Side scan sonar
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Side scan sonar uses a pulsed beam of sound transmitted horizontally on both sides of a ship to image the seafloor. Reflections are recorded to provide high resolution images of small seafloor objects. It consists of an underwater sensor towed behind the ship connected by cable. For optimal detection, the tow fish height should be maintained between 10-20% of the range scale used, adjusting the range scale or transducer angle if needed. Sonar lines should be run within 20 degrees of tidal streams and along depth contours to maintain tow fish height, or perpendicular to sandwave crests in those areas. Target heights can be estimated using similar triangles and measurements of shadow length and slope range on the sonar image.
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This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow, which is an important part of the hydrologic cycle that can be accurately quantified. It describes direct methods like the area-velocity method which involves measuring a cross-sectional area and velocities to calculate discharge. Indirect methods involve relating discharge to easier measured variables like stage height. Continuous measurement is challenging, so stagedischarge relationships are often used where stage is routinely monitored and related to estimated discharge.
Stream flow measurement
This document discusses various methods for measuring stream flow. There are direct and indirect methods. Direct methods like area-velocity measure discharge by determining the cross-sectional area and average velocity. Indirect methods relate discharge to easily measured water level/stage using structures or the slope-area method with Manning's equation. Accurate stage measurements are important for estimating discharge from stage-discharge curves developed through direct measurements.
Hydrography
Powerpoint presentation on Hydrographic Surveying..
It's include the all basic information on Hydrographic survey which can be useful in learning and as an imp. points for exam
Hydrographic Surveying By Jithin Jose
This document discusses hydrographic surveying. It explains that hydrography deals with measuring bodies of water and making nautical charts. A hydrographic survey team establishes horizontal and vertical control before taking soundings. They survey shorelines and use methods like triangulation to locate soundings. Instruments like sounding poles, leadlines, and echo sounders are used to measure depths. The data is reduced based on tidal datums and plotted on charts. The charts depict depths, shorelines, and hazards for safe navigation.
Hydrographicsurveying
This document discusses hydrographic surveying. It begins by defining hydrography as the measurement of bodies of water and how it is used to make nautical charts for navigation safety. It describes the processes involved in horizontal and vertical control surveys as well as methods for locating soundings, shoreline surveys, and river gauging. Rain gauging is discussed for predicting runoff. Equipment for soundings such as sounding rods, lead lines, and echo sounders are also outlined. Finally, it provides an overview of how hydrographic data is used to create nautical charts.
Hydrography Midterm Reviewer
This document summarizes key aspects of hydrographic surveying. It discusses measuring water depths through sounding, establishing horizontal and vertical controls, surveying shorelines, instruments used for sounding like sounding poles and echo sounders, reduction of soundings to a datum, teams involved in surveys, cartography methods to prepare nautical charts, key elements of nautical charts including datums and symbols, and common terms used in hydrography.
Hydrographic survey
The document summarizes key aspects of hydrographic surveys. It discusses controlling horizontal and vertical positions, measuring depths through sounding, and producing charts. Soundings are taken using various instruments and referenced to tidal datums. Depths are plotted on charts along with shorelines, depth contours, and navigational features. Hydrographic surveys provide critical data for safe navigation and engineering projects.
Irrigation engineering -River gauging
River gauging is the process of measuring river discharge and characteristics over time. It is important for distributing irrigation water, designing irrigation structures, flood warnings, and determining dependable water supplies. The ideal site for river gauging is on a straight river section at right angles to flow, without structures or risk of silting. Discharge can be measured directly using weirs and flumes, or indirectly using area-velocity methods where cross-sectional area and velocity are measured and multiplied. Velocity is typically measured using floats, velocity rods, or current meters. Empirical formulas can also estimate maximum flood discharge based on catchment area.
Hydrography :Sounding Instrument
This document provides information about hydrographic surveying and sounding. It discusses the instruments used for horizontal and vertical control as well as sounding. Methods for locating soundings from shore or boat are described. Common instruments for sounding include sounding poles, leadlines, sounding machines, registering sheaves, and echo sounding instruments. Soundings must be reduced based on tide levels. A hydrographic survey team typically includes roles like the officer in charge, anglemen, recorder, and helmsman. The results of a survey are used to produce nautical charts, which should contain elements like depth curves, datums, and safety symbols. Plotting of soundings can be done mechanically or graphically. Other tools mentioned include the sextant,
Stage measurement
1. Stage measurement involves using staff gauges, wire gauges, and automatic recorders like float gauges and bubble gauges to measure the water surface elevation in a river over time.
2. Staff gauges involve a fixed graduated staff while wire gauges lower a weighted wire from above the water surface. Float gauges use a float and pulley system connected to a recorder while bubble gauges measure pressure from gas bled into the river.
3. Automatic recorders provide continuous measurements of stage over time in a stage hydrograph, which is important for estimating design floods and historical flood discharges.
Stream gauging ppt
This document discusses stream gauging techniques used to measure stream discharge. It begins by explaining that stream flow represents the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle and is the most important data for hydrologic studies. It then describes various methods for measuring stream stage including staff gauges, suspended wire gauges, automatic stage recorders, and bubble gauges. Common techniques for directly measuring stream discharge are also summarized, such as area-velocity methods using current meters and floats, as well as moving boat methods. Site selection criteria and types of stage data collected are also briefly outlined.
L4 stream flow
This document discusses methods for measuring stream flow. It describes what a stream and drainage basin are and defines stream flow as surface runoff. Direct stream flow measurement methods include area-velocity, dilution technique, and current meter methods. Indirect methods use hydraulic structures like weirs and the slope-area method. Current meters are commonly used to measure velocity and must be calibrated. The area-velocity method divides the cross section into segments and multiplies width, depth, and velocity to calculate discharge. Dilution techniques use tracers added to the stream. A stage-discharge relationship can also be developed using indirect stage measurement methods.
various flow meter
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Fishermen alert system using gps
Frequent incidents of fishermen from Tamil Nadu getting shot in the Sri Lankan's maritime boundary have enraged all citizen of the state. From the fishermen's point of view, straying takes place inadvertently, due to sheer ignorance about maritime boundaries. The main aim of the system is to help the fishermen not to navigate beyond other country's border. It will identify the boundary zone using Radio frequency. If the fisherman approaches border it gives voice message /LED display/alarm indicating that the fisherman has nearing the border. If they try to move forward then automatically motor of the ship/boat will stop. Additionally, there is an emergency switch available on the boat that can be used during danger / hijack. If the switch is pressed, a message transmitter is interfaced with the device will send a message to base station/coastal guard about location and boat number using GPS. As well as other information such as Tsunami and weather can be indicated to the fishermen by using vibration and humidity sensor. On the whole, it is an attempt to build a suitable device for safe and secure navigation of fishermen around Indian Ocean at a reasonably low cost.
Surveying II - Hydrographic surveying Unit -5
Hydrographic surveying
It is the branch of surveying which deals with water bodies e.g. Lake, river etc.
The usual fundamental principles of surveying and levelling are adopted for acquiring data for determination of :
Water volume
Rate of flow
To determine the shape of the area underlying the water surface etc.
3.2 Sounding methods.pptx
Hydrographic surveying involves measuring depths of water bodies. Soundings are depth measurements below the water surface. Ranges are lines along which soundings are taken, perpendicular to the shore. Shore signals mark each range line. Equipment includes a sounding boat, rods/poles, lead lines, and echo sounders. Soundings can be located by conning the boat along ranges and noting times, or by measuring angles from shore with a theodolite or sextant. Modern methods use electronic distance measurement from shore stations to a reflector on the boat.
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Measurement of discharge in channels & Design of lined canal
Measurement of discharge in channels & Design of lined canal
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- 2. Concept of Side Scan Sonar • A pulsed beam of sound, narrow in the horizontal plane and broad in the vertical plane. • It transmit either side of the ship track. • The transmissions reflected back from the seafloor to transducers. • The beam geometry and short pulse length provide good resolution of small object on seafloor
- 3. Side Scan Sonar • Recording device • Underwater sensor (Tow fish) • Cable to connect
- 4. Fish Height • Should maintain at 10-20% of the range scale in use. • This height provide optimum geometry for target detection and classification. • If the water is too shallow, reduce the range scale. • If the water is too deep, change the transducer depression angle from 10% to 20%. • A rough guide, an initial length of 30m should be paid out from a water depth of 20m and speed of 6 knots.
- 5. Line Direction • Lines should be run within 20 degrees of the direction of tide stream. This reduces uncertainty with respect to fish position. • In condition of strong wind and/or tide it maybe necessary to run lines into the wind/tide to retain ship control at the low speed over the ground. • Line should be run along the contours to maintain fish height with ease. • In area of large sandwave, lines should be run perpendicular to the direction of the wave crests.
- 7. Determine Target HeightDetermine Target Height
- 8. • By similar triangle, H = S x h R + S • The length of shadow (S) should be measured at the deepest part. • The slope range (R) should be measured to the corresponding point.
- 9. THANK YOU