safety

1. FACT SHEET

2. Need for Safety:
Every year statistics reveal about injury and death that occur due to fire and accidents, hence
safety means the adoption of correct behavior to avoid injury, minimize loss of life and
moderate emergencies. These outcomes minimize social, economic and environmental
harm.
• To protect life
• To protect property
• To ensure safe working environment
Hazard: A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm.
Risk: A risk is the likelihood of that potential harm being realized
Accident: It is an unplanned or unexpected event which causes or is likely to cause injury to
a person, damage to property or environment.
Near Miss: It is defined as “an incident which does not result in any injury, death or any other
loss. But investigation to be done to understand the cause
FACT SHEET

3. HSE
“Health: Avoidance of work-related illness
- They usually build up slowly over a long time.
- They may have physical or chemical origins
“Safety: Avoidance of work-related injuries
(including property damage and fire)
“Safety at workplace (Environment) means having an environment free from injury and
hazards. Proper processes and procedures will allow employees to work without worrying
about their safety”.
RISK
The chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives. It is measured in
terms of:
• Consequences (Severity)
• Likelihood (Probability)
FACT SHEET

4. HIRA – (HAZARD IDENTIFICATION & RISK ASSESSMENT):
“A careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you can
weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm”
5 steps / Principles to do a Risk Assessment:
• Identify the hazards
• Decide who might be harmed and how
• Evaluate the risks and decide on control measures
• Record your findings and implement them
• Review your assessment and update if necessary
RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX
Elements of Risk:
Consequences / Severity (How Serious): The severity is expressed in terms of the effect on
the person, whether injury or ill health ranging from minor injury to death.
Likelihood / Probability (How Likely): Factors affecting the likelihood includes
FACT SHEET

5. FACT SHEET
Likelihood –
Risk Factors
Consequences – Risk Factors
Very Likely Probably occur
immediately or within a
short period of time
Fatality / (Very
High)
May cause death or loss of
facility
Likely Probably occur in time Major (High) Severe injury or illness or
major property damage
Possible Could happen occasionally Moderate Minor (usually reversible)
injury or illness resulting in
days off work or minor
property damage
Unlikely Could eventually happen Slight First Aid level treatment
Very Unlikely Has potential to occur, but
probably never will
Negligible No medical treatment

6. HANDLING OF RISKS
Mandatory of MVA Insurance and ESI Act etc.;
Risk Avoidance: It is very rare to avoid a risk completely. It is really possible at planning
stage of an operation for example; a particular site may be so prone to flooding that it is
rejected in favor of an alternate site.
Risk Reduction: It is always best to reduce either the probability or severity of loss but it
should be evaluated in the same way as other investment projects as need to ensure that too
much expenditure is not incurred.
Risk Retention: A firm can retain the risk when it can either: Charge losses against normal
operating costs as they occur and set aside a “Special Contingency fund from which losses
can be paid or borrow to cover the cost of any losses and repay later. This is termed as “Self
Insurance.
Risk Transfer: It can be done by subcontracting the work to another firm. Although risks may
be transferred but the ultimate cost may still lie with the same party.
FACT SHEET

7. FACT SHEET
ELIMINATION If it is necessary
SUBSTITUTION Is there a less hazardous alternative
ISOLATION Eg. Restrict access, use in a closed container, cabinet
ADMINISTRATION Eg. Training , Safe Work Procedure, Signage
ENGINEERING Eg. Trolleys to move loads, guards on machinery
HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROL

8. COST of Occupational Injuries or Effects of accidents vs Employer
Direct Cost:
• Compensation paid to the injured
• Medical expenses for his treatment
• Insurance Premium
Indirect Cost:
• Lost time of injured employee; wages paid for worker under workmen’s compensation Act.
• Lost time of other employees as other employees after accident stop work, watch and talk
about it.
• Lost time of foreman, supervisors and time spent on investigation; preparing reports,
settling claims; first aider
• Residual cost due to loss of production, profit
• Costs under employee welfare and benefit system other than compensation.
• Overhead charges: Expenses for light, heat, rent etc.
FACT SHEET

9. HIRA METHODOLOGY
(HIRA) Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment is a systematic risk assessment tool that
can be used to assess the risks of various hazards.
FACT SHEET

10. SAFETY BUDGET:
The safety budget is used for funding all activities that make Safety Management System
(SMS) reach the highest standard of safety.
The four main safety activities that require funding:
• Development of Safety Procedures
• Training
• Oversight
• Managing Safety Database
Causation of Accident Theory:
• Heinrich’s Theory
Heinrich's an American Industrial Safety pioneer from 1930’s work is claimed as the basis for
the theory of Behavior-based safety by some experts of this field, which holds that as many
as 95 percent of all workplace accidents are caused by unsafe acts & unsafe conditions
FACT SHEET

11. Unsafe Conditions
• Improper design or construction
• Improper plant layout
• Insufficient illumination
• Inadequate ventilation
• Inadequate PPE
• Defective machinery, equipment; tools
• Lack of proper training
• Wet & slippery surface
• Bad housekeeping
Unsafe Acts
• Operating or working machineries at unsafe speed
• Operating or using the tools and equipment improperly
• Working with defecting or wrong tool
• Not using PPE
• Smoking in prohibited areas
• Unsafe loading.
• Violation of site safety rules & regulations
• Unsafe lifting operations
FACT SHEET

12. Occupational Safety & Health (OSH):
It is referred to OSH or workplace health & safety (WHS) is an area concerned with the
safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. It aims at the
promotion of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
Since 1950, the International Labor organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization
(WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health.. It was adopted by joint ILO /
WHO committee on OSH.
HSWA (Health & Safety at Work etc, Act, 1974)
It is an Act of the Parliament of UK. This act defines general duties on employers, employees,
contractors. This act lays down the general principles for the management of health and
safety at work. It covers “Occupational Health & Safety”
Reporting Disabling Injury: An injury causing disablement for a period of 48 hours or more
is termed as “Reportable Disabling Injury”
Reportable Accidents: An accident preventing the employee from work for a period of 48
hours or more immediately after the occurrence of the accident is called a reportable
accident. Such accidents are to be notified to the “Factory Inspectorate in the prescribed form
within time.
FACT SHEET

13. SAFETY COMMITTEE (As per section 41 (G) Factories Act, 1948)
Purpose:
• To increase and maintain the interest of employees in health & safety issues.
• To convince managers, supervisors and employees through awareness and training
activities that they are primarily responsible for the prevention of workplace accidents.
• To help reduce the risk of workplace injuries and illness
• To help insure compliance with federal and state health and safety standards.
SAFETY COMMITTEE MEMBERS
It includes
• Chairperson
• Vice-Chairperson
• Secretary
• and other general members.
FACT SHEET

14. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE:
Industrial hygiene is generally defined as the art and science dedicated to the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation, communication and control of environmental stressors in, or arising
from, the work place that may result in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the well being of
workers and members of the community. These stressors are divided into the categories
biological, chemical, physical, ergonomic and psychosocial
• Physical hazards: Noise, temperature extremes, Poor Illumination and ergonomics
• Chemical exposures to be avoided and ensure MSDS is intact.
• Biological hazards like exposure to BBP should be taken care of.
FACT SHEET

15. SAFETY INDUCTION / ORIENTATION / TRAINING
• It includes legal requirements (for example health & safety obligatory training)
• Basic introduction to the company
• Emergency Exits
• Emergency contact numbers
• Visitor safety guidelines
• In case of Fire Emergency
• Visitor access and safe exits
• Working in High Risk areas
• Site Safety guidelines with required PPE
• Safe walk areas
• Vehicle speed limits
• Contractors working on site
• Site Evacuation Instructions
• Do’s and Don’ts in case of Fire
FACT SHEET

16. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Accident Investigation will determine how and why failures, examine possible corrective
action. It serves as an aid in the Accident Prevention.
Six Steps approach for Accident Investigation
• Immediate Action: It includes making the area safe, preserving the scene and notifying and to collect
perishable evidences such as CCTV tapes etc.;
• Plan the Investigation: Planning ensures that the investigation is systematic and complete. Check the
required resources and form a team to investigate efficiently.
• Data Collection: Apart from witnesses or people involved, collect the documents and scene of the
incident.
• Data Analysis: An incident is not a single event, but a chain of events so need to follow the sequence;
check for human errors.
• Corrective Action: By ignoring the root and underlying causes series of other incidents may trigger,
Look ahead beyond the direct causes and check for corrective action.
• Reporting: The investigation is closed when all outstanding issues been closed and findings have been
shared. Communication mechanism include formal incident investigation reports and presentations etc;
FACT SHEET

17. INVESTIGATION REPORT:
An Accident investigation is not complete until a report is prepared and submitted to the proper
authorities. The following content should be in an Investigation Report:
• Background Information:
• Account of the Accident (What Happened?)
• Discussion (Analysis of the Accident- HOW; WHY)
• Recommendations (to prevent a recurrence) for immediate and long-range action to remedy:
Why / Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top down, deductive failure analysis in which an undesired state
of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events.
EMERGENCY PLAN: A plan to deal with major emergencies is an important element of OH&S
programs. An Emergency Plan specifies procedures for handling sudden and unforeseen situations.
EMERGENCY PLAN ELEMENTS
The emergency plan includes:
• All possible emergencies, consequences, required actions, written procedures and resources
available.
• Detailed lists of personnel including their home telephone numbers, their duties and responsibilities.
• Floor plans & Large scale maps showing evacuation routes and service lines such as Gas / water
lines.
FACT SHEET

18. HEAT, ILLUMINATION & VENTILATION – LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
As per the Factories Act, 1948 in an factory the maximum temperature of air in a work room at a
height of 1.5 metres above the floor level shall not exceed 30oC and adequate air movement at least
30 meters per minute
ILLUMINATION
Types:
• General Ventilation either natural or mechanical
• Local Exhaust ventilation
• Natural Ventilation: It can be achieved by providing suitable opening in the building it should led
the flow of natural wind.
• Mechanical Ventilation: With the provision of mechanical exhaust fans, one side of wall to be
provided with exhaust fans and sufficient inlet openings are to be made in the opposite wall.
• Local Exhaust Ventilation: It is built with four elements: hood, the duct or pipe, fan and air cleaner
/ filter.
FACT SHEET

19. GOVT OF INDIA – LEGISLATIONS
• The Factories Act, 1948
• Employee State Insurance Act, 1948
• Indian Electricity Act, 1923
• Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1910
• Explosive Act, 1884,
The Central Govt. and State Govt. has set up certain departments to enforce various
acts and rules pertaining to Health, Safety and Welfare of the workers.
FACTORY INSPECTORATE: The Factory inspectors visit the factory and examine the
premises, plant and machinery on their safety aspects. They take up the factories approval,
licensing and registration of factories.
FACT SHEET

20. THE FACTORY ACT OF 1948
The Factory Act of 1948 and Amended Act of 1976 lay down Factory Act. It is the principal
legislation which governs the health, safety and welfare of workers in factories.
The main provisions of Factories Act are as follows:
• Health
• Safety
• Welfare
• Hours of Work
• Employment of person
• Leave and Wages
• Occupational diseases
• Special provisions
• Penalties and procedures
FACT SHEET

21.  SAFETY OFFICER’S Roles & Responsibilities:
Assess work place hazards like falling objects; harmful substances and
noise exposure etc.;
Prepare Tool Box Talk
Prepare monthly statistics
Provide PPE training to employees and instruct for proper usage
Inspection of Fire Extinguisher
Responsible for Employees safety orientation
SAFETY MANAGEMENT : It is an act and science of setting safety objectives of the industrial
company.
FACT SHEET

22.  TOOL BOX TALK :
Job related safety aspects
Job related hazards / risks
Control / Preventive measures
Adequacy of PPE’s / Condition
Following safety rules / safe work procedures
FACT SHEET