This document provides information on health and safety practices in the workshop. It discusses occupational health, safety, common causes of workplace accidents including human factors and environmental factors. It also outlines measures to prevent accidents such as training, supervision, inspections and use of personal protective equipment. First aid procedures are described for common injuries like bleeding, burns, blisters and fractures. Fire safety practices are also summarized including fire classes, extinguishers and the fire triangle.

1. WORKSHOP PRACTICE
Eng. Chigwere

2. Safety and Health
Health
• Occupational health has been defined as ‘enabling people to undertake their
occupation in the way that causes least harm to their health’. But according to the
World Health Organization (WHO) this is too narrow, because health means much
more: “a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Safety
• The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

3. Health and Safety
• Human factors cause most accidents at work, By Newsday - July 12, 2012
• The majority of workplace accidents are caused by human factors rather than by
machine faults, making safety consciousness, training and procedures the key
element in promoting safety at work.
• Eighty-eight percent of accidents that occur in the workplace are attributable to
human factors. Only 6% of workplace accidents are caused by machines and their
layout.

4. Health and Safety
• Environmental factors, such as poor visibility, heat, noise, dust and wet conditions,
are responsible for 4% of workplace accidents. The other 2% of accidents are
attributed to unavoidable natural events known as acts of God.
• Most of the country’s health and safety legislation is designed to prevent unsafe
conditions, such as machinery faults and environmental dangers.
• However, with almost 90% of accidents attributable to human error or human
behavior, there is a growing awareness globally of the importance of worker
education and supervision in efforts to reduce the number of accidents at work.

5. Health and Safety
• Ninety-five percent of accidents due to human factors can be blamed on
inadequate supervision or management of safety issues.

6. Environmental factors leading to accidents
• Poor visibility
• Heat
• Noise
• Dust
• Wet conditions

7. Human factors leading to accidents
• Memory lapses (including forgetting a step in the work process or a safety measure)
• Impaired judgment or reduced reasoning power
• Inattention or distraction
• Delayed or false sensation of the sensory organs
• Lack of competence and experience
• Skill level inadequate for the task performed
• Personality or attitude, such as negligence, arrogance, or overconfidence
• Poor risk perception due to poor knowledge and experience

8. Accident Prevention and Reduction
• Training and awareness
• Supervision, monitoring, and controlling
• Feedback and reports
• Frequent inspections and audits
• Skill development

9. Accident Prevention and Reduction
• Identify the hazard by carrying out a workplace risk assessment;
• Determine how employees might be at risk;
• Evaluate the risks;
• Record and review hazards at least annually, or earlier if something changes.

10. Locational Hazards in the workplace
• Physical hazards – the most common workplace hazards, including vibration,
noise and slips, trips and falls;
• Ergonomic hazards – physical factors that harm the musculoskeletal system,
such as repetitive movement, manual handling and poor body positioning;
• Chemical hazards – any hazardous substance that can cause harm to your
employees;
• Biological hazards – bacteria and viruses that can cause health effects, such as
hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and Legionnaire’s disease.

11. Inspection of tools and equipment
• Deformations (for steel-based tools)
• Visual Damage
• Loose components
• Pre-production anomalies

12. Inspection of tools and equipment
• Coating Inspection
• Visual Inspection
• Weight and Measurement Inspection
• Hands on/quality control Inspection

13. Personal Protective Equipment
• Personal protective equipment is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other
garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or
infection.

14. Fire (Fire triangle)

15. Classes of fire
The classes of fire
There are six classes of fire: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, ‘Electrical’, and Class F.
• Class A fires – combustible materials: caused by flammable solids, such as wood, paper, and fabric
• Class B fires – flammable liquids: such as petrol, turpentine or paint
• Class C fires – flammable gases: like hydrogen, butane or methane
• Class D fires – combustible metals: chemicals such as magnesium, aluminum or potassium
• Electrical fires – electrical equipment: once the electrical item is removed, the fire changes class
• Class F fires – cooking oils: typically a chip-pan fire

16. Types of fire extinguishers
1. Water
2. Foam
3. Dry Powder
4. CO2
5. Wet Chemical

18. FIRST AID PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT
First Aid for Bleeding
• Steps to take if you are faced with bleeding right now:
1.Cover the wound with a gauze or a cloth.
2.Apply direct pressure to stop the blood flow.
3.Don't remove the cloth. Add more layers if needed. The cloth will help clots form
to stop the flow.

19. FIRST AID PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT
• First Aid for Burns
1. Flush the burned area with cool running water for several minutes. Do
not use ice.
2. Apply a light gauze bandage.
3. Do not apply ointments, butter, or oily remedies to the burn.
4. Take ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain relief if necessary.
5. Do not break any blisters that may have formed.

20. FIRST AID PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT
• First Aid for Blisters
1. Use a sterilized needle and make small punctures at the edge of the
blister.
2. Express the fluid.
3. Then apply antibiotic ointment.
4. Cover it to protect it from further rubbing and pressure.

21. FIRST AID PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT
• First Aid for Suspected Fracture
1.Don't try to straighten it.
2.Stabilize the limb using a splint and padding to keep it immobile.
3.Put a cold pack on the injury, avoiding placing ice directly on the skin.
4.Elevate the extremity.
5.Give anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen.

22. FIRST AID PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT
• First Aid for Nosebleed
1.Lean slightly forward, not back.
2.Pinch the nose just below the bridge. Don't pinch the nostrils closed by
pinching lower.
3.Check after five minutes to see if bleeding has stopped. If not, continue
pinching and check after another 10 minutes.
4.You can also apply a cold pack to the bridge of the nose while pinching.