This document provides a review of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It includes diagrams of amino acid and monosaccharide structures. Condensation reactions are described which join monomers like amino acids and monosaccharides into polymers like proteins and polysaccharides. These reactions release water. Hydrolysis reactions break these polymers down. Characteristics of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and cis and trans fatty acid isomers are outlined. Carbohydrates and lipids are compared in their use for energy storage. Glycerol and fatty acid condensation into lipid molecules is depicted, along with the insolubility of most lipids due to their nonpolar hydrocarbon chains.

1. Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins review
• Draw the basic structure of a generalised amino acid in the space below. Label the
different groups:
• What is the most simple possibility for the ‘R’ group within the amino acid? ____
• Two amino acids (peptides) are joined together during a __________ reaction to form
a __________, and one molecule of ________.
• The link between the two amino acids is called a __________ bond.
• Condensation reactions between many amino acids produce a __________ (or
protein) molecule.
• Complete the diagram below to show a condensation reaction between two amino
acids. The opposite of this reaction is called ___________ - in other words, breaking
down the protein molecule.
H R O H R O
N C C + N C C →
H H OH H H OH
+ H2O
• Draw a diagram of the ring structure of α-glucose in the space below:
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Review

2. • Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.
• Two monosaccharides may be joined together during a ______________ reaction to
form a _____________, and a molecule of water is released during this process.
• The bond formed between the two monosaccharide molecules is a __________ bond.
• When condensation reactions occur between many monosaccharides a
______________ molecule is formed, for example, starch.
• The opposite of condensation is __________ - breaking down the molecule.
Complete the table below:
Type of carbohydrate Example Function
Monosaccharide 1)
2) galactose
3)
Disaccharide 1) maltose
2)
3)
Polysaccharide 1) starch
2)
3)
• Describe the difference in structure of:
• Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
• Cis and trans isomers of fatty acids
• Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage.
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Review

3. • A lipid molecule is made up
of one molecule of
___________ covalently
bonded to three ________
________ molecules.
• The fatty acid molecules are
bonded to the glycerol
molecule during
condensation reactions.
• During the formation of one
lipid molecule, three
__________ molecules are
produced.
• A lipid molecule may be
broken down during a
__________ reaction.
= hydrocarbon chain
= H and O atoms that form
water during the
condensation reaction.
• Complete the diagram to
show the products of the
condensation reaction:
H
O
C
H C O H HO
O
C
H C O H HO
O
C
H C O H HO
H
Glycerol +
condensation
reaction
• Most small carbohydrate molecules are soluble because they have –OH
(__________) groups which are able to form __________ __________ with water
molecules.
• Most lipids are __________ because they have a long, __________ (uncharged)
hydrocarbon chain.
• Proteins with –OH ( __________ ) groups or other charged areas are __________.
Non-polar proteins are insoluble.
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Review
Three fatty
acids
K
E
Y

4. • In general, solubility of any substance decreases, as molecular size increases.
Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Review

5. Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Review

6. Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins Review