This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between work-leisure conflict, job burnout, and life satisfaction among employees at 4-5 star hotels in Ankara, Turkey. The study aims to determine the degree to which work-leisure conflict affects job burnout and life satisfaction using regression analysis. It reviews relevant literature on the concepts of work, leisure, and work-leisure conflict. The methodology section describes the survey instrument used to collect data on these variables from 384 hotel employees, and presents hypotheses about their relationships.

1. WORK-LEISURE CONFLICT: JOB BURNOUT AND LIFE SATISFACTION
RELATIONSHIP; A CASE STUDY FROM ANKARA AMONG 4-5 STARS
HOTEL EMPLOYEES
*Ali Iskender ; *Ali Yaylı
Gazi University, TURKEY

2. Content
 Aim and importance of the study
 Literature review
 Methodology and hypotheses
 Findings
 Suggestions
 Limitations

3. AİM AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
 This study aims to search out the correlation among work-leisure conflict , job
burnout and life satisfaction of 4-5 stars hotel employees
 This study also aims to determine WLC effect degree on job burnout and life
satisfaction with regreassion analysis.

4. WORK
 In Ancient Greek community, the freedom was thought as opposite of
necessity. So the slaves’ area was accepted in second one. They thought
being mandatory to work continually on a job as shameful . “If you want to be
aristocracy then you don’t have to be work” was the general motto of them
(Held, 1987).
 Historically work firstly was perceived as a dishonorable occupation. In
historical perspective work has a large capacity taking villagers and slaves. in
that period, being rich means that you don’t have to work and you have
someone to work in place of you (Doyle, 2003).

5. WORK
 In primitive societies, work was naturally like a game. In that time there is
no difference between leisure and work. They spent most of their time by
working to sustain their life and provide their needs (Akat, 1984: 31). But
after nomadic society to settled society, work changed radically and new
notions like division of labor, property, and product were located in society
(Şener, 1982: 52-54).

6. WORK
 till 18th century, work meant to produce something which was important for
survive and not have to do something for tomorrow, just work for today.
 18th century namely steam engine discovered by James Watt was
accepted First Industry Revolution. In that period, there were many new
changes in the product tools and there were increasing of income and
wealth level. The artisans in that period were the qualified human
resources of factories. So there had been many radical changes in
community life (Tunçkan, 2008: 113-14).

7. WORK
 In western community, Work attained a religious meaning with the
protestant moral values . According to this idea, work was the main
objective of human and work provides both world and individual much
more values (Meda, 2012:20).
 Weber stated(2011: 15-16) work meant to responsibility to God in Industry
Revoliotion era. religious meaning of work was so common that the
request of diminishing worktime was unacceptable in any legislative
branch in Christianity word (Karatepe, 2011: 216).

8. WORK
 With industrializing, work and job concepts were exposed to many changes.
Mechanization came to light. the production was able to continue non-stop. So
standardization came out. Then mass production appeared and factories were
opened.
 Human working in field started to work in factory. In the first year of this period,
human was forced to work hard condition with low salary with the aim of maximum
profit. The most conspicuous thing in that period is women and children were
participated in work life. Men, women and children were forced to work in shift
during more than 12 hours (Lordoğlu et. al., 2001: 21).

9. LEISURE
 English Word leisure appears to be derived from the Latin licere which means to
be free. (Torkildsen, 1993).
 As a time , Brightbill defines that leisure is beyond which is required for existence,
the things which we must do, biologically, to stay alive and subsistence, the things
we must do ( eating, sleeping etc.) it is the time to be used according to our choice
(Brightbill, 1960).

10. WORK and LEISURE
 In ancient Greece leisure was perceived as an interest in unique values of world
such as goodness, reality, knowledge . According to this perception, leisure is not a
time in which nothing is done, but leisure is a time to create a cognition, regard,
aesthetic pleasures, satisfaction, distinguishness. Leisure in ancient Greece has
class discrimination. Leisure was just for nobles and rulers.
 As for Rome era in contrast to Ancient Greece leisure did’nt have class
discrimination. In this period leisure was perceived as supporter of job. Namely
leisure was perceived as a time after productivity activities. That is why, leisure
was encouraged to be spent fruitfully and enjoyable by rulers (Juniu, 2000: 69).

11. WORK AND LEISURE
 In modern era, leisure started to be perceived as an independent life area. With
the Industry Revolution ; social changing and cultural life style created
independent and self-directed life areas.
 In this period work was shaped by certain rule, and added some specialties such
as organizational, disciplinary, obligation and perpetuity
 so, non-work area started to take a new shape and separate from work certainly
(Kraus, 1998: 186-188

12. WORK AND LEISURE
 According to Mullett (1988) leisure can be explained with work because leisure is a
time after work.
 According to Schumacher, payment for work is response for self-sacrifice from
leisure.
 According to Lindar work is for earning money to spend in leisure
 deGrazia propounded that leisure is a time to be ready for work on next day,
 Soule alleged that a time sold by people to earn money is work (job) and the rest
time can be accepted leisure without looking what to do

13. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 Tourism sector is labor-intensive and employees are exposed many requests.
While customers spending their leisure times by shopping, sightseeing etc. they
have to work (Wong and Lin, 2007). This is called anti-social working time (Law
and Wood, 1995).
 When people are busied with work intensively, then they cannot spare enough time
to their family and entertainment (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985). When
 Work-leisure conflict level rise, then the level of leisure satisfaction diminishes as
well (Rice Et. al., 1992).

14. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 Time-based conflict come out when time pressure blocked the things that people
want to do (Greenhause and Bautell, 1985).
 According to Wong and Lin (2007) work-leisure conflict gives negative effect on
individuals. Tourism employees have irregular and long work hours and this
consumes their energy and block to participating in leisure activities. As a result,
irregular working hours cause to stress for employees. Law (1995) described that
too workload causes stress for tourism employers.
 Kelly (1972) stated that work is a necessary to sustain for life but too much working
, overtime and irregularity in shift system has negative effect on people’ family time
and leisure . This condition causes to burnout and diminish life satisfaction (Pleck
et al, 1980).

15. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 Work and non-work time is very important side of life. But both of them are limited
with self-time and energy, so this two concepts may be conflicted.
 Rice et al. (1992) claimed that work-leisure conflict diminishes the employees’ work
and leisure satisfaction and in lasting process affect life satisfaction negatively as
well.

16. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 McFillen et. al (1986) stated that for restaurant employees, overtime and work
pressure are the reason of resign.
 Law et. al. claimed that work-leisure conflict is common in touristic areas because
work condition include negative factors such as communication problem, job
stress, long working hour.

17. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 Jamal (2004) stated that employees working 7 days in a week have much more
emotional tiredness, job stress and psychometric health problems than employees
working 5 days in a week. Namely intensive working condition and workload
consume time and energy of employees.
 this condition cause to decrease leisure activity satisfaction and employees are
strained to spend time with their family and friends

18. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 increasing of time pressure effect can be associated with increasing stress rate
and some health problem such as psychological, cardiovascular or stomach
disorders.
 According to Palmer, almost half of the preterm birth death in England is derived
from stress or life style.

19. WORK-LEISURE CONFLİCT
 Work- leisure conflict affects employees’ family and children as well.
 A study in Australia showed that the children of parents who work long hours and
stressful have risk to get sicked physical and psyclogical disorder much more than
others (Earle, 2003).
 A study in South Australia showed that workers experiencing burnout and job-
stress couldn’t fulfill their parental duties enough as well.

20. BURNOUT
 In this study, it was used Maslach and Jackson Burnout Inventory. They explain
burnout under 3 factors.
 Those are respectively “emotional burnout”, “depersonalization”, “sense of low
personal success “Emotional burnout is the first phase of burn out.
 Emotional burnout means empoyee no longer behave the customer well enough.
 Depersonalization means employee behave negatively against customers and
colleagues. Namely employee thinks customers and colleagues as an object or a
material (Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998)
 Low personal success means that employee evaluate himself as unsuccessful in
his job

21.  Population of the research: 4-5 five stars hotel employees in Ankara
 Sample of the research: Totally 384 employees were chosen with simple random
sample method .
 Data collection tool: Quastionnarie
METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES

22. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES
 First part: gender, age, educational status and work duration
 Second part: 7 points Likert Scale questions consist of 21 items measuring job
burnout and 7 points Likert Scale questions consist of 5 items measuring work-
leisure conflict and lsatly with 7 points Likert Scale questions 5 items measuring
life satisfaction

23. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES
WORK LEİSURE CONFLİCT SCALE İTEMS
 I do not have enough time for leisure activities because of my job.
 I do not have enough time to participate in leisure activities with my
family/friends because of my job.
 I do not have energy to participate in leisure activities because of my job.
 I am not able to participate in leisure activities because of my job.
 I have never been in a suitable frame of mind to participate in leisure
activities because of my job.
This scale include negative items, high score of this scale means WLC degree high as
well. ıt was used 7 likert scale
WLC means of participants was 4,2*. that was commented as employees were
exposed to WLC as medium level

24. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES
LIFE SATISFACTIN SCALE ITEMS
 In most ways my life is close to my ideal.
 The conditions of my life are excellent.
 I am satisfied with my life.
 So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.
 If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing
This scale include positive items, high score of this scale means life satisfaction degree high as
well and vice versa. ıt was used 7 likert scale
Life satisfaction means of participants was 3,5*. that was commented as employees has low
life satisfaction

25. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES
JOB BURNOUT UNDER 3 FACTORS
Emotional Burnout (factor of Burnout)
 I feel emotionally drained by my work.
 Working with people all day long requires a great deal of effort.
 I feel frustrated by my work I feel I work too hard at my job.
 It stresses me too much to work in direct contact with people.
 I feel like I’m at the end of my rope
 I feel tired when I get up in the morning and have to face another day at work.
 I am at the end of my patience at the end of my work day.
 I feel like my work is breaking me down ,
This scale include negative items, high score of this scale means WLC degree high as well. ıt was used 7
likert scale
EB means of participants was 3,9.* that was commented as employees were exposed to EB as medium
level

26. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES
Depersonalization (factor of Burnout)
 I feel I look after certain patients/clients impersonally, as if they are objects.
 I really don’t care about what happens to some of my patients/clients.
 I have the impression that my patients/clients make me responsible for some of
their problems
 I have become more insensitive to people since I’ve been working.
 I’m afraid that this job is making me uncaring.
This scale include negative items, high score of this scale means depersonalization degree high
as well. ıt was used 7 likert scale
Depersonalization means of participants was 3,5*. that was commented as employees were
exposed to depersonalization as a low level

27. Methodology and Hypotheses
Low Personal Success (factor of Burnout)
 I accomplish many worthwhile things in this job.
 I feel full of energy.
 I am easily able to understand what my clients feel.
 I look after my patients’/clients’ problems very effectively. In my work, I handle emotional
problems very calmly.
 Through my work, I feel that I have a positive influence on people.
 I am easily able to create a relaxed atmosphere with my clients.
 I feel refreshed when I have been close to my patients/clients at work
This scale include positive items, high score of this scale means personal success sense degree high as
well and vice versa. ıt was used 7 likert scale
personal success sense means of participants was 4,6*. that was commented as employees evaluate
themselves success in their job as a medium degree

28. METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES
Hypotheses
H1 There is a significant and negative correlation between work-leisure conflict and job
burnout.
H2 There is a significant and negative correlation between work-leisure conflict and life
satisfaction
H3 Work-leisure conflict has significant effect on job-burnout
H4 work-leisure conflict has significant effect on life satisfaction

29. FİNDİNGS
 For entering and interpreting the data, SPSS v.19 (Statistical Package for
The Social Sciences) statistical program was used. From 384 surveys, all
of them were convenient for assessment.

30. Table 1. Descriptive Statistic of Participants
Variables n %
Gender
Men 229 59,6
Women 155 40,4
Age
17-24 66 17,2
25-34 212 55,2
35-44 91 23,7
45-54 11 2,9
55 and plus 4 1,0
Marital Position
Married 224 58,3
Single 160 41,7
Education level
Primary school 30 6,8
High School 121 31,5
University 219 57,0
Master 14 3,6
Degree
Employee 320 83
Chief 23 7,8
As. Manager 6 1,6
Manager 35 7,6
Work duration
Little than 8 hours 19 5
8 hours 265 69
Much more than 8 hours 100 26

31. FİNDİNGS
According to result of correlation test with spss program;
 There is significant correlation between WLC and Life Satisfaction (p<0,05). This
correlation is negative direction namely when WLC levels rise, then life satisfaction
level decrease by -%37. H2 was accepted.
 There is significant correlation between WLC and Emotional Burnout (p<0,05).
This correlation is positive direction namely when WLC levels rise, then Emotional
Burnout level rise by %54 as well. H1 was accepted.
 There is significant correlation between WLC and Depersonalization (burnout)
(p<0,05). This correlation is positive direction namely when WLC levels rise,
Depersonalization (Burnout) level rise by %46 as well. H1 was accepted.
 Finally there is significant correlation between WLC and Personal Success Sense
(p<0,05). This correlation is negative direction namely when WLC levels rise, then
Personal Success Sense decrease by -%27. H1 was accepted.

32. FİNDİNGS
Table.2. Work Leisure Conflict and Job Burnout and Life Satisfaction Correlation
Variables N R (correlation) P(Significance)
WLC
Life Satisfaction
384 -,37***
,000
WLC
Emotional Burnout
384 ,54***
,000
WLC
Depersonalization
384 ,46***
,000
WLC
Low Personal Success Sense
384 -,28***
,000

33. Correlation analysis doesn’t give us a cause effect relationship among variables. So it was
practiced regression analysis to explain WLC effect degree on Burnout and life satisfaction.
According to analysis result of regression with spss program
 WLC explains %12 of Life satisfaction level. The decrease by %12 of life satisfaction
can be explained with WLC. We described in table 2 that this correlation was negative
direction. H4 was accepted
 WLC explains %30 of emotional burnout. Rising level by % 30 of emotional burnout can
be explained with WLC. WLC and emotional burnout had positive correlation in table 2.
H3 was accepted.
 WLC conflict explains %21 of depersonalization. Rising level by % 21 of
depersonalization can be explained with WLC. WLC and depersonalization had positive
correlation in table 2.

34.  WLC explains %0,79 of LPS. Rising level by % 0,79 of LPS can be explained with
WLC. WLC and LPS had negative correlation in table 2. H3 was accepted. WLC
rate of effect on LPS is very low but it is statistically significant (p<0,05). H3 was
accepted.

35. FİNDİNGS
Table. 3.WLC and Its Effect on Job Burnout and Life Satisfaction with Regression Analysis
Factors Β(regression) p
WLC
Life Satisfaction
,12 0,00
WLC
Emotional Burnout
,30 0,00
WLC
Depersonalization
,21 0,00

36. FİNDİNGS
 With anova test, it was detected that work duration of employees has significant
relationship on WLC (p<0,05).
 Empoyees who work more than 8 hours were exposed to WLC much more than
working 8 hours ones.
Table 4. Work Duration and WLC One way Anova Results
n x̅ ss f p
16,257 0,00
Less than 8 hours 19 3,3 1,7
8 hours* 265 3,8 1,9
More than 8 hours* 100 5,0 1,8
*( p<0,05 )

37. SUMMARY
 It was detected in this study that WLC has effect on job burnout and life satifaction
 WLC has negative effect on life satisfaction of employees . While WLC rises the life satisfaction
level decrease
 WLC has negative effect on Job burnout, while WLC rises then jub burnout level increase as well
And it was detected that work duration of empoyee affects WLC namely empoyees working much
more than 8 hours are exposed to WLC much more than others.

38. SUGGESTİONS
 It should be arranged working duration of employees so that Employees should’nt be
exposed to WLC
 With spillover theory, according to result of study as well, as long as employees are
exposed to WLC then their burnout level will increase and life satisfaction level will
be decrease
 Tourism employees’ work condition should be reorgnised. Especially according to
literature result, irregular shift system and overtime had negative effect on tourism
eployees.
 Flexible working condition and workload should be reorganized as well in terms of
tourism employees

39. The sample of this study limited with 384 respondents due to the lack of time and
facility
Another limitation of this study is restrictions on comparing the findings of this
research with previous work.
LİMİTATİONS