outlines the typical structure and components of a sociological research report, which includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, conclusions and discussion, and references. The literature review discusses previous research and theories and can include hypotheses. The methods section describes the data collection and variables. The results section presents key findings from statistical analyses. The conclusions and discussion section evaluates the hypotheses and significance of the research.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It discusses the typical sections of a research report, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, and references. The literature review covers previous research on the topic and may discuss theories. The methods section describes the data, variables, sample, and analysis techniques. The results section presents statistical findings and assesses hypotheses. Overall, the document emphasizes objectivity, citing sources, and structuring the report clearly and concisely to communicate findings to other researchers.
This document provides advice on various aspects of academic writing. It discusses general topics like formulating a thesis, organizing an essay, and developing a provisional hypothesis. It also covers planning and organizing, including choosing a genre, breaking an essay into subparts, and being aware that genres are not fixed. Additional sections provide guidance on critical reading, researching, using sources, specific types of writing like book reviews and comparative essays, and style/editing considerations. The overall document offers a comprehensive overview of the academic writing process from developing a thesis to finalizing style and structure.
A literature review is the first section of a research paper that analyzes and synthesizes previous research and sources related to the topic. It justifies how the investigation may answer the research question and prove or disprove hypotheses. The literature review uses academic sources as a foundation to support arguments and ideas. Reliable sources include academic databases, books, journals, and government publications rather than just internet searches. The literature review tells a story that explains the investigation and compares and contrasts related aspects to the topic.
The document discusses the importance of taking effective notes for a research paper. It recommends evaluating sources critically and only taking notes on useful information to avoid becoming overwhelmed. Good notes are organized, help identify sources properly to avoid plagiarism, and lead to more effective conclusions. The document also provides tips for making note cards, such as including full source information and page numbers to allow citations, and accurately summarizing or quoting information from sources.
SOE EdD History Reflection & Intro to Annotated BibsElizabeth Johns
The document provides guidance on creating an annotated bibliography, including defining what an annotated bibliography is, the differences between annotations and abstracts, examples of what should be included in the descriptive and evaluative paragraphs of each annotation, and resources for students on citation styles, evaluating sources, and using bibliographic management tools. The intended audience is students who need to create an annotated bibliography as part of their course assignments.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to empirical research methods and literature reviews. It defines empirical studies, literature reviews, peer-reviewed journals, white papers, newspapers, and annotated bibliographies. For each term, it provides details on their purpose, components, and processes. The document is intended to inform readers about these various research-related concepts.
The document provides guidance on creating an annotated bibliography. It begins with defining an annotated bibliography as a list of citations followed by an evaluation of each source's argument, evidence, methodology, and conclusions. It then outlines the key steps in creating an annotated bibliography, including finding relevant sources, reading them, identifying the most important sources, citing them, and writing annotations. The annotations should include a summary and evaluation paragraph. Examples of annotations are also provided to demonstrate how to evaluate a source and comment on how it relates to the reader's topic. The document aims to help readers strategically approach creating an annotated bibliography.
This document outlines the key components of conducting a literature review. It discusses defining a literature review and its purpose, issues to consider, and how it relates to other research components. The document also provides guidance on organizing a literature review, including locating relevant literature, critically reading sources, preparing to write, writing an introduction and sub-sections, and indicating gaps. Steps and strategies are provided for each part of the writing process, such as identifying key terms, authors, and journals; avoiding plagiarism; and using the review to lead into research questions.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It discusses the typical sections of a research report, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, and references. The literature review covers previous research on the topic and may discuss theories. The methods section describes the data, variables, sample, and analysis techniques. The results section presents statistical findings and assesses hypotheses. Overall, the document emphasizes objectivity, citing sources, and structuring the report clearly and concisely to communicate findings to other researchers.
This document provides advice on various aspects of academic writing. It discusses general topics like formulating a thesis, organizing an essay, and developing a provisional hypothesis. It also covers planning and organizing, including choosing a genre, breaking an essay into subparts, and being aware that genres are not fixed. Additional sections provide guidance on critical reading, researching, using sources, specific types of writing like book reviews and comparative essays, and style/editing considerations. The overall document offers a comprehensive overview of the academic writing process from developing a thesis to finalizing style and structure.
A literature review is the first section of a research paper that analyzes and synthesizes previous research and sources related to the topic. It justifies how the investigation may answer the research question and prove or disprove hypotheses. The literature review uses academic sources as a foundation to support arguments and ideas. Reliable sources include academic databases, books, journals, and government publications rather than just internet searches. The literature review tells a story that explains the investigation and compares and contrasts related aspects to the topic.
The document discusses the importance of taking effective notes for a research paper. It recommends evaluating sources critically and only taking notes on useful information to avoid becoming overwhelmed. Good notes are organized, help identify sources properly to avoid plagiarism, and lead to more effective conclusions. The document also provides tips for making note cards, such as including full source information and page numbers to allow citations, and accurately summarizing or quoting information from sources.
SOE EdD History Reflection & Intro to Annotated BibsElizabeth Johns
The document provides guidance on creating an annotated bibliography, including defining what an annotated bibliography is, the differences between annotations and abstracts, examples of what should be included in the descriptive and evaluative paragraphs of each annotation, and resources for students on citation styles, evaluating sources, and using bibliographic management tools. The intended audience is students who need to create an annotated bibliography as part of their course assignments.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key terms related to empirical research methods and literature reviews. It defines empirical studies, literature reviews, peer-reviewed journals, white papers, newspapers, and annotated bibliographies. For each term, it provides details on their purpose, components, and processes. The document is intended to inform readers about these various research-related concepts.
The document provides guidance on creating an annotated bibliography. It begins with defining an annotated bibliography as a list of citations followed by an evaluation of each source's argument, evidence, methodology, and conclusions. It then outlines the key steps in creating an annotated bibliography, including finding relevant sources, reading them, identifying the most important sources, citing them, and writing annotations. The annotations should include a summary and evaluation paragraph. Examples of annotations are also provided to demonstrate how to evaluate a source and comment on how it relates to the reader's topic. The document aims to help readers strategically approach creating an annotated bibliography.
This document outlines the key components of conducting a literature review. It discusses defining a literature review and its purpose, issues to consider, and how it relates to other research components. The document also provides guidance on organizing a literature review, including locating relevant literature, critically reading sources, preparing to write, writing an introduction and sub-sections, and indicating gaps. Steps and strategies are provided for each part of the writing process, such as identifying key terms, authors, and journals; avoiding plagiarism; and using the review to lead into research questions.
The document provides guidance on what should be done before and while writing a literature review. It discusses that a literature review evaluates and synthesizes previous research on a topic, and places the current research in the context of existing literature. It emphasizes determining the scope of research, developing a thesis statement to guide the organization, and considering chronological, thematic, or methodological approaches to structure the discussion of sources. The literature review should introduce the topic, critically analyze relevant literature in the body, and conclude by discussing implications and directions for future work.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines for academic writing. It discusses the two main types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports. It also outlines common paper components like introductions, methods, and references. The document answers questions about how assigned papers may differ from typical APA manuscripts. It emphasizes asking the professor to clarify expectations. Overall, the document is a useful introduction and reference for students learning to write papers in APA style.
The document discusses what an essay is and the key elements it contains. An essay is a structured piece of academic writing between 500-5000 words that takes a perspective on a particular subject through arguments and evidence. It aims to inform or persuade the reader. There are different types of essays such as descriptive, argumentative, and persuasive. The document also discusses how to write a good research paper by outlining the steps, which include choosing a topic, researching, developing a thesis statement, outlining, organizing data, drafting, and revising. It defines what an annotated bibliography is as a descriptive and critical summary of sources used for research. Standard annotated bibliography format includes a citation and annotation summarizing the source.
These slides are related to our last event at the Sapienza University of Rome for the graduate students. Please follow our website: https://www.facebook.com/psa.sapienza
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for writing and presenting research. It discusses the four main sections of an APA style paper: the title page, abstract, main body, and references. Each section is described, including formatting guidelines for things like running headers, block formatting for abstracts, and reference list formatting with hanging indents and alphabetical order by author. In-text citations follow an author-date format and can be signal phrases or parenthetical.
The document provides information about writing bibliographies and references in the Vancouver and APA styles. It defines key terms like bibliography, references, citations and annotated bibliography. The main differences between a bibliography and references are that a bibliography includes all sources consulted, while references only include sources that were cited. References are numbered and included within the text and at the end of the document. The Vancouver style is commonly used in medical journals and follows a specific format for citations within text and listing references.
The document provides guidance for students on writing a literacy narrative assignment. It defines a literacy narrative as telling the story of developing a specific literacy skill. Students must choose a literacy they can demonstrate in class and explain its significance. The document outlines the assignment requirements, including length, format, and grading rubric. It also provides a schedule and instructions for drafting, peer reviewing, and revising the narrative. Students are instructed to brainstorm potential literacy topics and ways to demonstrate them for the assignment.
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It explains that a literature review gives an overview of previous research on a topic, including key writers and theories. It also outlines the steps to writing a literature review, which include conducting a literature search to find relevant sources, reading those sources to understand how the topic is approached, and taking notes on aspects like methodology and evidence used. The document also provides guidance on how to summarize and paraphrase sources in a literature review by restating the key ideas in one's own words.
A literature review examines research that has been conducted in a particular field of study. It involves selecting and critically evaluating relevant published and unpublished documents to analyze what is known on a topic, identify gaps, avoid duplicating work, spark new ideas, and demonstrate understanding of others' work. The review should synthesize findings into a broad introduction and specific information on the topic, leaving the reader knowing if enough information has been covered. Sources must be critically assessed based on authorship, publication details, date, validity of conclusions, and rigor of methodology.
The document describes the typical structure and components of a scholarly article, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, further research, conclusion, and bibliography. It notes that scholarly articles can be identified by these common elements, which provide context, summarize previous research, describe methods, present results, analyze findings, suggest future work, and cite references. The document serves as a guide for readers to understand the general organization of scholarly articles in their field.
A literature review summarizes and synthesizes the existing scholarly research on a particular topic. It identifies key contributions and gaps in the literature to provide context and focus for further inquiry. The document outlines a four-step process for conducting an effective literature review: 1) selecting a topic, 2) performing a comprehensive literature search, 3) reading sources strategically to evaluate findings and relationships, and 4) writing an organized synthesis that constructs an argument with evidence while maintaining an objective voice.
A literature review summarizes and synthesizes the existing scholarly research on a particular topic. It should be organized around and directly relate to the research question. A literature review identifies what is known and unknown about a topic by critically analyzing previous studies and identifying areas of controversy. It should synthesize results, clearly outline questions that need further research, and be organized into sections rather than simply listing literature. An annotated bibliography with brief summaries of each source helps indicate comparisons and relationships between sources.
The document discusses what an annotated bibliography is and how to write one. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for sources on a topic that includes a descriptive and evaluative paragraph for each citation. The annotation summarizes the source and the reader's response. To write an annotation, critically read the source by asking questions about its purpose, content and conclusions. Then write a summary paragraph of the source's main points and a response paragraph evaluating the source and its relevance to the topic.
Scientific articles come in different types, including primary research articles, review articles, and popular press/background articles. Primary research articles describe original experiments and are structured like a lab report, with introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. Review articles summarize and synthesize previous research on a topic. Popular press articles are written for a general audience to provide accessible background information on scientific topics. Scholarly articles are the main way research findings are communicated among scientists.
The document provides guidance on citing sources and avoiding plagiarism using APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. It defines plagiarism and discusses when and why to cite sources, including what constitutes common knowledge. Examples are given of citing sources within the text and providing full references for various source types, such as books, journal articles, websites. Key aspects of each citation style such as formatting, punctuation, capitalization are outlined.
This document provides information on annotated bibliographies, including what they are, why they are used, and how to write annotations. An annotated bibliography is a list of sources that includes a short description or annotation for each source. Annotations typically describe the content and scope of the source and may evaluate the source's authority, relevance, and other attributes. The purpose of writing annotations is to thoroughly research a topic, provide useful information to readers, and help readers decide if a source is relevant for their own research. Annotations should include a summary of the source's purpose, arguments, and ideas as well as an evaluation of its relevance. Mechanics like using complete sentences, original wording, and a length of 3-5 sentences
The document discusses different types of research articles, including primary research articles, review articles, and case studies. Primary research articles present original research findings and undergo peer review, while review articles summarize and critically evaluate previous research on a topic and may also be peer reviewed. Case studies provide an in-depth look at a single patient or case and aim to identify new areas for further research.
This document provides guidance on writing a descriptive essay, including choosing a subject to describe, focusing on one dominant impression, using vivid sensory details, showing rather than telling to engage the reader, and organizing the essay chronologically or by topic. It emphasizes selecting meaningful details, conveying emotion, and revising to ensure a clear and vivid perception for the reader.
The document provides guidance on descriptive writing by appealing to the five senses. It emphasizes creating vivid word pictures through sensory details about sights, sounds, smells, tastes and textures. Descriptive details should consider colors, shapes, sizes, textures for objects, and physical appearance, facial expressions, attire, and gestures for people. When describing places, one should consider features of the natural world like trees, animals, weather as well as man-made structures. The document stresses showing rather than telling to bring descriptions to life through vivid language rather than just stating what is happening.
The document provides guidance on what should be done before and while writing a literature review. It discusses that a literature review evaluates and synthesizes previous research on a topic, and places the current research in the context of existing literature. It emphasizes determining the scope of research, developing a thesis statement to guide the organization, and considering chronological, thematic, or methodological approaches to structure the discussion of sources. The literature review should introduce the topic, critically analyze relevant literature in the body, and conclude by discussing implications and directions for future work.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines for academic writing. It discusses the two main types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports. It also outlines common paper components like introductions, methods, and references. The document answers questions about how assigned papers may differ from typical APA manuscripts. It emphasizes asking the professor to clarify expectations. Overall, the document is a useful introduction and reference for students learning to write papers in APA style.
The document discusses what an essay is and the key elements it contains. An essay is a structured piece of academic writing between 500-5000 words that takes a perspective on a particular subject through arguments and evidence. It aims to inform or persuade the reader. There are different types of essays such as descriptive, argumentative, and persuasive. The document also discusses how to write a good research paper by outlining the steps, which include choosing a topic, researching, developing a thesis statement, outlining, organizing data, drafting, and revising. It defines what an annotated bibliography is as a descriptive and critical summary of sources used for research. Standard annotated bibliography format includes a citation and annotation summarizing the source.
These slides are related to our last event at the Sapienza University of Rome for the graduate students. Please follow our website: https://www.facebook.com/psa.sapienza
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for writing and presenting research. It discusses the four main sections of an APA style paper: the title page, abstract, main body, and references. Each section is described, including formatting guidelines for things like running headers, block formatting for abstracts, and reference list formatting with hanging indents and alphabetical order by author. In-text citations follow an author-date format and can be signal phrases or parenthetical.
The document provides information about writing bibliographies and references in the Vancouver and APA styles. It defines key terms like bibliography, references, citations and annotated bibliography. The main differences between a bibliography and references are that a bibliography includes all sources consulted, while references only include sources that were cited. References are numbered and included within the text and at the end of the document. The Vancouver style is commonly used in medical journals and follows a specific format for citations within text and listing references.
The document provides guidance for students on writing a literacy narrative assignment. It defines a literacy narrative as telling the story of developing a specific literacy skill. Students must choose a literacy they can demonstrate in class and explain its significance. The document outlines the assignment requirements, including length, format, and grading rubric. It also provides a schedule and instructions for drafting, peer reviewing, and revising the narrative. Students are instructed to brainstorm potential literacy topics and ways to demonstrate them for the assignment.
This document provides guidance on how to write a literature review. It explains that a literature review gives an overview of previous research on a topic, including key writers and theories. It also outlines the steps to writing a literature review, which include conducting a literature search to find relevant sources, reading those sources to understand how the topic is approached, and taking notes on aspects like methodology and evidence used. The document also provides guidance on how to summarize and paraphrase sources in a literature review by restating the key ideas in one's own words.
A literature review examines research that has been conducted in a particular field of study. It involves selecting and critically evaluating relevant published and unpublished documents to analyze what is known on a topic, identify gaps, avoid duplicating work, spark new ideas, and demonstrate understanding of others' work. The review should synthesize findings into a broad introduction and specific information on the topic, leaving the reader knowing if enough information has been covered. Sources must be critically assessed based on authorship, publication details, date, validity of conclusions, and rigor of methodology.
The document describes the typical structure and components of a scholarly article, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, discussion, further research, conclusion, and bibliography. It notes that scholarly articles can be identified by these common elements, which provide context, summarize previous research, describe methods, present results, analyze findings, suggest future work, and cite references. The document serves as a guide for readers to understand the general organization of scholarly articles in their field.
A literature review summarizes and synthesizes the existing scholarly research on a particular topic. It identifies key contributions and gaps in the literature to provide context and focus for further inquiry. The document outlines a four-step process for conducting an effective literature review: 1) selecting a topic, 2) performing a comprehensive literature search, 3) reading sources strategically to evaluate findings and relationships, and 4) writing an organized synthesis that constructs an argument with evidence while maintaining an objective voice.
A literature review summarizes and synthesizes the existing scholarly research on a particular topic. It should be organized around and directly relate to the research question. A literature review identifies what is known and unknown about a topic by critically analyzing previous studies and identifying areas of controversy. It should synthesize results, clearly outline questions that need further research, and be organized into sections rather than simply listing literature. An annotated bibliography with brief summaries of each source helps indicate comparisons and relationships between sources.
The document discusses what an annotated bibliography is and how to write one. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations for sources on a topic that includes a descriptive and evaluative paragraph for each citation. The annotation summarizes the source and the reader's response. To write an annotation, critically read the source by asking questions about its purpose, content and conclusions. Then write a summary paragraph of the source's main points and a response paragraph evaluating the source and its relevance to the topic.
Scientific articles come in different types, including primary research articles, review articles, and popular press/background articles. Primary research articles describe original experiments and are structured like a lab report, with introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. Review articles summarize and synthesize previous research on a topic. Popular press articles are written for a general audience to provide accessible background information on scientific topics. Scholarly articles are the main way research findings are communicated among scientists.
The document provides guidance on citing sources and avoiding plagiarism using APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. It defines plagiarism and discusses when and why to cite sources, including what constitutes common knowledge. Examples are given of citing sources within the text and providing full references for various source types, such as books, journal articles, websites. Key aspects of each citation style such as formatting, punctuation, capitalization are outlined.
This document provides information on annotated bibliographies, including what they are, why they are used, and how to write annotations. An annotated bibliography is a list of sources that includes a short description or annotation for each source. Annotations typically describe the content and scope of the source and may evaluate the source's authority, relevance, and other attributes. The purpose of writing annotations is to thoroughly research a topic, provide useful information to readers, and help readers decide if a source is relevant for their own research. Annotations should include a summary of the source's purpose, arguments, and ideas as well as an evaluation of its relevance. Mechanics like using complete sentences, original wording, and a length of 3-5 sentences
The document discusses different types of research articles, including primary research articles, review articles, and case studies. Primary research articles present original research findings and undergo peer review, while review articles summarize and critically evaluate previous research on a topic and may also be peer reviewed. Case studies provide an in-depth look at a single patient or case and aim to identify new areas for further research.
This document provides guidance on writing a descriptive essay, including choosing a subject to describe, focusing on one dominant impression, using vivid sensory details, showing rather than telling to engage the reader, and organizing the essay chronologically or by topic. It emphasizes selecting meaningful details, conveying emotion, and revising to ensure a clear and vivid perception for the reader.
The document provides guidance on descriptive writing by appealing to the five senses. It emphasizes creating vivid word pictures through sensory details about sights, sounds, smells, tastes and textures. Descriptive details should consider colors, shapes, sizes, textures for objects, and physical appearance, facial expressions, attire, and gestures for people. When describing places, one should consider features of the natural world like trees, animals, weather as well as man-made structures. The document stresses showing rather than telling to bring descriptions to life through vivid language rather than just stating what is happening.
This document provides information about descriptive writing. Descriptive writing creates a picture of a person, place, thing, or event using details that appeal to the five senses. Good descriptive writing includes vivid sensory details organized in a clear structure and links details to feelings or thoughts. Types of descriptive writing include descriptions of people or places, remembrances, observations, and vignettes. The document also reviews descriptive writing tools like adjectives and adverbs and provides examples of descriptive writing prompts.
Descriptive writing creates a picture of a person, place, thing, or event through details that appeal to the five senses. Good descriptive writing uses sensory details, figurative language, establishes a dominant impression, employs precise language, and is carefully organized. It paints a vivid picture for readers through comparisons, specifics details, and unified themes.
The document discusses the 6 traits of quality descriptive writing: ideas, organization, word choice, sentence fluency, voice, and conventions. It provides guidance on how to effectively employ each trait when writing descriptively, such as using vivid details, strong verbs, varied sentences, and an engaging voice. The goal of descriptive writing is to show experiences through imagery that engages the reader's senses rather than just telling about them.
The document outlines 5 common errors to avoid in academic writing: 1) Misspelling words, 2) Beginning sentences without capitalization, 3) Using texting abbreviations, 4) Writing sentence fragments, and 5) Writing run-on sentences. It provides examples and explanations of each error and recommends developing the habit of proofreading to avoid mistakes in spelling, capitalization, grammar, and punctuation.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It states that a research report should have seven components: an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, discussion/conclusions, and references. Each section serves a specific purpose, such as using the literature review to frame the research topic within existing theories and establish hypotheses to be tested. The document emphasizes the importance of citing sources using parenthetical citations and providing operational definitions of variables.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It outlines the typical structure of a research report, which includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, conclusions, and references. Each section is described in detail, with examples provided. The literature review discusses synthesizing previous research and establishing hypotheses. The methods section explains how to describe data collection and variables. The results section presents findings and evaluates hypotheses. Overall, the document emphasizes documenting claims, establishing the importance of research, and avoiding plagiarism.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It outlines the typical structure of a research report, which includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, conclusions, and references. Each section is described in detail, with examples provided. The literature review discusses synthesizing previous research and establishing hypotheses. The methods section explains how to describe data collection and variables. The results section presents findings and evaluates hypotheses. Overall, the document emphasizes documenting claims, establishing the importance of research, and avoiding plagiarism.
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature survey or review. It discusses defining literature and the objectives of a literature survey, which include gaining an understanding of the fundamentals and state-of-the-art in an area and discovering research topics based on existing research. The document outlines the main elements of a literature survey, including reviewing previous research, identifying gaps, and justifying how the present research will address gaps. It also provides tips on writing the literature survey, such as summarizing key findings and conclusions of sources. Finally, it discusses strategies for conducting an effective literature search, including refining topics and choosing appropriate databases.
This document provides guidance on conducting and writing a literature review. It discusses the purpose of a literature review in analyzing and critically evaluating previous research on a topic. The document offers tips for finding relevant sources, narrowing a topic, developing a thesis statement, and organizing a literature review. It provides direction on what to include in writing a literature review such as summarizing previous findings, identifying gaps, and making recommendations for further research.
This document defines a literature review and provides guidance on how to write one. It states that a literature review critically evaluates previous research on a topic to provide background and a theoretical foundation. It should not simply list or summarize sources. The document outlines the purpose, structure, skills, process, and common errors of conducting a literature review to help writers effectively summarize existing scholarly work related to their research problem.
The Literature Review ECON 590Lecture 7Dr. Cesl.docxoreo10
The Literature Review
ECON 590
Lecture 7
*
Dr. Ceslav Ciobanu
*
Content
Introduction: What is Literature Review?
1. Purposes of the Literature Review
2. The Literature Search Process
3. Five Steps in Conducting a Literature Review
4. Writing the Literature Review
5. Referencing
Conclusions: Useful Information for Producers & Consumers of Research
*
*
Introduction: What is Literature Review?
A literature Review: a written summary of journal articles, books & other documents that describe the state of information of your research. The list of typical questions:
What is a literature review?
Where do I begin in conducting it?
What are the best materials to include in my review & how locate them?
Is it worth my time to search the Internet?
*
Introduction: What is Literature Review?
5. Are there any shortcuts in identifying journal articles?
6. Should I gather and summarize both quantitative & qualitative studies?
7. How long should the review be?
8. What are the examples that I should examine?
Alfred Marshall – “synthesizer” of preceding century, but formulated something unique: modern microeconomics
1. Purposes of the Literature Review
Understanding of the strengths & weaknesses of the prior research, how it is related to your current research: through a) problems; b) objectives, c)method & d) procedures. The literature review:
Prevents unwarranted (excess) duplication of what has already been done
Helps to identify how, where, and in what manner the proposed research might be a value added to general knowledge of the subject
Provides guidelines for: a) how to handle the problems; b) techniques; c) sources & data, & d) approaches
*
e
*
1. Purposes of the Literature Review
4. Helps to develop the design of the study showing what approaches were and were not successful
Reveal conceptual insights and provide the basis for hypothesis in the research
Sometimes problem-solving research may not require a formal literature review (aimed at industry group, but just a brief recap of the problem with a few references
In quantitative study the literature review is included in a separate section to highlight its role & justify the importance of the research problem
In qualitative study authors do not discuss the literature extensively at the beginning of the study in order do not be constrained by the views of others
*
e
*
2. The Literature Search Process
Take into consideration that all literature is not eligible for inclusion. You need to include only “scientific” literature (academic journals, formal research reports, university affiliated bulletins, monographs etc.)
The refereed or reviewed literature does not exclude that it is infallible or incorrect. Even The Wall Street Journal, and The Economist may be not appropriate sources for literature review, not speaking about “popular” publications
Access to a research library (VSU library), interlibrary resources through electronic communication
What about Internet as a ...
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It defines a literature review as a written overview of major writings on a selected topic, including scholarly articles, books, reports, and websites. The purpose is to understand what others have researched on the topic, identify inconsistencies and gaps, and justify further research. The literature review should include an objective, topic overview, categorization of sources, discussion of source similarities and differences, and identify relationships between works. Sources should be evaluated based on author expertise, evidence supporting arguments, consideration of opposing viewpoints, and contribution to understanding the topic.
This document provides guidance on conducting and writing a literature review. It discusses defining the purpose and scope of the review, searching for relevant literature, evaluating sources critically, organizing the review, and writing in a clear and concise manner. The key steps outlined include clarifying the assignment, finding models, narrowing the topic, considering source currency and focus, developing a thesis statement, and determining an effective structure with headings. When reviewing sources, the document advises assessing provenance, objectivity, persuasiveness, and value. It also offers tips for creating a well-formatted review with proper layout, language usage, and transitions between ideas.
3. lecture 3 literature review & analytical framework developmentCông Nguyễn
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It outlines the purpose of a literature review as demonstrating knowledge of current research and identifying gaps to justify new research. An effective literature review adopts a critical perspective, evaluates sources, and develops a clear argument through synthesis rather than just reporting on individual studies. It should draw from a wide range of academic literature and other sources, while avoiding plagiarism. The document provides tips for structuring, writing and referencing a literature review to meet assessment criteria.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic that provides an overview of current knowledge and identifies relevant theories, methods, and gaps. The document outlines the importance of literature reviews in identifying research problems and prior findings. It also discusses the primary sources of information like original research reports and secondary sources like textbooks. Finally, it lists the main steps in conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, writing individual sections, and integrating the sections.
Introduction to Systematic Literature Review.pptxiabdelaziz
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a paper that summarizes and discusses previous research on a topic, exploring strengths and weaknesses. The document outlines why literature reviews are important for avoiding duplicating work and identifying gaps. It discusses stages of conducting a review including formulating a problem, searching literature, evaluating sources, analyzing information, and constructing the review. Tips are provided on assessing sources, taking notes, managing references, analyzing findings, and structuring the written review.
The document provides information on conducting a literature review. It discusses that a literature review surveys relevant sources on a research topic and provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation. It notes the main purposes of a literature review include justifying research, identifying prior work and gaps, and placing one's own research in context. The document outlines the main types of literature reviews and discusses each. It provides guidance on identifying a research question, searching literature sources, managing references, critically analyzing sources, synthesizing information, and writing the literature review.
This document provides an overview of how to write a scientific research paper in the Indonesian language. It discusses the key sections of a research paper including the title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusions. It emphasizes that the materials and methods section must provide enough detail for others to replicate the study. The results section should present findings clearly and objectively without unnecessary repetition. The discussion section should analyze and interpret results in the context of previous literature. Overall, the document offers guidance on structuring and writing each component of a scientific paper to effectively communicate research findings.
ENG 112 ResearchProject Annotated Bibliography=10 ([emai.docxSALU18
ENG 112 Research
Project
Annotated Bibliography=10% ([email protected]%ea.)
Research Paper=15%
Research Project Presentation=10%
This assignment is intended to familiarize you with engaging academic research.
Through researching a particular topic that is recent and examining it from multiple
perspectives you will create a fresh perspective and original findings that you can share
with your peers and our college community.
• Consider context. Make sure that you are clear about your purpose and
assess who your audience is and might be in the future.
• Make sure that your topic is something that you’ll be interested in and
curious about. If you know a great deal about the topic you will be less
likely to explore all of the perspectives that are being explored. You are
also less likely to be biased when approaching the topic if it is unfamiliar
to you.
You will have FOUR options for your paper. Options:
1. Choose a topic relevant to the themes in the stories that we have discussed
in class. The topic must be current. However, try not to choose a topic that
will have very few sources for you to research. SOME possible options
include, but are not limited to:
a. Power
b. Faith
c. Guilt
d. Remorse
e. Gender Roles
f. Surveillance
g. Identity
h. Race
i. Tradition
j. Authority
i. Examples for the above include:
1. An examination of how power
has been viewed throughout
history
2. A discussion about tradition
and how local traditions can
help to define a community
or culture
3. A discussion about authority
and how it can and/or
should/should not apply
https://learn.vccs.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-83699290-dt-content-ri…NG%20112%20Research%20project-Spring%202015%281%29.doc 4/8/16, 8:16 PM
Page 1 of 4
when thinking about
universalism versus cultural
relativism
2. Write an in-depth examination of one of the central issues in one of the
stories that we have read. Some possible options include:
a. What are some possible interpretations of the ending of "The
Yellow Wallpaper"?
b. What is the primary focus of "The Lottery"? (tradition,
gender roles, authority, etc.)
c. What is the primary reason for Othello's jealousy?
d. What makes Iago such a successful manipulator?
3. Write about overlapping issues in two or more of the texts that we read this
semester. Possible ideas include, but are not limited to:
a. Write a paper in which you take a Feminist Theory approach
to two or more texts we have read, such as "The Yellow
Wallpaper," Othello, and/or "The Lottery."
b. Write a paper that analyzes the narrator's role in a text. In
such a paper, you might discuss the narrators in "Cask of
Amontillado," "What You Pawn I Will Redeem," and/or
"The Yellow Wallpaper."
4. Choose one of the stories that we have read in class and research how
different literary critics have discussed the story under the veil of their
approach. For example, research how feminist theorists, psycho-analytic
theorists, queer theorists, etc., approach Othell ...
The document summarizes the key steps in writing a literature review:
1. The introduction gives a quick overview of the topic and organizational structure.
2. The body contains a discussion of sources, organized chronologically, thematically, or by methodology. It analyzes and synthesizes previous research on the topic.
3. The conclusions discuss what has been learned from reviewing the literature and identifies potential gaps for future research. The overall purpose is to critically evaluate previous research and establish a foundation and need for the current study.
The document outlines the key steps and purposes of conducting a literature review. It discusses finding relevant sources such as books, articles, and conference papers. The basic steps include searching literature, evaluating sources, identifying themes and gaps, outlining the structure, and writing the review. The review aims to provide context on previous research, identify relationships between studies, and determine areas for further research. Guide questions are also presented to help structure the review.
What is an Annotated Bibliography? An IntroductionpptxDystopianSh
This document provides instructions on how to write an annotated bibliography in APA style. It defines an annotation as a brief summary that evaluates a source and determines its usefulness for a research topic. Annotations are descriptive, but also include the source's distinctive features and can be evaluative or critical. The document outlines the components of an annotated bibliography and describes the two main types: descriptive annotations that summarize without critique, and analytical annotations that examine strengths, weaknesses and applicability of conclusions. Examples are provided and steps are outlined for writing citations, annotations and bibliographies.
The role of the literature review Your literature review gives y.docxoreo10
The document provides guidance for writing a literature review section of a dissertation or research paper. It discusses the key components and purpose of a literature review, including synthesizing previous scholarly research to identify trends, gaps, and how the proposed study will contribute new knowledge. The literature review should be comprehensive by searching multiple databases and sources, critically analyze and synthesize the findings of previous studies rather than just summarizing individual sources, and identify the gap in knowledge that the current study aims to address.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
1. Writing a Research
Report
If research was not “written up,”
did it really occur?
2. Writing a Research
Report
• Academic sociologists conduct research to
discover facts, truths, and explanations
about the social world.
• They write research reports to convey
theirs and others’ research findings.
• Types of Research:
Library research refers to gathering information
that others have generated.
Primary research refers to generating information
through data collection, analysis, and reporting
findings.
3. Writing a Research
Report
• Sociologists’ articles, papers, or research reports
come in different forms:
– Literature Review: Library research that organizes facts
and/or theories others in the sociological community
generated (Rarely published)
– Research Article or Book: One’s own findings generated
by a primary research project that builds on previous
research by the sociological community. (Findings from
basic research, most common.)
– Applied Research Report: One’s findings from a primary
research project that evaluates a program without drawing
much from previous sociological research. (Findings from
applied research, rarely published.)
– This class focuses on writing Research Articles.
4. Writing a Research
Report
• A sociological article, paper, or report
generally covers only one important topic
of interest and conveys evidence and
interpretations of evidence.
• Research reports are NOT creative
writing, opinion pieces, poems, novels,
letters, musings, memoirs, or interesting
to read.
5. Writing a Research
Report
• A sociological article, paper, or report about primary
research generally takes a structure or form that seems
difficult but is intended to help make reading it or using it
for research quick and efficient.
• A research report has seven components:
1. Abstract or Summary
2. Introduction
3. Review of Literature
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Conclusions and Discussion
7. References
• Note:
• Qualitative research reports will vary from what is presented
here.
• Applied research reports may vary from what is presented here.
6. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
1. Abstract or Summary
The abstract or summary tells the reader very briefly
what the main points and findings of the paper are.
– This allows the reader to decide whether the paper is
useful to them.
– Get into the habit of reading only abstracts while
searching for papers that are relevant to your
research.
– Read the body of a paper only when you think it will be
useful to you.
7. Writing a Research
Report
A research report has seven components:
1. Abstract or Summary—an example
8. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
2. Introduction
– The introduction tells the reader:
• what the topic of the paper is in general terms,
• why the topic is important
• what to expect in the paper.
– Introductions should:
• funnel from general ideas to the specific topic of the
paper
• justify the research that will be presented later
– Introductions are sometimes folded into literature
reviews
9. Writing a Research
Report
A research report has seven components:
2. Introduction—an example
10. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
The literature review tells the reader what other
researchers have discovered about the paper’s topic
or tells the reader about other research that is
relevant to the topic. Often what students call a
“research paper” is merely a literature review.
– A literature review should shape the way readers
think about a topic—it educates readers about what
the community of scholars says about a topic and its
surrounding issues.
– Along the way it states facts and ideas about the
social world and supports those facts and ideas with
evidence for from where they came (empiricism).
11. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
– Literature reviews have parenthetical citations
running throughout. These are part of a systematic
way to document where facts and ideas came from,
allowing the skeptical reader to look up anything that
is questionable.
– Parenthetical citation is our way of substantiating the
claims in our paper, without breaking our flow.
– Each citation directs the reader to the references
where complete details on sources can be found.
Therefore, information such as authors’ first names or
titles of works do not need to be written into the
text.
12. Writing a Research
•
Reportcomponents:
A research report has seven
3. Review of Literature
– Citations consist of authors’ last names and the year of
publication. One finds complete information on sources by
looking up last names and dates in alphabetized references—so
there’s no need to put all that information in the text.
– We have conventions that allow the reader to figure out from
where information is coming . Here are some examples of the
conventions for citing in text of the literature review:
Just pointing out where info came from:
• Form: blah blah (Author Year)
• Example: … the gays are different (Lee 2004).
– More than one article in the same year:
• Form: blah blah (Author Yeara) and also blah blah (Author yearb)
• Example: …are different (Lee 2004a), but are more pickled (Lee
2004b)
13. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
– We have conventions that allow the reader to figure out from
where information is coming . Here are some examples of the
conventions for citing in text of the literature review:
Where a researcher is quoted:
• Form: blah, “Quote quote” (Author Year: Pages)
• Example: reveals that “the gays are different.” (Lee 2004: 340).
More than one source:
• Form: blah blah (Author Year; Author Year)
• Example: …bi’s are more adept (Lee 2004; Seymour & Hewitt 1997).
14. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
– We have conventions that allow the reader to figure out from
where information is coming . Here are some examples of the
conventions for citing in text of the literature review:
Using the author’s name in a sentence:
• Form: Author (Year) says that…
• Example: Lee (2004) claims that girls will rule the world…
Quoting a person and using their name:
• Form: Author (Year: Pages) says, “Quote quote…”
• Example: Lee (2004: 341) says, “Girls are more likely to rule the
world…”
15. Writing a Research
Report
A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature—examples of citing
16. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
– If an idea is used, but cannot be substantiated by the
community of sociologists, the literature review
clearly shows that the author is speculating and
details the logic of the speculation.
– Do NOT discuss irrelevant information.
• For example, a paper on attitudes about marijuana attitudes
should not detail the multiple uses of hemp such as in clothing,
rope, hemp oil and so forth.
– The literature review has is written in the author’s
voice. The sources of information are not extensively
quoted or “copied and pasted.” Instead, the author
puts facts and ideas into his or her own words while
pointing out from where the information came.
• Analogously, if you were discussing the exciting things you
learned in a sociology course at a cocktail party, you would use
your own words. You would NOT pull out a book or lecture notes
and quote these word for word.
17. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
– Note: Explaining why social events occur as they do requires
use (and testing) of explanations that have worked before.
THESE EXPLANATIONS ARE CALLED THEORIES.
• Most academic literature reviews have a guiding theory
that is used to:
– Frame (or help us understand) facts in the literature.
– Establish expectations (or hypotheses) for the research.
– Justify speculation when no evidence to justify an idea
specific to a topic exists in the literature.
• Sometimes the whole point of a research project is to:
– Determine whether a theory works
– Pit two or more theories against each other to see which
works better
• You will most likely not refer to theories in your papers
18. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature
– Quantitative literature reviews typically end with:
1. Focused declarations of the particular issues the
research activity is addressing—ideas about a topic
that will be tested with quantitative methods
2. Research hypotheses
Hypotheses are statements of the expected
relationship(s) between two (or more) variables
For example:
“Men will have higher investment income than women.”
“Older Americans are more likely to oppose abortion
for a woman who doesn’t want her baby because she
is poor.”
19. Writing a Research
Report
A research report has seven components:
3. Review of Literature—examples of hypotheses
Hypothesis 1. In a new social context, girls will be more sociable than boys—getting more
involved with others (interactional commitments) and forming more emotionally close
relationships (affective commitments)—across activity domains.
Hypothesis 2. Given that commitments to new relationships positively determine identity
prominence, and identity prominence positively determines behaviors, if girls are
more sociable with newer persons, their identities and behaviors will change more
across activity domains.
Hypothesis 3. However, girls and boys will experience the same identity processes,
meaning that girls and boys with the same sociability in new relationships will have
equal identity and behavior changes.
20. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
4. Methods
A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN:
1. Descriptions of Data (Think in terms of: “Who, What, When,
Where, Why and How?”)
Report:
A. The Target Population
B. The Ways Data were Collected:
1. Sampling
2. Delivery Methods
C. Response Rates
D. Sample sizes resulting from various decisions
Such as:
1. eliminating non-Christians from the sample
2. using only white respondents
21. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
4. Methods
A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN:
2. Descriptions of Variables
First for dependent, then for independent
variables, report:
A. Names for the variables—make them intuitive! (Do
not use GSS variable names.)
B. Word for word description of the questions.
(sociology differs from psychology and medicine)
C. Final coding scheme—the numbers you assigned to
responses.
22. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
4. Methods
A METHODS SECTION MUST CONTAIN:
3. Manipulations of the variables or data
For example:
A. recoding income from 23 uneven intervals to five equivalent
categories
B. removing non-citizens if studying voting patterns
4. Reflection on ability of data to generalize to the
target population
A. Limitations of Data (omitted cases, biases, etc.)
B. Analyses that bolster claims that the data are appropriate
5. Statistical techniques that will be used to test your
hypotheses and the statistics program used.
24. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
5. Results
The results section chronicles the
outcome of the statistical analyses,
assessing whether your hypotheses
were correct and why or why not.
25. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
5. Results
The results section includes:
– Narrative describing most relevant findings
– Professional tables showing descriptive and inferential
statistics
• Tables must be numbered and have a descriptive title
• There are conventions for formatting
For example:
– Asterisks are used to highlight results that are
statistically important
– All numbers in a column are aligned on decimals
27. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
5. Results
The narrative and tables are complementary.
• The narrative discusses ONLY VERY IMPORTANT
Results and leaves details for tables.
• As different outcomes are described in the narrative,
reference is made to where the detailed information can
be found in the tables.
• The tables contain almost all statistical information so
that the author does not have to write a narrative for
every detail in the analysis.
28. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven
components:
5. Results
The narrative highlights:
– Evaluations of the hypotheses. Were
the research hypotheses supported?
– Statements about new discoveries or
surprises encountered in the analyses
29. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
6. Conclusions and Discussion
This section assesses how one’s research
findings relate to what the community of
sociologists have accepted as facts.
Things that should be done:
1. Summarize the most salient points of your
research (tell the reader what you found out
about your topic).
2. Discuss the general significance of your topic
and findings.
30. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
6. Conclusions and Discussion
3. Discuss the shortcomings of your study and
how these might affect your findings.
4. Discuss things future researchers should
investigate about your topic to advance
knowledge about it.
5. Help the reader gain the knowledge that you
think he or she ought to have about the topic.
You spent a lot of time exploring the, you
31. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
7. References
The references are just as important as any
other part of your paper.
References are the empirical support for
claims in a paper that are not directly
observed in the research. They are needed
for researchers to remain empirical in their
descriptions of topics.
32. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
7. References:
Link the paper to the community of scholars,
permitting readers to assess the worthiness
claims in a paper.
Make the research process much more
efficient because they make it very easy to
look up sources of facts and ideas.
33. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
7. References
Style:
Hanging indented
Alphabetical on author’s last name (by increasing year within same author)
Invert only first author’s name
Information within source in an order determined by type of source
Article:
Last Name, first name, first name last name, and first name last name.
Year. “Article title.” Journal Name Volume(number): 1st Page- Last
Page.
Lee, James Daniel. 2005. “Do Girls Change More than Boys? Gender
Differences and Similarities in the Impact of New Relationships on
Identities and Behaviors.” Self and Identity 4:131-47.
Multiple authors…
Kroska, Amy and Sarah K. Harkness. 2008. “Exploring the Role of
Diagnosis in the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness.” Social
Psychology Quarterly 71:193-208
34. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
7. References
Book Chapter:
Last Name, first name. Year. “Chapter Name.” Pages in the book in Book
Name, edited by first name last name. City of Publisher: Publisher.
Bianciardi, Roberto. 1997. "Growing Up Italian in New York City." Pp.179-
213 in Adult Narratives of Immigrant Childhoods, edited byAna
Relles. Rose Hill, PA: Narrative Press.
Book:
Last name, first name. Year. Book Name. City of Publisher: Publisher.
Stryker, Sheldon. 1980. Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural
Version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
35. Writing a Research
Report
• A research report has seven components:
7. References
General Social Survey:
Davis, James Allan and Smith, Tom W.: General Social Surveys, 1972-2008.
[machine-readable data file]. Principal Investigator, James A. Davis; Director
and Co-Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter
V. Marsden, NORC ed. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, producer,
2005; Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University
of Connecticut, distributor. 1 data file (53,043 logical records) and 1
codebook (2,656 pp).
Website:
Last Name (if available), first name. Year (if available). “Article or web page title.”
Journal or Report Name Volume (if available). Retrieved date
(http://address).
Markowitz, Robin. 1991. “Canonizing the Popular.” Cultural Studies Central. Retrieved
October 31, 2001 (http://culturalstudies.net/canon.htm).
Note: Do your best to replicate this style in the case of missing information. If
there is no author, use the title in that position. Always have a retrieved date
and website address.
36. Writing a Research
Report
A research report has seven components:
7. References—an example
37. Writing a Research
Report
Some General Points
1. Make accurate sociological claims in your paper. Stake
out positions—a kind of, “I think I have the answer to
this issue,” position.
2. Cite facts to support your sociological claims.
3. If you can, use theories to support your sociological
claims.
4. Every declaration or “fact claim” must be cited or overtly
posed as speculation.
38. Writing a Research
Report
Some General Points
5. Anticipate your reader’s questions as you write:
A. help the reader understand why your topic is important
B. demonstrate to the reader that you adequately investigated
your topic
C. help them anticipate what you’ll say next—everything you say
should seem reasonable to say
6. While writing, keep thinking “The point is to:
(1) establish hypotheses
(2) describe how to test the hypotheses
(3) give results of tests, and
(4) discuss what the reader should believe about the world.”
39. Writing a Research
Report
Some General Points
7. There is no right answer in a research paper—Just
approximate representations of the truth that are closer
or further away from that truth.
– The truth is:
• From “Community of Scholars”:
What they said about your topic in the journals,
books, and other publications
• From you:
What your methods and analyses revealed about the
topic.
40. Writing a Research
Report
Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism
• What is it?
– All knowledge in your head has either been
copied from some place or originally
discovered by you.
– Most knowledge was copied.
– This is true in most settings. General
knowledge is copied. Most teachers’ lectures
are copied knowledge.
– Human culture would not exist without our
keen ability to copy!
– Humans are natural copiers, but that is not
what is meant by the term “plagiarism.”
41. Writing a Research
Report
• The Elements of Style endorses imitation as a way for a
writer to achieve his own style:
– The use of language begins with imitation . . . The imitative life
continues long after the writer is on his own in the language,
for it is almost impossible to avoid imitating what one admires.
Never imitate consciously, but do not worry about being an
imitator; take pains instead to admire what is good. Then when
you write in a way that comes naturally, you will echo the
halloos that bear repeating.
Copied from: http://www.answers.com/topic/writing-style-1
42. Writing a Research
Report
Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism
• What is it?
– Among other things, plagiarism refers to taking
others’ work and representing it as if it were your own.
– In academics this is bad because with plagiarism:
• One cannot assess students’ development accurately
• The person who makes his or her livelihood by scholarly
pursuit is being robbed of credit
• It masks the lineage of ideas and facts.
“Plagiarism is to academics as Enron-accounting is to
corporate America.”
43. Writing a Research
Report
Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism
Lineage of Ideas:
– Original sources of research are all the proof we have for
some facts. Without the “paper trail” of academic thought:
• People could pass incorrect ideas off as facts
• We would have to keep “re-proving” things.
• The contexts that generated facts and ideas get lost.
• Research becomes highly inefficient as it becomes incredibly
difficult to find “full information” on a topic.
44. Writing a Research
Report
Finally…Avoiding Plagiarism
– To avoid plagiarism:
1. Document every source for information that is not
“general knowledge”—this includes facts and ideas.
2. Cite every time a fact or idea is used unless it is clear
that one citation is referring to a group of facts or
ideas.
3. If you quote material, put quotation marks around the
quoted stuff and include a page number within the
citation.
4. It is alright to paraphrase material, but you still have to
cite from where the paraphrased material came.
5. When in doubt, cite the source.
Improper citing is grounds for failure on the course
paper.