La dispensa del Workshop tenuto il 23 giugno 2015 a Fiumicino.
* cosa sono i SubBottom Profiler e per quali applicazioni vengono usati
* quale tecnologia permette loro di rilevare gli strati dei fondali marini e di acque interne
* quali caratteristiche tecniche verificare prima di un acquisto
Corso tenuto da Nick Lawrence - sales director - Edgetech.
Edgetech è rappresentata in Italia in esclusiva da Codevintec.
Echosounding ,shallow seismic reflection and underwater sonographic investiga...Sabna Thilakan
The document discusses various geophysical techniques used for construction of offshore structures, including echo sounding, side scan sonar, and high resolution seismic reflection methods. It provides details on echo sounding methodology, including sound propagation in water, acoustic parameters of echo sounders, and processing and presentation of bathymetry data. It also describes the working principles, components, and data processing of side scan sonar systems, and factors that affect the interpretation of sonar images. The objective is to understand the fundamentals and applications of these techniques for studying seabed and sub-seabed features in near offshore regions.
Side scan sonar was developed during WWII to detect submarines. It works by emitting acoustic signals from a towfish pulled behind a vessel to image the seafloor on both sides. Stronger returning signals appear darker on sonographs and are influenced by factors like target material, slope, and contrast. Side scan sonar is useful for mapping seafloor features and locating objects like shipwrecks. Limitations include effects from waves, currents, lack of contrast, and difficulties maintaining constant speed and towfish elevation.
Multibeam sonars transmit a broad acoustic pulse across a fan-shaped swath from specially designed transducers. The depth and position of the returning signal can be determined from the receive angle and two-way travel time if the speed of sound and sonar motion are known. Modern multibeam systems operate at frequencies from 70-500 kHz and can provide highly accurate charts with horizontal resolutions in the decimeter to centimeter range depending on frequency and sound speed precision. Multibeam systems are commonly mounted on ship hulls but can also be used on small vessels via an attached pole. They offer advantages like high detail, flexibility of use, and precise 3D bathymetry but cannot image below the seafloor.
This document provides an overview of principles of seismic data processing. It discusses key concepts like seismic generation, data processing steps, velocity analysis, noise attenuation techniques, and common processing flows. The document is divided into multiple chapters that cover topics such as wave propagation, reflection coefficients, deconvolution, F-K transforms, and factors that affect seismic amplitudes. Specific noise types like swell noise are also explained and methods to attenuate them, such as using band-pass filters or amplitude/frequency filters, are described.
Teledyne RESON presented new product developments at the Hydrographic Society, including the XRANGE and Full Rate Dual Head systems introduced in 2012. In 2013, RESON introduced new multibeam systems, software features, and pipe tracking capabilities. The presentation discussed the T20 portable sonar processor and detailed new operating modes, water column visualization, automated tracking, multi-detect features, and pipe detection and tracking modules. RESON also demonstrated forward-looking systems and their basking shark research using the SeaBat 7128 system.
The document provides information on single beam and multi beam echo sounders. It discusses the basic principles, components, specifications, corrections, and applications of single beam echo sounders. For multi beam echo sounders, it describes the introduction, basic principles, operation, types, instruments, system, surveys, specifications, applications, and limitations. The key aspects covered are the use of acoustic pulses to measure water depth, the difference between single beam and multi beam techniques, and the advantages of multi beam for more efficiently mapping large sea floor areas.
Side scan sonar uses a pulsed beam of sound transmitted horizontally on both sides of a ship to image the seafloor. Reflections are recorded to provide high resolution images of small seafloor objects. It consists of an underwater sensor towed behind the ship connected by cable. For optimal detection, the tow fish height should be maintained between 10-20% of the range scale used, adjusting the range scale or transducer angle if needed. Sonar lines should be run within 20 degrees of tidal streams and along depth contours to maintain tow fish height, or perpendicular to sandwave crests in those areas. Target heights can be estimated using similar triangles and measurements of shadow length and slope range on the sonar image.
This document discusses seabed classification and feature detection using side scan sonar. It describes how side scan sonar works by transmitting acoustic pulses sideways and imaging the seabed without measuring depth. Key settings like frequency, gain, range, and pulse rate affect the resolution of features detected. Side scan sonar is useful for classifying seabed types and detecting objects for applications in shipping, dredging, offshore energy, and more.
Echosounding ,shallow seismic reflection and underwater sonographic investiga...Sabna Thilakan
The document discusses various geophysical techniques used for construction of offshore structures, including echo sounding, side scan sonar, and high resolution seismic reflection methods. It provides details on echo sounding methodology, including sound propagation in water, acoustic parameters of echo sounders, and processing and presentation of bathymetry data. It also describes the working principles, components, and data processing of side scan sonar systems, and factors that affect the interpretation of sonar images. The objective is to understand the fundamentals and applications of these techniques for studying seabed and sub-seabed features in near offshore regions.
Side scan sonar was developed during WWII to detect submarines. It works by emitting acoustic signals from a towfish pulled behind a vessel to image the seafloor on both sides. Stronger returning signals appear darker on sonographs and are influenced by factors like target material, slope, and contrast. Side scan sonar is useful for mapping seafloor features and locating objects like shipwrecks. Limitations include effects from waves, currents, lack of contrast, and difficulties maintaining constant speed and towfish elevation.
Multibeam sonars transmit a broad acoustic pulse across a fan-shaped swath from specially designed transducers. The depth and position of the returning signal can be determined from the receive angle and two-way travel time if the speed of sound and sonar motion are known. Modern multibeam systems operate at frequencies from 70-500 kHz and can provide highly accurate charts with horizontal resolutions in the decimeter to centimeter range depending on frequency and sound speed precision. Multibeam systems are commonly mounted on ship hulls but can also be used on small vessels via an attached pole. They offer advantages like high detail, flexibility of use, and precise 3D bathymetry but cannot image below the seafloor.
This document provides an overview of principles of seismic data processing. It discusses key concepts like seismic generation, data processing steps, velocity analysis, noise attenuation techniques, and common processing flows. The document is divided into multiple chapters that cover topics such as wave propagation, reflection coefficients, deconvolution, F-K transforms, and factors that affect seismic amplitudes. Specific noise types like swell noise are also explained and methods to attenuate them, such as using band-pass filters or amplitude/frequency filters, are described.
Teledyne RESON presented new product developments at the Hydrographic Society, including the XRANGE and Full Rate Dual Head systems introduced in 2012. In 2013, RESON introduced new multibeam systems, software features, and pipe tracking capabilities. The presentation discussed the T20 portable sonar processor and detailed new operating modes, water column visualization, automated tracking, multi-detect features, and pipe detection and tracking modules. RESON also demonstrated forward-looking systems and their basking shark research using the SeaBat 7128 system.
The document provides information on single beam and multi beam echo sounders. It discusses the basic principles, components, specifications, corrections, and applications of single beam echo sounders. For multi beam echo sounders, it describes the introduction, basic principles, operation, types, instruments, system, surveys, specifications, applications, and limitations. The key aspects covered are the use of acoustic pulses to measure water depth, the difference between single beam and multi beam techniques, and the advantages of multi beam for more efficiently mapping large sea floor areas.
Side scan sonar uses a pulsed beam of sound transmitted horizontally on both sides of a ship to image the seafloor. Reflections are recorded to provide high resolution images of small seafloor objects. It consists of an underwater sensor towed behind the ship connected by cable. For optimal detection, the tow fish height should be maintained between 10-20% of the range scale used, adjusting the range scale or transducer angle if needed. Sonar lines should be run within 20 degrees of tidal streams and along depth contours to maintain tow fish height, or perpendicular to sandwave crests in those areas. Target heights can be estimated using similar triangles and measurements of shadow length and slope range on the sonar image.
This document discusses seabed classification and feature detection using side scan sonar. It describes how side scan sonar works by transmitting acoustic pulses sideways and imaging the seabed without measuring depth. Key settings like frequency, gain, range, and pulse rate affect the resolution of features detected. Side scan sonar is useful for classifying seabed types and detecting objects for applications in shipping, dredging, offshore energy, and more.
The document discusses parameters for designing 2D and 3D seismic surveys. It explains that survey design aims to achieve geophysical objectives cost-effectively within time constraints. Key factors in design include target depth, resolution needs, and noise levels. Parameters that can be set include fold, offsets, bin size, and record length. The design must satisfy criteria like resolving the target, avoiding interference, and allowing for processing steps. Proper parameter selection depends on the exploration problem and existing seismic data.
The document discusses the methods for near-surface seismic refraction surveying. It describes typical equipment used including seismographs, sensors, spread cables, and sources. It outlines survey geometry considerations for sensor and source placement. It also details typical recording parameters, the analysis process of picking first breaks and inverting travel time curves, and references additional analysis techniques and software.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
An airborne electromagnetic survey uses aircraft-mounted electromagnetic coils to map variations in ground conductivity. This non-invasive technique can identify metallic conductors like massive sulfides over large areas rapidly and at low cost. Factors like signal-to-noise ratio, penetration depth, discrimination of conductor types, and lateral coverage determine what conductors can be detected. Applications include mineral exploration, environmental mapping, hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration. Survey data is presented as profiles, apparent resistivity maps, and interpretation maps identifying anomaly locations and modeling their conductivity-thickness. Airborne EM has advantages over ground methods in accessing remote areas and efficiently locating targets for follow-up.
Methods of Shore Observations for Horizontal position FixingNzar Braim
This report is about the methods of observations of the shore for fixing the horizontal
control position, I will try to explain the hydrographic engineering science within its
advantages and applications and the most common methods used in hydrography
briefly.
We knew that the depths of the water bodies at various points and will be changed
and unstable so Depths are determined by making sounding which is determining the
depth of water from the stationary boat and the positions of sounding can be determined
either from the boat from shore or both of them.
If we want to make a survey Project or let's say if a surveyor wants to make a survey
project for hydrographic surveying and observation for this project so he needs
many processes many preparations many techniques many tools equipment and
So For establishing horizontal control and vertical control points, we have many
methods either offshore or onshore or both I mean from a boat or shore or both
consequently, I wrote a report about this important t subject and In this report I
mention all methods and explain the three applicable and using methods that have
been used in hydrographic surveying and also mention which method is good or
better than the other and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.At the end
my aim for preparing this report is to show the importance of hydrographic surveying
and how these methods can be used and all require and need for these methods and
also mention all steps, all equations that must be used for these methods.
Finally most important point I should mention it is a co-ordinated system or finding the
coordinates .the surveyor deals with the coordinates, so we make all these processes,
learning all methods, equations, formulas, steps, establishing control points, all above
just for one purpose which is finding the or calculating coordinate, and the most
the important thing in coordinate is accuracy, avoiding errors and uncertainty.
This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
Hyperspectral remote sensing for oil explorationJayanth Joshua
Hyperspectral remote sensing uses sensors that collect data across a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths, with more than 100 contiguous bands that provide detailed spectral signatures. This allows identification of subtle mineral and material differences that can indicate oil and gas deposits. Seeps at the surface cause alterations detectable by hyperspectral analysis, like calcite, pyrite and clay changes. A Hydrocarbon Index highlights absorption peaks related to hydrocarbons. Classification algorithms like Spectral Angle Mapper can map hydrocarbon-bearing zones by comparing spectra to known samples. Soil tonal anomalies from bleaching or iron/clay changes also indicate subsurface structures and seepage areas for exploration.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
Landsat was designed in the 1960s by NASA and the US to observe Earth's land areas from space. Seven Landsat satellites have been launched since 1972, each carrying improved sensors to gather data on land use and changes over time. Landsat provides multispectral imagery at periodic intervals to support applications like agriculture, geology and environmental monitoring.
The document discusses different geophysical methods used for subsurface exploration, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, and seismic methods. It focuses on explaining the gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity surveys measure differences in the gravitational field to detect variations in subsurface density distributions. Magnetic surveys map variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in magnetic susceptibility or structure of near-surface rocks. Both methods are used to locate features like hydrocarbon deposits, ore bodies, cavities, and buried structures or utilities.
mateorological and ocean monitoring satellite (2).pptxsapna kinattinkara
This document summarizes meteorological and ocean monitoring satellites. It discusses the main types of meteorological satellites including geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. It provides details on specific meteorological satellite programs run by countries and organizations like the US, Europe, India, and Japan. These include NOAA, GOES, Meteosat, Nimbus, Megha-Tropiques, and INSAT satellites. The document also describes the common sensors and image types used by these satellites like AVHRR, TOVS, and visible, infrared, water vapor images. It explains the features and uses of these different sensor images.
The use of geoinformatics in mineral exploration and exploitationMarguerite Walsh
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics, including remote sensing techniques, in mineral exploration and exploitation. It provides several case studies demonstrating how different remote sensing data and techniques can be used to map surface geology and identify potential mineral deposits. These include using Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery to map surficial mineralogy across large areas, detect hydrothermal alteration zones indicating gold mineralization, and identify geothermal anomalies. Integrating remote sensing data with other spatial datasets in a GIS provides additional insights. Future opportunities discussed include the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles and the upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission.
The document discusses Esri's Ocean GIS Initiative which aims to expand the company's capabilities for mapping and analyzing ocean data. The initiative will focus on areas like research and exploration, ecosystems, fisheries management, and coastal protection. It highlights several existing projects including the Ocean Basemap, SeaSketch tool, Ocean Health Index, and ArcGIS for Maritime and Ocean Use Planning portals. The overall goals are to grow ocean mapping tools and data, engage more with ocean science partners, and support coastal and marine spatial planning.
Extended seismic data processing lec25, fk filteringAmin khalil
The document discusses seismic data processing techniques in the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) domain. It defines the f-k domain as a two-dimensional Fourier transform over time and space. Noise like groundroll and multiples can be more readily separated and filtered in the f-k domain before inverse transforming. Spatial aliasing is also discussed, and the Nyquist criterion and proper trace sampling are important to avoid aliasing. Filtering techniques like pie-slice filters in the f-k domain can be used to remove noise like groundroll.
This document summarizes an academic presentation on applications of geophysical survey methods, including:
- Gravity surveys can be used to explore for hydrocarbons, study regional geology, locate mineral deposits, and monitor volcanoes. They help determine density variations underground.
- Magnetic surveys detect variations in the Earth's magnetic field to map archaeological artifacts, locate buried infrastructure like pipes and tanks, explore for ores and fossil fuels, and study tectonics and geology.
- Electrical resistivity surveys measure subsurface resistivity variations to detect archaeological features, map groundwater, and identify contaminant plumes or unstable ground conditions.
- Seismic surveys use acoustic impulses to image underground rock layers for applications like
Reflecting method of seismic prospectingPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Seismic data processing 13 stacking&migrationAmin khalil
1) Stacking involves correcting common midpoint (CMP) gathers for normal moveout (NMO) and then summing the traces to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. There are two types of stacking: horizontal and vertical.
2) While stacking improves signal-to-noise ratio, it averages over different incident angles and results in data only at zero offset.
3) Migration is needed to properly image dipping and irregular reflectors by removing wave phenomena like diffraction and properly locating reflections in the subsurface.
This document discusses the different types of aerial cameras used for photogrammetry. It describes single-lens frame cameras which have a fixed lens and film and are classified by their angular field of view. It also covers multi-lens frame cameras which use two or more lenses to simultaneously expose the same area on different films. Strip cameras are described as using a single or two lenses to continuously photograph a film passing over a narrow slit. Finally, panoramic cameras are outlined as providing a horizontal strip of terrain from horizon to horizon by laterally scanning from one side to the other.
Thermal remote sensing measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted from surfaces, unlike optical remote sensing which measures reflected radiation. There are two primary thermal infrared windows between 3-5μm and 8-14μm where atmospheric absorption is low. Thermal remote sensing relies on kinetic heat, or internal temperature of objects, and radiant temperature, the external radiation emitted and detected at a distance. Emissivity is the ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to that of a blackbody and varies among materials, affecting apparent radiant temperature. Thermal data can be collected via scanning systems or push-broom arrays and used for applications like agriculture, natural hazards monitoring, border security, and urban heat island analysis.
Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge .
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing (UT). It discusses the basic principles of how sound is generated and travels through materials. The main UT inspection techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are described. It also outlines common equipment used like transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. Various applications of UT are mentioned such as thickness gauging, flaw detection in welds, and delamination inspection. The document provides a high-level introduction to the concepts and applications of ultrasonic testing.
The document discusses parameters for designing 2D and 3D seismic surveys. It explains that survey design aims to achieve geophysical objectives cost-effectively within time constraints. Key factors in design include target depth, resolution needs, and noise levels. Parameters that can be set include fold, offsets, bin size, and record length. The design must satisfy criteria like resolving the target, avoiding interference, and allowing for processing steps. Proper parameter selection depends on the exploration problem and existing seismic data.
The document discusses the methods for near-surface seismic refraction surveying. It describes typical equipment used including seismographs, sensors, spread cables, and sources. It outlines survey geometry considerations for sensor and source placement. It also details typical recording parameters, the analysis process of picking first breaks and inverting travel time curves, and references additional analysis techniques and software.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
An airborne electromagnetic survey uses aircraft-mounted electromagnetic coils to map variations in ground conductivity. This non-invasive technique can identify metallic conductors like massive sulfides over large areas rapidly and at low cost. Factors like signal-to-noise ratio, penetration depth, discrimination of conductor types, and lateral coverage determine what conductors can be detected. Applications include mineral exploration, environmental mapping, hydrocarbon and groundwater exploration. Survey data is presented as profiles, apparent resistivity maps, and interpretation maps identifying anomaly locations and modeling their conductivity-thickness. Airborne EM has advantages over ground methods in accessing remote areas and efficiently locating targets for follow-up.
Methods of Shore Observations for Horizontal position FixingNzar Braim
This report is about the methods of observations of the shore for fixing the horizontal
control position, I will try to explain the hydrographic engineering science within its
advantages and applications and the most common methods used in hydrography
briefly.
We knew that the depths of the water bodies at various points and will be changed
and unstable so Depths are determined by making sounding which is determining the
depth of water from the stationary boat and the positions of sounding can be determined
either from the boat from shore or both of them.
If we want to make a survey Project or let's say if a surveyor wants to make a survey
project for hydrographic surveying and observation for this project so he needs
many processes many preparations many techniques many tools equipment and
So For establishing horizontal control and vertical control points, we have many
methods either offshore or onshore or both I mean from a boat or shore or both
consequently, I wrote a report about this important t subject and In this report I
mention all methods and explain the three applicable and using methods that have
been used in hydrographic surveying and also mention which method is good or
better than the other and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.At the end
my aim for preparing this report is to show the importance of hydrographic surveying
and how these methods can be used and all require and need for these methods and
also mention all steps, all equations that must be used for these methods.
Finally most important point I should mention it is a co-ordinated system or finding the
coordinates .the surveyor deals with the coordinates, so we make all these processes,
learning all methods, equations, formulas, steps, establishing control points, all above
just for one purpose which is finding the or calculating coordinate, and the most
the important thing in coordinate is accuracy, avoiding errors and uncertainty.
This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
Hyperspectral remote sensing for oil explorationJayanth Joshua
Hyperspectral remote sensing uses sensors that collect data across a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths, with more than 100 contiguous bands that provide detailed spectral signatures. This allows identification of subtle mineral and material differences that can indicate oil and gas deposits. Seeps at the surface cause alterations detectable by hyperspectral analysis, like calcite, pyrite and clay changes. A Hydrocarbon Index highlights absorption peaks related to hydrocarbons. Classification algorithms like Spectral Angle Mapper can map hydrocarbon-bearing zones by comparing spectra to known samples. Soil tonal anomalies from bleaching or iron/clay changes also indicate subsurface structures and seepage areas for exploration.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
Landsat was designed in the 1960s by NASA and the US to observe Earth's land areas from space. Seven Landsat satellites have been launched since 1972, each carrying improved sensors to gather data on land use and changes over time. Landsat provides multispectral imagery at periodic intervals to support applications like agriculture, geology and environmental monitoring.
The document discusses different geophysical methods used for subsurface exploration, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, and seismic methods. It focuses on explaining the gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity surveys measure differences in the gravitational field to detect variations in subsurface density distributions. Magnetic surveys map variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in magnetic susceptibility or structure of near-surface rocks. Both methods are used to locate features like hydrocarbon deposits, ore bodies, cavities, and buried structures or utilities.
mateorological and ocean monitoring satellite (2).pptxsapna kinattinkara
This document summarizes meteorological and ocean monitoring satellites. It discusses the main types of meteorological satellites including geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. It provides details on specific meteorological satellite programs run by countries and organizations like the US, Europe, India, and Japan. These include NOAA, GOES, Meteosat, Nimbus, Megha-Tropiques, and INSAT satellites. The document also describes the common sensors and image types used by these satellites like AVHRR, TOVS, and visible, infrared, water vapor images. It explains the features and uses of these different sensor images.
The use of geoinformatics in mineral exploration and exploitationMarguerite Walsh
The document discusses the use of geoinformatics, including remote sensing techniques, in mineral exploration and exploitation. It provides several case studies demonstrating how different remote sensing data and techniques can be used to map surface geology and identify potential mineral deposits. These include using Landsat and ASTER satellite imagery to map surficial mineralogy across large areas, detect hydrothermal alteration zones indicating gold mineralization, and identify geothermal anomalies. Integrating remote sensing data with other spatial datasets in a GIS provides additional insights. Future opportunities discussed include the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles and the upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission.
The document discusses Esri's Ocean GIS Initiative which aims to expand the company's capabilities for mapping and analyzing ocean data. The initiative will focus on areas like research and exploration, ecosystems, fisheries management, and coastal protection. It highlights several existing projects including the Ocean Basemap, SeaSketch tool, Ocean Health Index, and ArcGIS for Maritime and Ocean Use Planning portals. The overall goals are to grow ocean mapping tools and data, engage more with ocean science partners, and support coastal and marine spatial planning.
Extended seismic data processing lec25, fk filteringAmin khalil
The document discusses seismic data processing techniques in the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) domain. It defines the f-k domain as a two-dimensional Fourier transform over time and space. Noise like groundroll and multiples can be more readily separated and filtered in the f-k domain before inverse transforming. Spatial aliasing is also discussed, and the Nyquist criterion and proper trace sampling are important to avoid aliasing. Filtering techniques like pie-slice filters in the f-k domain can be used to remove noise like groundroll.
This document summarizes an academic presentation on applications of geophysical survey methods, including:
- Gravity surveys can be used to explore for hydrocarbons, study regional geology, locate mineral deposits, and monitor volcanoes. They help determine density variations underground.
- Magnetic surveys detect variations in the Earth's magnetic field to map archaeological artifacts, locate buried infrastructure like pipes and tanks, explore for ores and fossil fuels, and study tectonics and geology.
- Electrical resistivity surveys measure subsurface resistivity variations to detect archaeological features, map groundwater, and identify contaminant plumes or unstable ground conditions.
- Seismic surveys use acoustic impulses to image underground rock layers for applications like
Reflecting method of seismic prospectingPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Seismic data processing 13 stacking&migrationAmin khalil
1) Stacking involves correcting common midpoint (CMP) gathers for normal moveout (NMO) and then summing the traces to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. There are two types of stacking: horizontal and vertical.
2) While stacking improves signal-to-noise ratio, it averages over different incident angles and results in data only at zero offset.
3) Migration is needed to properly image dipping and irregular reflectors by removing wave phenomena like diffraction and properly locating reflections in the subsurface.
This document discusses the different types of aerial cameras used for photogrammetry. It describes single-lens frame cameras which have a fixed lens and film and are classified by their angular field of view. It also covers multi-lens frame cameras which use two or more lenses to simultaneously expose the same area on different films. Strip cameras are described as using a single or two lenses to continuously photograph a film passing over a narrow slit. Finally, panoramic cameras are outlined as providing a horizontal strip of terrain from horizon to horizon by laterally scanning from one side to the other.
Thermal remote sensing measures the thermal infrared radiation emitted from surfaces, unlike optical remote sensing which measures reflected radiation. There are two primary thermal infrared windows between 3-5μm and 8-14μm where atmospheric absorption is low. Thermal remote sensing relies on kinetic heat, or internal temperature of objects, and radiant temperature, the external radiation emitted and detected at a distance. Emissivity is the ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to that of a blackbody and varies among materials, affecting apparent radiant temperature. Thermal data can be collected via scanning systems or push-broom arrays and used for applications like agriculture, natural hazards monitoring, border security, and urban heat island analysis.
Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge .
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing (UT). It discusses the basic principles of how sound is generated and travels through materials. The main UT inspection techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are described. It also outlines common equipment used like transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. Various applications of UT are mentioned such as thickness gauging, flaw detection in welds, and delamination inspection. The document provides a high-level introduction to the concepts and applications of ultrasonic testing.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to inspect materials for flaws and thickness measurements. It can be used on a variety of materials like castings, forgings and composites. There are different techniques like pulse-echo and through transmission. Equipment includes transducers to generate and receive sound, instrumentation to display signals, and calibration standards. Signals can be displayed as A-scans, B-scans or C-scans. Ultrasonic testing is sensitive to subsurface flaws but requires skilled technicians and may not work well on rough surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to detect discontinuities and make measurements in materials. It describes the basic principles of how sound waves propagate through materials and are used in UT. The main UT techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are summarized. The key equipment used, including transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards are outlined. Common applications like thickness gauging, flaw detection, and imaging are highlighted. Data presentation formats of A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans are briefly explained. Advantages and limitations of UT are listed.
This document provides an introduction to ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials. It describes the basic principles of how sound waves propagate through materials and are used in UT. The main UT techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are explained. Applications of UT include thickness gauging, flaw detection in welds and composites. Key UT equipment includes transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. Transducers come in various shapes and sizes for different applications.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to test castings, forgings, welds and composites. Basic principles involve generating and transmitting sound waves into a material and analyzing reflections to determine features and thickness. Common techniques include pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam and angle beam testing using contact or immersion coupling of transducers.
- A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Piezoelectric ultrasound transducers convert electrical energy to ultrasonic energy and vice versa. Common transducer materials include lead zirconate titanate and polyvinylidene difluoride.
- The thickness of the transducer crystal determines its resonant frequency. Thinner crystals have higher frequencies while thicker crystals have lower frequencies. Transducers can emit ultrasound at frequencies other than the resonant frequency but at lower intensities.
- Transducers can be operated in pulsed or continuous wave mode. Pulsed mode is used for medical ultrasound to produce images. Phased array transducers use variable time delays between transdu
The Defense Safety Oversight Council identified nine high noise sources within the DoD and one promising noise control technology. The sources included shipboard diesel systems, gas turbines, vehicles, aircraft operations, and abrasive blasting. Noise from these sources exceeds safe exposure levels and causes hearing loss, a significant disability for veterans. The initiative evaluated noise reduction plans and return on investment for applying noise control experts and technologies. While the analysis was limited, noise controls like dampening, isolation, and modular cabins could significantly reduce costs from hearing loss while improving working conditions.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to inspect castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Sound waves are introduced via a transducer and any reflections are detected and analyzed. There are various techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. Ultrasonic testing is versatile and can detect subsurface flaws with minimal part preparation. It has limitations for rough, irregular, or coarse-grained materials. Proper equipment, transducers, and calibration standards are required to ensure accurate inspections.
Lecture 1 - Introduction, History, and Basic Acoustics.pptxCuauhtemocMendez2
This document provides an overview of an electroacoustics course. It includes a course description, required texts, materials available online, and an overview of topics to be covered. The key topics covered include transducer theory, loudspeaker systems, microphones, electrical interfaces, acoustical interfaces, and other electroacoustic devices. A brief history of electroacoustics is also provided, covering developments from 1800 to present day. Background reading materials on fundamentals of acoustics and the physics of sound are assigned.
This document is a seminar presentation on ultrasonic testing. It begins with an introduction to ultrasonic testing and the basic principles of sound generation. It then covers the principles of ultrasonic inspection, how ultrasound is generated, common testing techniques like pulse-echo and through transmission, ultrasonic equipment including transducers and instrumentation. Applications of ultrasonic testing are discussed such as quality control, thickness measurements, and weld inspections. The advantages of ultrasonic testing are provided, such as its sensitivity to small flaws and ability to determine reflector position. Limitations are also noted, such as requirements for a coupling medium and difficulties inspecting some materials.
The document discusses analog and digital recording platforms. It states that analog and digital platforms are still standard in recording studios, with each having distinct sounds and applications in audio production. Analog recording uses magnetic tape that stores magnetic remnants representing audio signals. Digital recording represents audio as binary code by sampling amplitude over time at set bit rates. Both platforms remain important tools for music recording and production.
The document describes the design and construction of a digital hearing aid with recording capabilities. It aims to minimize background noise and allow playback of conversations. Key features include:
- A directional microphone and telecoil input to the amplifier circuit.
- An audio recording system using an IC memory to store up to 60 seconds of playback.
- A testing process that showed improved hearing for users with disabilities, except those who are completely deaf.
The hearing aid was designed and constructed to address issues like noise filtering, sound localization, and social stigma. Test results demonstrated benefits for various levels of impaired hearing. Recommendations include reducing size, improving noise cancellation and feedback management, and increasing storage capacity.
This document discusses information and communication technology in science. It defines a data logger as an electronic instrument that can take sensor measurements and store the data. Data logging is the process of using a computer to collect data through sensors, analyze it, and save and output the results. The document then discusses using a virtual oscilloscope to measure the speed of sound by bursting a balloon and analyzing the time delay between microphone recordings. It describes how echoes form in caves and tunnels when sounds bounce off surfaces.
This document discusses information and communication technology in science. It defines a data logger as an electronic instrument that can take sensor measurements and store the data. Data logging is described as the process of using a computer to collect data through sensors, analyze the data, and save and output the results. The document then discusses using a virtual oscilloscope to measure the speed of sound by bursting a balloon and analyzing the time delay between microphone recordings. It concludes that data logging is commonly used for collecting information too fast or accurately for humans.
A professor at the University of Colorado Denver has received $710,000 in grants to establish a new National Center for Audio/Video Forensics. The center will develop new techniques for analyzing audio and video evidence to help solve crimes. It will provide training to students and professionals in fields like recording arts, computer science, and law enforcement. The grants were awarded by the Department of Justice and other organizations to create a leading forensics center for audio and video analysis.
New Approaches to Preserve Residual Hearing and Improve Performance for Cochl...HEARnet _
Presentation given by HEARing CRC CEO Associate Professor Robert Cowan on new approaches to preserve residual hearing and improve performance for cochlear implant recipients at the New Zealand Audiological Society‘s 38th Annual Conference (2-5 July 2014).
1. The document presents an acoustic design analysis of the auditorium at Damansara Performing Arts Centre in Malaysia. It examines the centre's sound reinforcement system, sound concentration, reflection, and attenuation qualities.
2. The auditorium utilizes various speakers including passive subwoofers, 2-way full range cabinet speakers, and in-wall speakers to produce sound. Measurements and analysis of sound levels and distribution were conducted to understand the acoustic performance.
3. Factors like sound absorption materials, structural wall surfaces, and reflectors are discussed in relation to how they influence sound reflection and concentration in the auditorium. Calculations of sound delay and reverberation times are also provided.
La mappatura del sottosuolo per il rilievo, il controllo e il catasto dei sottoservizi. I diversi georadar disponibili.
Presentazione tenuta ai CodevintecDays nel maggio 23 dall'ing. Maurizio Porcu.
Monitoraggio infrastrutture, strade e trasporti - CodevintecDays mag-23.pdfCodevintec Italiana srl
i migliori georadar per rilevare strade e pavimentazioni, ponti e cavalcavia, gallerie e infrastrutture, ballast, sottoservizi...
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dall'ing. Maurizio Porcu.
magnetometri, elettromagnetometri, sismografi e e tecnologie di geofisica applicata per il monitoraggio dell'ambiente, la ricerca di discariche e ordigni inesplosi, lo studio del dissesto idrogeologico, il controllo degli argini...
relazione tenuta a maggio 23 per i CodevintecDays dal dott. Nicola Catalano.
georadar 3D: i vantaggi della tecnica Step Frequncy, la precisione dei rilievi, la rapidità delle indagini, le profondità raggiunte...
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dall'ing. Maurizio Porcu.
magnetometria e sismica terrestre e marina: quali rilievi, quali studi, quali applicazioni?
Indagini sismiche attive e passive, sismica a rifrazione e riflessione...
ricerca di oggetti ferromagnetici, archeologia, geologia, ricerche di ordigni inesplosi...
Relazione tenuta ai CodevintecDays nel mag 23 dal dott. Nicola Catalano.
quali strumenti usare per ricerca e indagini su discariche, bonifiche di ex aree industriali, rilievi di siti contaminati, geologia e stratigrafia, ricerca di cavità nascoste nel sottosuolo...?
Presentazione tenuta ai CodevintecDays nel maggio 23 dal dott. Nicola Catalano.
Archeologia: gli strumenti per le indagini non-distruttive - CodevintecDays m...Codevintec Italiana srl
i georadar e i laserscanner da foro indagano - senza disturbarlo - il sottosuolo di chiese, monumenti, terreni. Permettono di individuare stanze nascoste, cripte, cavità, oggetti sepolti... le indagini pre-scavo rivelano i luoghi dove scavare o eseguire ulteriori indagini.
Nella relazione si raccontano anche i ritrovamenti di alcuni passaggi nascosti del Castello Sforzesco di Milano e di strutture interrate nel Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica.
Relazione tenuta ai CodevintecDays nel mag 23 dall'ing. Maurizio Porcu.
I sistemi georadar per rilevare il sottosuolo senza scavare. I diversi modelli GSSI per le varie applicazioni: le frequenze da utilizzare, le modalità di rilievo ed elaborazione.
Relazione tenuta ai CodevintecDays nel mag 23 dall'ing. Maurizio Porcu.
Il software idrografico Teledyne PDS (ex PDS2000): navigazione avanzata, rilievi batimetrici e oceanografici, controlli dei dragaggi, lavori marittimi.
Presentazione dei diversi moduli disponibili, esempi di applicazioni, consigli d'uso...
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dal dott. Lorenzo Minno.
Multibeam ad alta e altissima definizione - CodevintecDays mag-23.pdfCodevintec Italiana srl
I nuovi multibeam T20 e T51 ad alta e altissima definizione, dalle dimensione e prestazioni eccezionali.
Tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days da Andrea Faccioli, direttore commerciale.
Le tecnologie integrate per supportare i dragaggi: hardware e software per il controllo in tempo reale.
Tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days da Marco Fumanti, responsabile tecnico.
i sistemi integragi per monitorare le acque dei porti: i parametri chimico-fisici, le correnti, i fondali...
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dal dott. Alessandro Scianca.
i sistemi oceanografici: sonde multiparametriche, CTD e altri parametri, ADCP, correntometri, mareografi, misuratori di portata, bottiglie per campionamento acque...
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dal dott. Alessandro Scianca.
cosa offre Codevintec?
vendita di strumenti ad alta tecnologia per geofisica marina e terrestre, geologia, sismologia, vulcanologia, oceanografia, monitoraggio ambientale, strade, porti e infrastrutture...
E l'assistenza tecnica: in laboratorio, on site e in remoto.
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days da Andrea Faccioli, direttore commerciale e Marco Fumanti, responsabile tecnico.
il nuovo drone marino per rilievi in acque chiuse, porti, bacini irraggiungibili. leggero e resistente, in carbon-kevlar, ha un payload di oltre 40kg!
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days da Andrea Faccioli, direttore commerciale.
la presentazione dei magnetometri marini Geometrics in specifico per la ricerca degli ordigni inesplosi sui fondali. Tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dal dott. Nicola Catalano.
i sistemi sonar per studiare i fondali marini e oceanografici: SideScan Sonar e SubBottom Profiler forniscono immagini ad alta e altissima risoluzione dei fondali, degli oggetti che vi giacciono, e di ciò che nascondono al di sotto.
Presentazione tenuta a maggio 23 durante i Codevintec Days dal dott. Lorenzo Minno.
Si occuperà di proporre e vendere strumentazione di geofisica marina, oceanografia, idrografia. Supportato dal reparto tecnico e dai commerciali più esperti, aiuterà il Cliente ad individuare la migliore soluzione per la sua applicazione di survey.
Si occuperà di proporre e vendere strumentazione di geofisica marina, oceanografia, idrografia. Supportato dal reparto tecnico e dai commerciali più esperti, aiuterà il Cliente ad individuare la migliore soluzione per la sua applicazione di survey.
Sarà impegnato nelle attività tipiche di un laboratorio elettronico: manutenzione e riparazione di strumenti scientifici. Aiuterà il personale più esperto nei collaudi, nell’integrazione e allestimento degli strumenti, nell’assistenza tecnica, anche online.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
5. • Long history in the marine community
• Diverse offering based on underwater acoustics
– Sonar Systems
• Side Scan Sonars, Bathymetric systems, and Sub‐Bottom Profilers
– Acoustic Command Systems
• Acoustic Releases and Acoustic Actuators
– Acoustic Positioning
• USBL Systems
• Standard Products and custom solutions provider
• Manufacturing quality and efficiency
– Cell based lean manufacturing
– Part traceability
– Rigorous Testing
• Very strong Engineering team
– Research and Development
– Product Applications
– Customer Support and Training
What sets EdgeTech apart ?
6. • Engineering
– Acoustic
• Ceramics, transducers, hydrophones, arrays
• Algorithms
– Mechanical
• High level of experience with electronics, housing, array, packaging, cabling
– Software
• Firmware and user‐level expertise
– Test
– Specials, custom solutions
– New product development emphasis
Core Competencies
7. • Manufacturing
– Cell based lean manufacturing
– Strong supporting test facilities for
engineering and manufacturing
• Pressure chambers, environmental, acoustic
test tank, 2 research vessels for on‐water tests
• Support / Customer Service
– Training and Commissioning Support.
– Phone and Remote Access Support
• 24 hour / 365 days
– Authorised Service Centres
Core Competencies
8. • Sonar Systems
– Side Scan Sonar
– Sub‐bottom Profilers
– Bathymetry
– Combined Systems
– AUV/ROV Systems
• Actuated Products
– Acoustic Releases
– Pop‐up Systems
– Acoustic Actuators
• Navigation & Positioning
– USBL Acoustic Tracking Systems
– Motion Reference Unit (MRU)
Products & Solutions
9. Sonar Systems
4125
Ultra High Resolution
Lightweight Portable
4200
Multipurpose
Side Scan System
6205
Bathymetry &
Side Scan Sonar
LMCS
Military ‐ High Speed &
Long Range
Side Scan Sonar
Sub‐bottom Profiler
Bathymetry (3‐D)
Frequency options
available
400 kHz & 900 kHz
600 kHz & 1600 kHz
100 kHz & 400 kHz
100 kHz & 600 kHz
300 kHz & 600 kHz
300 kHz & 900 kHz
230 kHz (230 & 550 kHz SSS)
540 kHz (230 & 550 kHz SSS)
540 kHz (550 & 1600 kHz SSS)
600/1600 kHz MP DF
Depth (meters) 200 m 2000 m 100 m 300 m or custom
Bathymetry :
Multi‐Pulse option :
Dynamic Focusing :
Configurations :
Tow fish
Ship or pole mount
AUV/ ROV mount
Sample Applications: • Hydrographic Surveys
• Geological Surveys
• Search & Recovery
• Channel/Clearance Surveys
• Bridge/Pier/Harbor Wall
Inspection
• Hull Inspections
• Hydrographic Surveys
• Archeological Surveys
• Cable and Pipeline Surveys
• Geohazard Surveys
• Geological/Geophysical Surveys
• Benthic Habitat Mapping
• Dredging Operations
• Military Rapid Environ.
Assessments (REA)
• Nautical Charting
• Route Surveys
• Shallow Water Hydrographic
Surveys
• Mine‐like target detection and
classification
• Change detection
• Q Route Survey
• High speed/long range survey
10. 3100/3200
Portable Sub‐bottom
profiler
2000
Combined Side scan sonar
& Sub‐bottom
2200 / 2205
Sonars for ROV, AUV, USV
2400 / Specials
Deep tows
Side Scan Sonar
Sub‐bottom Profiler
Bathymetry (3‐D)
Frequencies options
available
500 Hz‐12 kHz
2‐16 kHz
4‐24 kHz
500 Hz‐12 kHz
2‐16 kHz
100 kHz/400 kHz
300 kHz/600 kHz
all sub‐bottom, side scan and
bathymetry frequencies available
1‐10 kHz
2‐16 kHz
75 kHz/110 kHz
120 kHz/410 kHz
230 or 540 kHz (bathy)
Depth (meters) 300 m 2000 m, 3000 m options to 6000 m options to 6000 m
Bathymetry: optional
Multi‐Pulse :
Dynamic Focusing : optional
Configurations :
Tow fish
Ship or pole mount
AUV/ ROV mount
Sample Applications: • Geological Surveys
• Geohazard Surveys
• Buried Object Location
• Mining/Dredging Surveys
• Bridge/Shoreline Scour
Surveys
• Pipeline and Cable Location
• Archeological Surveys
• Geological/Geophysical
Surveys
• Sediment Classification
• Cable and Pipeline Surveys
• Pre/Post Dredging Surveys
• Scour/Erosion Investigation
• Marine Construction Surveys
• Geo‐hazard surveys
• Geological/geophysical surveys
• Buried pipeline and cable
• Route Surveys
• Archeological surveys
• Military surveys
• Deep Water Searches
• Geohazard Surveys
• Geological/Geophysical Surveys
• Cable and Pipeline Surveys
• Route Surveys
• Archeological Surveys
Sonar Systems
11. Example Customers
A far from complete listing:
• Military /
Hydro
– United Kingdom
MOD
– France (SHOM)
– India DSR/NHO
– Canada
– Sweden
– Egypt
– Atlas
– Thales
– Kongsberg
• Commercial
– C&C Technologies
– EGS Asia
– Fugro Survey
– Gardline Surveys
– GSE Rentals (UK)
– NCS Subsea (USA)
– Odyssey Marine
– Subsea
Technology &
Rentals (UK)
– Survey Equipment
Services (USA)
– Watergate
(Nigeria)
• Research
– NOAA (USA)
– Scripps Institute of
Oceanography
(USA)
– CEFAS (UK)
– KORDI (Korea)
– Maritime Institute
(Poland)
– Institute of
Marine Survey
and Planning
(China)
– Geological Survey
of Ireland
15. • Sonar Equations
– Source Level
– Transmission Losses : Spherical Spreading
– Transmission Losses : Absorption in water
– Transmission Losses : Attenuation in different Sediments
– Reflection of Sound
– Noise
• Pulse Length, Bandwidth and Resolution
– Attenuation in different Sediments
Sub‐Bottom Profiler Principles
16. Basic Sonar Equations
EL = SL – 2 TL + TS
Where EL = Echo Level, or received signal
SL = Source Level, in dB referenced to 1 μPa at 1m
TL = Transmission Loss, in dB
TS = Target Strength, a ratio in dB of the sound returned to the incident
intensity form a distant source
SL = 171 + 10 log PT +DIT
Where PT = Acoustic power in watts,
DIT = Directivity index of the transducer.
References
Principles of Underwater Sound, R.J.Urick
Fundamentals of Acoustics, Kinsler et al.
Sonar Acoustics Handbook, NURC (a NATO Research centre)
http://traktoria.org/files/sonar/references/NURC_sonar_acoustics_handbook_2008.pdf
17. Sonar Equations – Source Level
SL = 171 + 10 log PT +DIT
Where PT = Acoustic power in watts,
DIT = Directivity index of the transducer.
DIT = 10 log DF or DIT = 10 log (I beam / I omni )
Where DF = Directivity factor
For an idealised circular piston diameter d, DF
For a SB-216 transducer, diameter ≈ 160mm, centre frequency ≈ 9 kHz, we get DI ≈ 5 dB,
which means for a 3100 with a 200 W amplifier, SL ≈ 200 dB,
and for a 3200 with a 2000 W amplifier, SL ≈ 210 dB.
29. • EdgeTech “Full Spectrum” pulse characteristics
– Bandwidth
• The wider the bandwidth, the better the resolution
– Length
• Longer pulses provide more acoustic energy
– Waveform
• Sweep has a linear variation of frequency with time.
• For “FM” shaped pulses the Full Spectrum wavelet is weighted
in the frequency domain to have a Gaussian like shape
(Blackman‐Harris window) which provides a great rejection of
the side lobes.
• Wideband (WB) pulses have a flat response over the entire
pulse bandwidth, so more low frequency content.
Pulse Options
30. • EdgeTech “Full Spectrum” pulse
characteristics
– Bandwidth
• The wider the bandwidth, the better the
resolution
– Length
• Longer pulses provide more acoustic energy
– Waveform
• For “FM” shaped pulses the Full Spectrum
wavelet is weighted in the frequency domain
to have a Gaussian like shape (Blackman‐
Harris window) which provides a great
rejection of the side lobes.
• Wideband (WB) pulses have a flat response
over the entire pulse bandwidth, so more low
frequency content.
• Sweep has a linear variation of frequency
with time.
Selection of Best Pulse
Pulse selection
The selection of the pulse is made on‐line
by the operator while profiling to achieve
the best imagery and taking into
consideration
• The minimum required penetration depth
• Seafloor sediment type
31. • EdgeTech “Full Spectrum” pulse characteristics
– Bandwidth
• The wider the bandwidth, the better the resolution
– Length
• Longer pulses provide more acoustic energy
– Waveform
• For “FM” shaped pulses the Full Spectrum wavelet is weighted in the frequency domain to have a Gaussian like
shape (Blackman‐Harris window) which provides a great rejection of the side lobes.
• Wideband (WB) pulses have a flat response over the entire pulse bandwidth, so more low frequency content.
• Sweep has a linear variation of frequency with time.
• Quadratic Pulses
– Waveform
• Sweep rate varies with time, with greater proportion of pulse length spent at lower part of the frequency range.
• Designed to help improve penetration.
• Dual Frequency Mode
– Alternates between two transmission pulses
– Two data streams
• Each utilising a different pulse.
Pulse Options
33. • It's not necessary to tow the vehicle near the seafloor in order to get good results, it is
possible to get results with hundreds of meters of water column.
– In many cases our customers ‘shallow tow’ the sub‐bottom profiler towfish relatively near the surface, at a typical tow
depth of 5 to 10m. This approach is fine for regional geological analysis, where the area insonified on the seabed is
not that critical.
– In general, when towing the system near the surface, we advise that a 216 towfish based system can operate
effectively in water depths up to around 500m, and a 512 towfish based system in water depths up to around 1500m.
• Towing a sub‐bottom profiler system close to the seabed is generally only required where
very location specific ‘engineering’ data is required.
– Towing the close to the bottom reduces the area of the seafloor insonified, reducing the scattering, and also
producing a more focused beam which will improve spatial resolution. For the best results, the optimal height off the
seafloor would be about 5‐10 meters.
– The maximum amount of cable that the 3200 topside and SB‐512i towfish can run on is 500 meters which will limit
how close to the seafloor you can get, so in theory you could get the tow fish to a depth of around 150 meters with
500 meters of double armored cable.
– A 2000‐CSS or 2000‐DSS combined side scan and sub‐bottom profiler can run on coax armoured cable, and can be
deployed near the seabed in up to 300m of water for the 2000‐CSS and 2000m of water for the 2000‐DSS.
Towfish Altitude
36. Alternative Deployment
3100P - Pole
Mount option
Alternative
deployment for
the 424 and 216
Towfish
Custom Engineered Solutions
Raft or Bouy
solutions for
towing the
heavier 512
towfish behind
smaller vessels
38. • Conventional Configuration
– Two hydrophone arrays mounted in
the along track direction
– These give a narrow along track
beamwidth, and a wider across track
beamwidth
– This is good for general geological
survey operations
• Pipeline detection configuration
– A single transverse hydrophone
array
– Gives a wide along track beamwidth
– Which accentuates the parabola off
the pipeline
Pipeline Detection
39. • Methods
– Swell filter
– Sensor input
• Cleaner image
– Better representation
of bottom and sub‐
bottom
– Easier to interpret
Heave Compensation
41. Towed Systems
3100-P
Portable system
for smaller boats
with a choice of
two different
towfish:
216 2 – 16 kHz
424 4 – 24 kHz
3200-XS
Rack mount
system with a
choice of three
different towfish:
512 500 Hz – 12 KHz
216 2 – 16 kHz
424 4 – 24 kHz
42. Towfish
SB‐0512i SB‐216S SB‐424
Frequency Range 500 Hz – 12 kHz 2 – 16 kHz 4 – 24 kHz
Pulse Type Frequency Modulated
Vertical Resolution
(depends on Pulse selected)
8 – 20 cm 6 – 10 cm 4 – 8 cm
Penetration (typical)
In coarse calcareous sand
In clay
20 m
200 m
6 m
80 m
2 m
40 m
Beam Width
(depends on centre frequency)
16° ‐ 32° 17° ‐ 24° 16° ‐ 23°
Size (cms) 160 x 124 x 47 105 x 67 x 40 77 x 50 x 34
Weight 190 kg 76 kg 45 kg
Cable requirements 3 shielded twisted pairs (5 conductors used)
Maximum Operating Depth 300 m
Tow Speed 3 – 4 knots optimal, 7 knots max. safe operation
43. SB‐512 Data Examples
Sand hill over top of marine high‐stand/on‐lapping sands, which are over
top of limestone, which represents seismic bottom for this image.
This is 8 – 10 meters of penetration in relatively coarse sand, until
you hit the limestone.
45. 3300 Hull mount Systems
DW‐216 DW‐106
Frequency Range 2 – 16 kHz 1 – 8 kHz
Pulse Type
Full Spectrum chirp frequency modulated pulse
with amplitude and phase weighting
Vertical Resolution
(depends on Pulse selected)
6 – 10 cm 15 – 25 cm
Penetration (typical)
In coarse calcareous sand
In clay
6 m
80 m
15 m
150 m
Hull Mount Array Configuration
options
4 element (2 x 2)
9 element (3 x 3)
16 element (4 x 4)
25 element (5 x 5)
3 element
5 element
7 element
46. 3300 System Enhancements
Transducer
Selection
Receive Mode
(Automatic)*
Mode A Mode B *
Transmit and Receive on
the same transducers
Transmit and Receive on
different transducers
Transmit Bus Tx & Rx Tx
Off Off Off
Receive Bus Off Rx *
*Switching any transducer into receive only mode,
automatically enables Mode B
Switchable array configuration
• Allows the operator to change the
array beampattern, e.g. for pipeline
crossing.
• The system can be set to transmit and
receive on different transducers, which
allows longer pulses to be used in
shallow water operations
47. 3300 : Data Example
EdgeTech 3300HM
4x4 Array of KT-216 transducers
Chirp operating at 1.5 - 9.0 kHz
Water depth = 200 - 300 m (approximately)
Time lines represent 16 m vertical depth (based on 1600m/s below seabed)
Navigation fixes are 50m per division
48. • Range of Transducer Options
AUV / ROV Mounted Systems
DW‐424 DW‐216 DW‐106
Frequency Range 4 – 24 kHz 2 – 16 kHz 1 – 10 kHz
Pulse Type
Full Spectrum chirp frequency modulated pulse
with amplitude and phase weighting
Vertical Resolution
(depends on Pulse selected)
4 – 8 cm 6 – 10 cm 15 – 25 cm
Penetration (typical)
In coarse calcareous sand
In clay
2 m
40 m
6 m
80 m
15 m
150 m
Beam Width
(depends on centre frequency)
15° ‐ 25° 15° ‐ 25° 28° ‐ 36°
49. • Transmit and Receive on the Transducer
– Reduced Hardware
• Adds a T/R (Transmit/Receive) switch, but removes the need for separate receive hydrophones.
– Limits Pulse Length
• Limits the pulse length that can be used when close to the seabed – need to stop transmit pulse, and eliminate
ringing, before 1st receive.
• Not recommended for AUV’s.
• Separate PZT receive Hydrophone arrays
– Pulse length independent of altitude
• Can receive on hydrophones whilst still transmitting.
– Linear arrays in parallel used to define receive beam pattern
• Separate PVDF receive Hydrophone panels
– Pulse length independent of altitude
• Can receive on hydrophones whilst still transmitting.
– Standard panel sizes or Custom built
• Custom sizes can be designed to fit vehicle
• Multiple receive options for different applications.
AUV / ROV Receive Options
51. • EdgeTech Full Spectrum Sub‐Bottom Profilers offer:
• Selectable FM Pulses
• Matched Filter Correlation
• Up to 4 cm Vertical Resolution
• 20‐30 dB Improved SNR Over Conventional systems
• Wide Band Projectors
• No Spatial Side Lobes
• Reduced Sea Surface Effects
• EdgeTech offers sub‐bottom profiling systems for a
variety of platforms:
• Towed
• Hull Mount
• Hosted Platform (AUV, ROV etc)
• Custom, etc…
• EdgeTech systems offer various file format options
• EdgeTech native .JSF
• SEG‐Y
• .XTF
Summary of EdgeTech SBP’s
53. Standard Maintenance
• Sub‐Bottom Profilers are low maintenance
• DO – wash them with fresh water before storing
• Look after Connectors
• DO ‐ keep connectors clean
• DO ‐ use a small amount of connector grease
• DO ‐ fit a blanking plug to unused connectors
• DON’T – deploy a towfish without blanking plugs ‐ They are not depth rated when
left open faced !
• Keep Transducers Clean
• DON’T ‐ get connector grease on the transducer
• DO – clean them with water with some washing up liquid in it ‐ breaks surface
tension
63. • Data Interpretation
– File Formats
– Sub‐bottom data interpretation
– Discover Sub‐bottom software
• Display options
• Gain Settings
• Recording Options
Agenda : Data Interpretation
64. File Formats – .jsf files
• By default the sub‐bottom data in a .jsf file is stored as complex samples, X + jY, two
numbers per sample.
• This is the Analytic signal data format (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_signal )
• These complex data samples are of the format x and y, where
y= A sin(phi)
x= A cos(phi)
and are represented as a number x + j*y. Where j =sqrt(‐1)
• So from this you will see that sqrt (x^2+y^2) = A the amplitude (the magnitude of the complex
number), and the phase is phi = arctan (y/x).
In computing use phi = atan4(y,x) as this will return a value between 0 and 2π.
• However, please note that the data displayed on the Discover Sub‐bottom software screen
just shows the amplitude A, and the phase is discarded. This is typical for sub‐bottom
profiler data where the display is the envelope of the amplitude. Similarly, the SEG‐Y files
created by Discover just record the amplitude (to comply with the format standard), and
again the phase is discarded.
65. File Formats – SEG‐Y files
• EdgeTech strictly adheres to the Rev.1 (2002) formalization of the standard, which can be
found at: http://www.seg.org/resources/publications/misc/technical‐standards
• The SEG‐Y standard allows a great deal of flexibility about the way that both the headers,
and the data words, can be written
• The first issue is that systems will often only read a sub‐set of the full range of formats allowed
under the SEG‐Y standard. The most common of these, are ones that will only read ASCII
characters and IEEE floating point numbers, or EBCDIC characters and IBM floating point
numbers.
• The key here is to choose the SEG‐Y file creation options that match what the reader will accept.
Knowing what your SEG‐Y reader will accept is important.
• Some readers will read a subset of standard SEG‐Y with restrictions based on the first
systems they supported, and lack of support for trace size changes fits into this category.
According to the standard, the size field in the trace header supersedes the value in the
binary header, but some systems still use the File header value for the whole file.
• To alleviate this problem we have added the option in DISCOVER to start a new file on size
changes. This works well as long as the system is not using multi‐ping logic, which constantly
adjusts the window sizes. In those cases, the result is too many SEG‐Y files.