The document provides information on various types of building materials, including glass. It discusses flat glass used in windows and mirrors, laminated safety glass which holds broken glass together, glass building blocks used in wall construction, tempered safety glass which breaks into small dull pieces, colored structural glass used as building exteriors and interiors, opal glass which scatters light, and fiberglass used for insulation and composites.
This document lists and provides information about various tree species found in Pakistan. It discusses 14 different tree species, including their botanical names, where they are found, descriptions of the trees and their wood, strength and durability properties, how they season and work, finishing characteristics, and common uses. The trees described are Partal, Kikar, Sharol, Simbal, Deodar, Shisham, Safeda, Walnut, Mango, Shahtoot, Chir, Poplar, Neem, and Eucalyptus.
The document provides information about wood, including its composition, physical properties, types, and uses. It discusses key aspects of wood such as growth rings, knots, heartwood, sapwood, color, structure, and common wood defects. Examples of wood types described include partal, kikar, simbal, deodar, shisham, and eucalyptus. The document also outlines the availability, characteristics, strength properties, durability, workability, finishing, and common uses of each wood type.
Wood is a natural material that was one of the first used by humans. Trees are cut down and processed to extract wood, which is then cut, dried, and distributed. There are different types of wood including softwoods and hardwoods. Wood can also be processed into wood derivatives like plywood, chipboard, and paper. Woodworking involves measuring, marking, cutting, drilling, smoothing, and finishing wood using both hand tools and power tools.
This document discusses vernacular architecture and timber. It begins by defining vernacular architecture as informal, functional structures built of local materials to meet local needs. It then discusses different types of timber, including hardwoods and softwoods. It describes the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content. Methods of seasoning include natural air drying and artificial kiln drying. The document concludes by listing various timber species available in India and their uses, and discussing how timber is used in construction for elements like roofs, walls, floors, and frames.
Upholstery involves padding and covering furniture, especially seats, with materials like fabric or leather. There are different types of upholstery work including traditional, automobile, commercial, and marine upholstery. Roller blinds are used in windows and come in various materials like fabric to provide functions like privacy, aesthetics, and protection from elements. Natural and artificial fabrics are used in interior design and upholstery with different properties and applications for areas like furniture, curtains, and wall coverings.
Building Bamboo Habitats - and associated livelihood opportunities.STARS Forum
Vaibhav Kaley - CEO & Director-Operations of Wonder Grass, Nagpur - presented this talk at the STARS Forum's 7th Annual National Conference. He spoke on the immense opportunities for using Bamboo in the construction industry, along with the livelihood opportunities it creates for growers and artisans.
The document describes various concepts for future furniture designs including mobile office pods that fold out into work areas, newspaper wood made from glued together newspapers, flexible hyper-wood made from a single piece of bent wood, a skylight deck that opens a rooftop area, and a transforming desk that converts into a bed. Many of the designs focus on creating multi-functional and space-saving furniture through movable, folding, or convertible designs.
This document discusses different types of furniture. It begins by defining furniture and providing a brief history. It then outlines various types of furniture such as seating, sleeping/lying, entertainment, surfaces, and storage. Furniture can be classified by material, including wood, bamboo, wicker, metal, plastic, glass, and concrete. Several common wood types used for furniture like pine, poplar, and teak are described. The document focuses on defining different categories and materials used for furniture.
This document lists and provides information about various tree species found in Pakistan. It discusses 14 different tree species, including their botanical names, where they are found, descriptions of the trees and their wood, strength and durability properties, how they season and work, finishing characteristics, and common uses. The trees described are Partal, Kikar, Sharol, Simbal, Deodar, Shisham, Safeda, Walnut, Mango, Shahtoot, Chir, Poplar, Neem, and Eucalyptus.
The document provides information about wood, including its composition, physical properties, types, and uses. It discusses key aspects of wood such as growth rings, knots, heartwood, sapwood, color, structure, and common wood defects. Examples of wood types described include partal, kikar, simbal, deodar, shisham, and eucalyptus. The document also outlines the availability, characteristics, strength properties, durability, workability, finishing, and common uses of each wood type.
Wood is a natural material that was one of the first used by humans. Trees are cut down and processed to extract wood, which is then cut, dried, and distributed. There are different types of wood including softwoods and hardwoods. Wood can also be processed into wood derivatives like plywood, chipboard, and paper. Woodworking involves measuring, marking, cutting, drilling, smoothing, and finishing wood using both hand tools and power tools.
This document discusses vernacular architecture and timber. It begins by defining vernacular architecture as informal, functional structures built of local materials to meet local needs. It then discusses different types of timber, including hardwoods and softwoods. It describes the seasoning process for timber to reduce moisture content. Methods of seasoning include natural air drying and artificial kiln drying. The document concludes by listing various timber species available in India and their uses, and discussing how timber is used in construction for elements like roofs, walls, floors, and frames.
Upholstery involves padding and covering furniture, especially seats, with materials like fabric or leather. There are different types of upholstery work including traditional, automobile, commercial, and marine upholstery. Roller blinds are used in windows and come in various materials like fabric to provide functions like privacy, aesthetics, and protection from elements. Natural and artificial fabrics are used in interior design and upholstery with different properties and applications for areas like furniture, curtains, and wall coverings.
Building Bamboo Habitats - and associated livelihood opportunities.STARS Forum
Vaibhav Kaley - CEO & Director-Operations of Wonder Grass, Nagpur - presented this talk at the STARS Forum's 7th Annual National Conference. He spoke on the immense opportunities for using Bamboo in the construction industry, along with the livelihood opportunities it creates for growers and artisans.
The document describes various concepts for future furniture designs including mobile office pods that fold out into work areas, newspaper wood made from glued together newspapers, flexible hyper-wood made from a single piece of bent wood, a skylight deck that opens a rooftop area, and a transforming desk that converts into a bed. Many of the designs focus on creating multi-functional and space-saving furniture through movable, folding, or convertible designs.
This document discusses different types of furniture. It begins by defining furniture and providing a brief history. It then outlines various types of furniture such as seating, sleeping/lying, entertainment, surfaces, and storage. Furniture can be classified by material, including wood, bamboo, wicker, metal, plastic, glass, and concrete. Several common wood types used for furniture like pine, poplar, and teak are described. The document focuses on defining different categories and materials used for furniture.
Home furnishing helps people realize their dream of having a beautiful home. It involves decorating and beautifying the home using various furnishings like furniture, flooring, curtains, and accessories. Effective home furnishing requires planning based on creativity, good taste, and reflecting one's personality. It aims for beauty, expressiveness, and functionality. Key elements include selection of fabrics, carpets, curtains and draperies based on principles of design, durability, and meeting the needs of occupants. Different styles of flower arrangements can also enhance home decor.
The document discusses trends in materials, colors, and designs for furniture and home accessories for the Spring/Summer 2013/14 season. Key materials mentioned include wood, wicker, stone, brass, and copper. Colors are becoming bolder, with bright hues being used for wicker furniture. Furniture designs emphasize portability, flexibility, and the mixing of different materials. Outdoor furniture incorporates elements of Moroccan design.
Upholstery provides padding, springs, webbing and fabric or leather covers to furniture, especially seats. It uses materials like leather, cotton and plastics that can be stitched, tacked or glued. Quality furniture still uses leather while most have foam under fabric covers. Frames and spring systems are key components, with frames beginning with wood that is joined and reinforced, while spring systems support seating areas using standard or hand-tied springs.
Interior designing is an art which can be done by the person having enough aesthetic sense. the students pursing B.Sc., Home science and Nutrition and Dietetics were having the course paper Principles Resource Management and Interior Designing can refer the slides for their academic purposes.
Standard 41 is a New York based furniture design and fabricator.
We specialize in custom pieces, working with the clients to assure that each piece is exactly what is needed; aesthetically and functionally.
The document discusses various types of home accessories and bedding items. It describes top sheets, bottom sheets, coverlets, bedspreads, blankets, comforters, duvets, decorative pillows, bolster pillows and more. It also discusses factors that influence the selection of designs for home furnishings, including end use, size of room, type of room, types of arrangement, type of furniture and geographical location. UK bed sizes and corresponding bed linen sizes are also listed.
The document discusses the sports goods industry in India, focusing on materials and manufacturing processes. It describes that approximately 350 types of sports goods are manufactured in India, mainly exported to Western countries. Materials for different sports equipment like cricket bats are discussed, with willow and certain woods preferred. The manufacturing process for items like cricket bats, hockey sticks, tennis rackets and more are summarized involving selecting wood, shaping, pressing, finishing etc. Standard dimensions for cricket bats and factors like weight and grain orientation are also covered.
Prospect of Traditional Bamboo Handicrafts in InteriorsIJSRED
This document discusses the prospects of traditional bamboo handicrafts in interior design. It begins with an abstract highlighting bamboo's rapid growth and abundance in India. The introduction discusses bamboo's strength properties and versatility. Historically, bamboo has been used for over 1200 purposes from housing to tools. Traditional bamboo handicraft production involves cutting, soaking, bending, joining, and weaving techniques. Bamboo offers a sustainable material for furniture, wall coverings, lighting, and decorative items in interior design due to its strength, flexibility, and abundance.
The document discusses various aspects of reeds used for woodwind instruments, including how they are made from arundo donax cane, the different areas of the reed and their roles in tone production, choosing and treating reeds, and a brief history of early reed instruments like the oboe, bassoon, clarinet, and saxophone.
Woodmark began in 1986 importing Danish furniture to Australia. Noticing long lead times, they started manufacturing under contract for Danish brands. They also began commissioning Australian designers like Charles Wilson. Wilson's iconic CW1 chair was Woodmark's first Australian design commission. Since then, Woodmark has nurtured dozens of Australian designers and expanded manufacturing to China while maintaining quality control.
WE ARE WONDERWALL STUDIOS.
This is our story.
MISSION:
To create joyous panelling from salvaged woods that enriches surfaces and enhances your interior. We strive for the highest quality to produce panelling that will last a lifetime.
HOW:
We scour the land for woods that can be salvaged and upcycled, giving discarded timber a second lease on life. Typically, we’ll turn a weathered girder into a striking collection of unique wall tiles. It’s a reincarnation of sorts.
WHY:
We love wood and working with craftspeople. We love salvaging woods, breathing new life into something old, worn and weathered. We love exploration and travel. We love design and having fun with like-minded souls. That’s why we do what we do the way we do it.
Crafted locally, rocked globally.
Wonderwall Studios is a creative studio that designs and produces wooden panelling for walls and surfaces. We use exclusively salvaged wood and employ local, professionnal craftsmen.
You could say we craft locally and rock globally.
Upholstery is the process of padding and covering furniture, especially seats, with materials like fabric, leather or plastic. An upholsterer adds padding, springs and covers to domestic and vehicle furniture. There are several types of upholstery including traditional, automobile, commercial and marine upholstery. Traditional upholstery uses materials like wood, animal hair and fabrics while automobile upholstery focuses on car interiors. Commercial upholstery furnishes places like restaurants and hospitals. Marine upholstery must withstand damp and sunlight.
Bamboo plywood is made from strips of 5-year old bamboo that are processed, dried, layered, and bonded with adhesives. The strips are arranged parallel and heat pressed together to form thin plywood sheets. Bamboo plywood can be cut and finished like other plywood using woodworking tools. It is a durable, renewable material that is resistant to warping and can be used for countertops, cabinets, flooring, and outdoor projects due to its strength and resistance to termites.
Home furnishings help people realize their dream of having a beautiful home. They include items like furniture, flooring, curtains, and other accessories used to decorate and beautify the home. Curtains and draperies serve functions like maintaining privacy, controlling light and noise, and adding beauty to a room. They can also modify the perceived size and shape of a room. Proper planning and selection of home furnishings, fabrics, and other decor elements according to factors like style, color, and functionality is important to achieve objectives like beauty, expressiveness, and comfort in the home.
This document summarizes several colonial occupations, including blacksmiths who worked with iron and steel, silversmiths who molded metal, tailors who sewed clothes, chandlers who made candles, carpenters who built houses, coopers who made barrels, gunsmiths who worked on guns, and wig makers who crafted hairstyles.
This document provides information about different types of textiles used in living rooms, including curtains, throws and blankets, rugs and carpets, cushions, upholstery, and tablecloths. It describes the various materials, styles, and uses of each type of textile. Curtains come in different styles and are typically made of lighter fabrics to hang from curtain rods. Throws and blankets are used to add warmth and can instantly update a room. Rugs are smaller than carpets and may be used on floors, walls, or as decorations, while carpets are used as primary floor coverings. Cushions are stuffed bags used for seating that can have decorative covers. Upholstery
TIVADEK advantages and Contractor program ToddLondon1
This document describes and advertises different product lines of outdoor decking materials. It introduces three main product lines - the Architectural Series which creates a classic look, the Designer Series which has unique natural variegation and embossing, and the Modern Series designed for bold urban styles. It also describes features like boards being finished and embossed on all four sides, riser and fascia boards for multi-purpose uses, and a game-time rewards program for purchasing more of the products.
Carpentry was an important occupation in colonial times. Carpenters used tools like saws, axes, planes and wood like oak, locust and pine to build furniture, houses and other structures. It took skill, strength, patience and memory to master carpentry. Silversmiths created decorative silver items by casting metal in molds and adding other pieces. They needed creativity and their shops were in cities. Basket makers wove baskets from wood strips to carry food and flowers, requiring skills with knives and water treatment. Chandlers made candles by collecting tallow, making wicks and dipping them, needing skills in hunting and fire-making. Blacksmiths forged metal tools over years of apprenticeship,
Sedimentary rocks cover approximately 75% of the world's land area. They can provide information about past climate conditions, environments, sources of sediment, and history of sediment transport and deposition. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their texture (grain size and shape) and mineral composition. Major textures are clastic (discrete fragments) and nonclastic (interlocking crystals). Common types include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, dolostone, evaporites, and coal. Grain size, sorting, rounding and composition help interpret the depositional environment.
Hand-held Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (HHpXRF or pXRF) for Sourc...kiacatina
The document summarizes a study that used portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) to analyze chert samples from different layers and outcrops in order to determine if pXRF could distinguish between the samples. The study found that pXRF could distinguish between layers within the same outcrop based on elemental composition. It also found it could distinguish the same layers between outcrops for one pair of layers but not another. Overall, pXRF showed potential for sourcing chert but more research is needed to determine its effectiveness between unrelated outcrops.
Home furnishing helps people realize their dream of having a beautiful home. It involves decorating and beautifying the home using various furnishings like furniture, flooring, curtains, and accessories. Effective home furnishing requires planning based on creativity, good taste, and reflecting one's personality. It aims for beauty, expressiveness, and functionality. Key elements include selection of fabrics, carpets, curtains and draperies based on principles of design, durability, and meeting the needs of occupants. Different styles of flower arrangements can also enhance home decor.
The document discusses trends in materials, colors, and designs for furniture and home accessories for the Spring/Summer 2013/14 season. Key materials mentioned include wood, wicker, stone, brass, and copper. Colors are becoming bolder, with bright hues being used for wicker furniture. Furniture designs emphasize portability, flexibility, and the mixing of different materials. Outdoor furniture incorporates elements of Moroccan design.
Upholstery provides padding, springs, webbing and fabric or leather covers to furniture, especially seats. It uses materials like leather, cotton and plastics that can be stitched, tacked or glued. Quality furniture still uses leather while most have foam under fabric covers. Frames and spring systems are key components, with frames beginning with wood that is joined and reinforced, while spring systems support seating areas using standard or hand-tied springs.
Interior designing is an art which can be done by the person having enough aesthetic sense. the students pursing B.Sc., Home science and Nutrition and Dietetics were having the course paper Principles Resource Management and Interior Designing can refer the slides for their academic purposes.
Standard 41 is a New York based furniture design and fabricator.
We specialize in custom pieces, working with the clients to assure that each piece is exactly what is needed; aesthetically and functionally.
The document discusses various types of home accessories and bedding items. It describes top sheets, bottom sheets, coverlets, bedspreads, blankets, comforters, duvets, decorative pillows, bolster pillows and more. It also discusses factors that influence the selection of designs for home furnishings, including end use, size of room, type of room, types of arrangement, type of furniture and geographical location. UK bed sizes and corresponding bed linen sizes are also listed.
The document discusses the sports goods industry in India, focusing on materials and manufacturing processes. It describes that approximately 350 types of sports goods are manufactured in India, mainly exported to Western countries. Materials for different sports equipment like cricket bats are discussed, with willow and certain woods preferred. The manufacturing process for items like cricket bats, hockey sticks, tennis rackets and more are summarized involving selecting wood, shaping, pressing, finishing etc. Standard dimensions for cricket bats and factors like weight and grain orientation are also covered.
Prospect of Traditional Bamboo Handicrafts in InteriorsIJSRED
This document discusses the prospects of traditional bamboo handicrafts in interior design. It begins with an abstract highlighting bamboo's rapid growth and abundance in India. The introduction discusses bamboo's strength properties and versatility. Historically, bamboo has been used for over 1200 purposes from housing to tools. Traditional bamboo handicraft production involves cutting, soaking, bending, joining, and weaving techniques. Bamboo offers a sustainable material for furniture, wall coverings, lighting, and decorative items in interior design due to its strength, flexibility, and abundance.
The document discusses various aspects of reeds used for woodwind instruments, including how they are made from arundo donax cane, the different areas of the reed and their roles in tone production, choosing and treating reeds, and a brief history of early reed instruments like the oboe, bassoon, clarinet, and saxophone.
Woodmark began in 1986 importing Danish furniture to Australia. Noticing long lead times, they started manufacturing under contract for Danish brands. They also began commissioning Australian designers like Charles Wilson. Wilson's iconic CW1 chair was Woodmark's first Australian design commission. Since then, Woodmark has nurtured dozens of Australian designers and expanded manufacturing to China while maintaining quality control.
WE ARE WONDERWALL STUDIOS.
This is our story.
MISSION:
To create joyous panelling from salvaged woods that enriches surfaces and enhances your interior. We strive for the highest quality to produce panelling that will last a lifetime.
HOW:
We scour the land for woods that can be salvaged and upcycled, giving discarded timber a second lease on life. Typically, we’ll turn a weathered girder into a striking collection of unique wall tiles. It’s a reincarnation of sorts.
WHY:
We love wood and working with craftspeople. We love salvaging woods, breathing new life into something old, worn and weathered. We love exploration and travel. We love design and having fun with like-minded souls. That’s why we do what we do the way we do it.
Crafted locally, rocked globally.
Wonderwall Studios is a creative studio that designs and produces wooden panelling for walls and surfaces. We use exclusively salvaged wood and employ local, professionnal craftsmen.
You could say we craft locally and rock globally.
Upholstery is the process of padding and covering furniture, especially seats, with materials like fabric, leather or plastic. An upholsterer adds padding, springs and covers to domestic and vehicle furniture. There are several types of upholstery including traditional, automobile, commercial and marine upholstery. Traditional upholstery uses materials like wood, animal hair and fabrics while automobile upholstery focuses on car interiors. Commercial upholstery furnishes places like restaurants and hospitals. Marine upholstery must withstand damp and sunlight.
Bamboo plywood is made from strips of 5-year old bamboo that are processed, dried, layered, and bonded with adhesives. The strips are arranged parallel and heat pressed together to form thin plywood sheets. Bamboo plywood can be cut and finished like other plywood using woodworking tools. It is a durable, renewable material that is resistant to warping and can be used for countertops, cabinets, flooring, and outdoor projects due to its strength and resistance to termites.
Home furnishings help people realize their dream of having a beautiful home. They include items like furniture, flooring, curtains, and other accessories used to decorate and beautify the home. Curtains and draperies serve functions like maintaining privacy, controlling light and noise, and adding beauty to a room. They can also modify the perceived size and shape of a room. Proper planning and selection of home furnishings, fabrics, and other decor elements according to factors like style, color, and functionality is important to achieve objectives like beauty, expressiveness, and comfort in the home.
This document summarizes several colonial occupations, including blacksmiths who worked with iron and steel, silversmiths who molded metal, tailors who sewed clothes, chandlers who made candles, carpenters who built houses, coopers who made barrels, gunsmiths who worked on guns, and wig makers who crafted hairstyles.
This document provides information about different types of textiles used in living rooms, including curtains, throws and blankets, rugs and carpets, cushions, upholstery, and tablecloths. It describes the various materials, styles, and uses of each type of textile. Curtains come in different styles and are typically made of lighter fabrics to hang from curtain rods. Throws and blankets are used to add warmth and can instantly update a room. Rugs are smaller than carpets and may be used on floors, walls, or as decorations, while carpets are used as primary floor coverings. Cushions are stuffed bags used for seating that can have decorative covers. Upholstery
TIVADEK advantages and Contractor program ToddLondon1
This document describes and advertises different product lines of outdoor decking materials. It introduces three main product lines - the Architectural Series which creates a classic look, the Designer Series which has unique natural variegation and embossing, and the Modern Series designed for bold urban styles. It also describes features like boards being finished and embossed on all four sides, riser and fascia boards for multi-purpose uses, and a game-time rewards program for purchasing more of the products.
Carpentry was an important occupation in colonial times. Carpenters used tools like saws, axes, planes and wood like oak, locust and pine to build furniture, houses and other structures. It took skill, strength, patience and memory to master carpentry. Silversmiths created decorative silver items by casting metal in molds and adding other pieces. They needed creativity and their shops were in cities. Basket makers wove baskets from wood strips to carry food and flowers, requiring skills with knives and water treatment. Chandlers made candles by collecting tallow, making wicks and dipping them, needing skills in hunting and fire-making. Blacksmiths forged metal tools over years of apprenticeship,
Sedimentary rocks cover approximately 75% of the world's land area. They can provide information about past climate conditions, environments, sources of sediment, and history of sediment transport and deposition. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their texture (grain size and shape) and mineral composition. Major textures are clastic (discrete fragments) and nonclastic (interlocking crystals). Common types include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, dolostone, evaporites, and coal. Grain size, sorting, rounding and composition help interpret the depositional environment.
Hand-held Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (HHpXRF or pXRF) for Sourc...kiacatina
The document summarizes a study that used portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) to analyze chert samples from different layers and outcrops in order to determine if pXRF could distinguish between the samples. The study found that pXRF could distinguish between layers within the same outcrop based on elemental composition. It also found it could distinguish the same layers between outcrops for one pair of layers but not another. Overall, pXRF showed potential for sourcing chert but more research is needed to determine its effectiveness between unrelated outcrops.
Civil engineering began in the 18th century France and includes branches like structural, geotechnical, transportation, and environmental engineering. Civil engineers design structures like buildings, bridges, roads, and wastewater treatment plants using materials like cement, aggregates, concrete, stone, and metals. They play an important role in developing infrastructure and providing utilities to society. Common building materials each have properties like strength, permeability, and durability that make them suitable for different applications in construction.
Most Amazing Stone Types and Materials to Achieve a Stunning Looking KitchenMKW Surfaces
Look out for most amazing stone types and materials to achieve a stunning looking kitchen. Stone kitchen products and accessories such as countertops, wall claddings, backsplashes, and floorings play a crucial role in deciding the overall look and feel of your kitchen. Stone blocks owing to their durability, strength, subtle elegance, beauty and the ability to add the much needed organic flair to today’s modern kitchens. For more info visit : http://www.mkwsurfaces.co.uk/
Foamed cement is created by injecting gas, usually nitrogen, into a cement slurry along with foaming agents and stabilizers. This creates a stable, lightweight cement with small, discrete bubbles that do not coalesce. Foamed cement can have densities ranging from 4 to 18 pounds per gallon, making it suitable for situations requiring lower hydrostatic pressure. It has advantages over conventional cement such as better strength, ductility, insulation properties, and ability to withstand mechanical stresses. While foamed cement jobs require more complex equipment and precision, it can improve zonal isolation in challenging well conditions.
Stone comes in thousands of types that have been quarried around the world from locations like Italy, Spain, Turkey, and more. There are different types of stone including sandstone, limestone, cudappa, kota, slate, and granite that come in various colors and textures. Marble is another popular stone that is used for countertops, flooring, fireplaces, and other applications. It is available from countries like India, Spain, Iran, Turkey, and Greece in different varieties. Pebbles are also a type of decorative stone used in landscaping.
Brick has been used as a building material for centuries due to its durability, strength, reliability and low cost. It is made by preparing clay through processes like blending, tempering and molding into bricks, then drying and burning. The key ingredients in clay that give bricks their properties include alumina, silica, lime and iron. Bricks are classified by their positioning in walls, such as headers, stretchers. Other brick terminology includes arrises, frogs, courses, quoins, perpends, closures and bats. Good bricks are table molded, well-burned, copper colored and free from cracks, with uniform shape and size that produces a clear ringing sound.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
This document discusses foam concrete, also known as cellular lightweight concrete. It conducted trials of foam concrete with densities between 300-900 kg/m3 in the lab using cement, sand, and foam. The trials achieved densities of 867, 1134, 845, and 870 kg/m3 respectively. It also discusses uses of foam concrete including roof and floor insulation and precast panels. The document outlines site visits and mixer and foamcrete applications. Advantages noted are adjustable density, low cost, high yield, non-toxicity, reduced dead load, fire resistance, and wall insulation.
This document discusses artificial stone materials used in construction, including glass and ceramics. Glass is a hard, transparent and amorphous material made from sand, lime, and caustic soda. Ceramic is made by mixing clay and water and baking the mixture in an oven. Both glass and ceramic are commonly used as partitions, windows, floors, and insulators in buildings. One example given is the Crown Fountain in Chicago, which uses glass brick.
EU: Granite, Sandstone and Other Building Stone – Market Report. Analysis and...IndexBox Marketing
This document provides an overview and analysis of the EU granite, sandstone, and other building stone market from 2007 to 2015, with forecasts to 2020. It finds that the market volume grew steadily from 2007 to 2015, with some fluctuations, and the market value followed a similar trend. Domestic production, imports, and exports are analyzed at the country level, and prices, trade channels, and the business environment are also examined. The report aims to give decision-makers in the building stone industry insights into market trends, opportunities, and outlook.
This document describes the properties and uses of various types of rocks:
- Sedimentary rocks like limestone and coal are used in construction, cement production, and power generation. Limestone is also used for flooring and roofing.
- Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt are used in construction, as aggregates in concrete, and for paving. Gabbro and pumice have more specialized uses.
- Metamorphic rocks like marble, slate, schist and gneiss can be used as building materials, flooring, roofing, and decoratively. Quartzite is used in masonry and road construction.
Natural Stone Application for InteriorsHolly Smith
This document provides an overview of natural stone applications for interiors. It discusses various types of natural stone such as travertine, limestone, marble, granite and others. It covers the formation, characteristics and common applications of each stone type. Additional sections describe stone production, cuts and finishes, construction considerations, maintenance and installation examples. The goal is to educate on selecting and specifying natural stone for different interior design projects.
1. Bricks are made from clay and are one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. They are inexpensive, durable, and easy to work with.
2. The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks including preparing the brick earth by blending clay with additives, molding, drying, and burning the bricks.
3. Bricks are classified based on their quality, strength, size, method of manufacture, and degree of burning. Special types of bricks include perforated, hollow, circular, and paving bricks used for specific construction purposes.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are two main types of stone masonry: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones laid without regular coursing, while ashlar masonry uses dressed stone blocks laid in regular horizontal courses. Within rubble masonry, there are different patterns including random, square, and polygonal rubble. Ashlar masonry stones can be finely dressed, rough tooled, rock-faced, or chamfered.
1) Wood is a natural material that has been used for centuries for structural and furnishing purposes. It comes in various types that are used for different applications based on their properties.
2) Wood can be classified as softwood or hardwood. Softwoods come from coniferous trees while hardwoods come from deciduous trees. Common softwoods include pine, spruce, cedar, fir and hemlock while common hardwoods include teak, rosewood, oak, mahogany, cherry and walnut.
3) In addition to natural wood, engineered wood which is manufactured from wood fibers, sawdust and adhesives is also widely used today for construction, furniture
Integrated Wood Design presentation is focused on educating students in the field of modern wood structures including not only up-to-date structural design, focusing on special fields such as furniture and packaging design and hybrid structures, but also on solid wood typology and sustainability to give students well rounded knowledge to enable them to actively contribute to the evolution and innovation in the product design industry.
Timber is wood that has been processed into beams and planks. It can be supplied rough-sawn or surfaced. Timber is used to make furniture and other wood products. Various types of timber cuts include plain sawn, quarter sawn, and rift sawn. Wood logs can also be cut into boxed heart, heart center, or free of heart center. Different wood types are used for different purposes based on their properties like color, price, density, location, features, and common uses. Popular wood types discussed include pine, maple, oak, cherry, and teak.
Wood is a natural building material that has been used for shelter and protection since ancient times. It comes from trees and can be classified as softwoods from conifer trees or hardwoods from deciduous trees. Common softwoods used in construction include pine, fir and spruce while popular hardwoods are teak, rosewood, oak and mango wood. Each type of wood has distinct properties that make it suitable for different applications such as furniture, flooring and building structures.
This document discusses different types of wood, including natural wood and manufactured wood. It describes softwoods like pine, cedar, and cypress that come from coniferous trees. Hardwoods come from broad-leaved trees and include mahogany, teak, and mora. Manufactured woods are made by gluing wood layers or fibers together, such as MDF, plywood, particle board, OSB, and blockboard. These manufactured woods are often used instead of real wood due to their low cost.
The document discusses various types of timber/wood, including their identification, properties, categories, and common uses. It provides details on color, odor, hardness, density, grain, luster, and moisture content as general timber properties. It then examines moisture in timber, equilibrium moisture content, and fiber saturation point. Finally, it lists and describes several popular categories of timber - oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, walnut, rosewood, and teak - and notes their characteristics and common applications.
The document discusses various wood properties including physical, chemical and mechanical properties and describes different types of wood and their uses. It also outlines common woodworking machines used in carpentry like lathes, saws, drills and their functions. Safety tips are provided for operating woodworking machinery to avoid injuries.
divyabalami_presentation onTypes of wood and wood products.pptxDivyaBalani7
This document discusses different types of wood, including softwoods, hardwoods, and engineered wood. Softwoods come from coniferous trees and are commonly used for construction. Hardwoods come from deciduous trees and feature attractive grain patterns. Engineered woods are manufactured composites made from wood waste, such as plywood, OSB, and MDF. Plywood specifically is made of thin wood veneers glued together, with more plies providing more strength for exterior uses.
This document discusses various types of wood that are commonly used for interior design and furniture making. It provides details on oakwood, cedar wood, pine wood, alder wood, beechwood, lyptus wood, cherry wood, walnut wood and padauk wood. It discusses their textures, colors, grain patterns and suitability for different interior design styles. It also provides examples of furniture that can be made from wood, including dining tables, coffee tables, lounge chairs, bookshelves, and indoor sofas, made using recycled wooden pallets.
Wood is a hard, fibrous material found in trees and woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for construction and fuel. There are two main types - hardwoods from deciduous trees and softwoods from coniferous trees. Common hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany and teak which are used for furniture, flooring and construction. Softwoods like pine, fir and cedar are lighter and more porous, used for framing, millwork and paneling. Wood is seasoned to remove moisture and prevent problems when used in construction. Methods include air, solar and microwave seasoning.
Six types of wood are commonly used in antique furniture according to antique furniture restorations in Hobart: pine, mahogany, oak, walnut, rosewood, and cherry. Pine is a softwood often used for bodies and interiors due to its resistance to shrinking and swelling but tendency to split. Mahogany is a hardwood found in European furniture with a distinctive grain. Oak is another hardwood extensively used for its hardness. Walnut comes in many colors and patterns. Rosewood resembles mahogany but contains fine black or white rings. Cherry darkens beautifully with age and was popular for American antiques.
This document discusses different types of wood, including their properties, uses, and characteristics. It describes hardwood versus softwood, and provides details on various natural wood types like pine, oak, teak and sangwan. Pine is inexpensive and durable, used for framing. Oak is hard and porous, taking stains well. Teak is expensive but resistant to rot, used for boat decks. The document also covers artificial wood and how boards are made, cut, and joined.
best imported pine wood in haldwani.pdfRonitbanga1
High-Quality Grade: The best-imported pine wood planks are typically sourced from well-managed forests and are graded to ensure they are of high quality. These planks will have fewer knots, minimal imperfections, and consistent grain patterns.
Kiln-Dried: Properly kiln-dried pine wood is essential for stability and to prevent warping or shrinking. The best-imported pine wood planks will be thoroughly kiln-dried, making them more durable and suitable for various applications.
Smooth Finish: The surfaces of top-quality pine wood planks will be smooth and ready for immediate use. They should be sanded and finished to a high standard, making them easy to work with and aesthetically pleasing.
Dimensional Accuracy: Precise manufacturing and quality control ensure that the imported pine wood planks have accurate dimensions and are available in various sizes and thicknesses. This consistency is crucial for construction and carpentry projects.
Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly: The best-imported pine wood planks are sourced from responsibly managed forests, adhering to sustainable practices and environmental regulations. This ensures that the wood is harvested responsibly and doesn't contribute to deforestation.
best imported pine wood in haldwani.pptxRonitbanga1
This document lists and describes 8 different types of imported pine wood planks and panels available in Haldwani, including Canadian pine, German pine, Russian pine, 20mm Russian pine wood, 12mm pine wood panels, brown Russian pine wood, southern yellow pine wood, and pine wood flooring planks. The pine wood varieties differ in terms of country of origin, dimensions, densities, colors, grains, and common applications for construction, flooring, furniture and other wood projects. In general, the document highlights that various pine woods have desirable properties like strength, stability, hardness, and suitability for indoor and outdoor applications.
Wood grain refers to the orientation of cells and fibers inside a tree that create a visible pattern. There are different types of wood grain depending on how the tree was cut. Straight grain is strongest as the fibers run parallel along the length of the wood. Open grain has larger visible pores compared to closed grain. Different wood species also have distinctive grain patterns such as curly, fiddleback or birdseye figuring. Understanding grain is important for woodworkers to select wood and cut it properly for strength and appearance.
The document discusses different types of wood, their characteristics, uses, and processing. It defines the differences between wood and timber, and describes softwood and hardwood. It then covers the internal section of wood including the pith, heartwood, sapwood, and growth layers. The rest of the document summarizes different wood-based boards like plywood, blockboard, and MDF. It also discusses veneers, types of veneers, and laminates used in woodwork.
This document provides information about various types of wood and timber. It discusses hardwoods which come from broad-leaf deciduous trees like oak. It also discusses softwoods which come from coniferous trees that do not lose their leaves. Softwood is used widely in construction. Manufactured boards like plywood and MDF are also described, which are made from gluing wood layers or fibers together. The document also covers wood properties, classifications, elements of a tree, defects in timber, and uses of different wood types.
This document provides information about natural and manufactured timbers. It discusses the two types of natural timber - hardwoods and softwoods. Hardwoods come from deciduous trees that lose their leaves in autumn, while softwoods come from evergreen trees that are green all year round. Examples of properties, uses and appearances are given for various hardwoods and softwoods. Manufactured boards are also described as being made by gluing wood layers or fibers together, with examples like MDF, plywood, chipboard and hardboard. Finishing and protecting wood through various methods is also outlined.
This document provides an overview of wood and trees. It discusses the structure and composition of wood. It also examines the life cycle of trees, tree identification, wood properties, commercial uses of wood, and classifications of trees and wood. The document concludes with sections on interior and exterior wood usage.
Timber refers to wood suitable for building or engineering purposes. It is used to make furniture, packaging, tools, toys and other wood products. Timber comes from the trunks of trees and is composed of heartwood, sapwood, and bark. Softwoods and hardwoods have different characteristics like weight, color, strength properties. For timber to be of good quality, it needs properties like being free from defects, uniform color, and clear ringing sound. Seasoning reduces the moisture content in wood to prevent warping. Preservation methods like painting, tarring and chemical treatment protect timber from fire, fungi and insect attacks. Common wood products include veneer, plywood and other composite wood materials.
The document contains interior design projects by Suneeta Bodapati including a kids' bedroom with a jungle theme, a living and dining space, and a master bedroom. Plans, elevations, perspectives, and renderings are presented for each project showing custom designs with themes of nature and layers of color, light, and texture. Additional works include watercolor paintings, sketches, and diagrams related to Suneeta Bodapati's interior design philosophy and techniques.
Zaha Hadid is an Iraqi-British architect known for her innovative and organic designs. She founded her own practice, Zaha Hadid Architects, in 1980. Hadid's style pushes design boundaries through new technologies and materials. Some of her most notable works include the MAXXI Museum in Rome, the London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics, and the Bridge Pavilion for Expo 2008 in Zaragoza, Spain. Hadid has received many prestigious awards for her contributions to architecture, including the Pritzker Prize in 2004.
The document provides information on various building materials including timber, glass, stone, brick, steel, and concrete. It describes the properties and common uses of each material, including flexibility and strength of timber, weight and conductivity of glass, porosity and permeability of stone, and hardness and durability of different types of stone. Price lists for building materials in India are also included.
The architect Hafeez Contractor has redefined the skylines of major Indian cities through his distinctive modern designs incorporating classical elements. He established his firm Architect HC in 1983 and has since designed thousands of residential, commercial and hotel buildings across India. Some of his most notable projects include luxury townships, skyscrapers in Mumbai, the DY Patil Stadium, and hotel chains like Leela, Hyatt, and ITC Hotels. Though controversial for his mass production approach, Hafeez Contractor has received numerous awards and is one of India's most successful architects.
1. Building Materials
Project Report
August 2012
By: Suneeta Bodapati
B-23 A, Sector- 62 (Next to Fortis Hospital) Noida, 201301 Uttar Pradesh
2. Acknowledgements
This project would not have been a success without the guidance and motivation of
all my mentors. I am thankful to all the persons behind this project.
I would like to express my gratefulness to Ms. Shivani Sood, who
acted as a mentor throughout my project for providing me valuable
information and guidance.
Secondly, I would like to thank Ms. Renu Bhargava who have
been very helpful in facilitating my site visits and encouraged at
every instant.
Last but not the least; I would like to thank my classmates & my family for
motivating me all the time throughout this project. Suneeta Bodapati
Interior Designing – JD Institute, Noida
2
4. Introduction
Fundamentally, Interior designers must know about the building materials that will
be used to create and furnish the space, how texture, color, lighting and other
factors combine and interact to make a space.
The aim of this project was to understand about different types of the basic building
materials i.e. wood, bricks, glass, sand, steel, stone, concrete & Bamboo.
This report presents the vital nature of these building materials along with their
properties, limitations, usage and current cost (in northern part of Indian sub-continent).
This report is based on actual site visits, detailed interviews with building material
traders / manufacturers and information from World Wide Web.
4
5. Wood
“I have little patience with scientists who take a board of wood, look for its thinnest
part, and drill a great number of holes where drilling is easy.”
- Albert Einstein
5
6. Wood
Woods are of many different types. Each unique wood type has its own combination of properties such as color,
scent, strength, density, flexibility, and grain pattern. These factors make different types of wood better for
making certain items we use in our daily lives.
Wood can be broadly classified in two main groups: softwoods and hardwoods. The structure of the cells, or
wood fibers, is what determines the strength and flexibility of a particular type of wood.
HARDWOODS
OAK: Oak is the most widely used hardwood. There are more than 60 species of oak
grown, which can be separated into two basic varieties; white and red. The red variety is
also known as black.
Properties: Oak is a heavy, strong, light colored hardwood. It is ring porous, due to the
fact that more and larger conductive vessels are laid down early in the summer, rather
than later. Prominent rings and large pores give oak a course texture and prominent
grain. Oak also has conspicuous medullar rays which can be seen as "flakes" in quarter
sawed oak lumber.
Uses: Oak is the most popular wood used to craft western designs. It is also used for
Gothic as well as many transitional and contemporary pieces.
MAPLE: There are 115 species of maple. Two of the five are hard rock maple and sugar
maple.
Properties: Maple is so hard and resistant to shocks that it is often used for bowling alley
floors. Its diffuse evenly sized pores give the wood a fine texture and even grain. Maple
that has a curly grain is often used for violin backs.
Uses: Maple is used extensively for American colonial furniture, especially in medium
and lower priced categories. It can also be stained to simulate cherry wood, which it
resembles. 6
7. Wood
MAHOGANY: Mahogany, also known as Honduras mahogany is a tropical hardwood
indigenous to South America, Central America and Africa. There are many different grades
and species sold under this name, which vary widely in quality and price. Mahogany which
comes from the Caribbean is thought to be the hardest, strongest and best quality. Logs
from Africa, though highly figured, are of slightly lesser quality. Philippine mahogany has a
similar color, but is not really mahogany at all. It is a much less valuable wood, being less
strong, not as durable or as beautiful when finished.
Properties: Mahogany is strong, with a uniform pore structure and poorly defined annual
rings. It has a reddish - brown color and may display stripe, ribbon, broken
stripe, rope, ripple, mottle, fiddleback or blister figures. Crotch mahogany figures are
widely used and greatly valued. Mahogany is an excellent carving wood and finishes well.
Uses: Mahogany is used extensively in the crafting of Georgian, Empire and Federal
reproduction furniture. Mahogany is also used in styles ranging from Victorian furniture
reproductions to Contemporary.
CHERRY: Cherry is sometimes called fruitwood. The term fruitwood is also used to
describe a light brown finish on other woods.
Properties: A moderately hard, strong, closed grain, light to red-brown wood, cherry
resists warping and checking. It is easy to carve and polish.
Uses: Cherry veneers and solids are used in a variety of styles. Cherry has been called
New England mahogany and is often used to craft 18th century, Colonial and French
Provincial designs. 7
8. Wood
WALNUT: Walnut is one of the most versatile and popular cabinet making woods. It
grows in Europe, America and Asia. There are many different varieties.
Properties: Walnut is strong, hard and durable, without being excessively heavy. It has
excellent woodworking qualities, and takes finishes well. The wood is light to dark
chocolate brown in color with a straight grain in the trunk.
Uses: Walnut is used in all types of fine cabinet work, especially 1 8th century
reproductions.
ROSEWOOD: Very hard and has a dark reddish brown color.
Properties: It is fragrant and close grained. It is hard to work and takes high polish.
Uses: Used in musical instruments, piano cases, tool handles, art projects, veneers and
furniture.
TEAK: True teak is indigenous to Southeast Asia, but similar wood species also grow in
Africa.
Properties & Uses: Teak is a yellow to dark brown hardwood which is extremely
heavy, strong and durable. Often strongly figured, teak may show straight grain, mottled
or fiddle back figures. It carves well, but because of its high value, is often used as a
veneer. Scandinavian modern, and oriental furniture styles are often crafted of teak.
8
9. Wood
SOFTWOODS
CEDAR: Several species of cedar grow in the southern United States, Central and South
America.
Properties & Uses: Cedar is a knotty softwood which has a red-brown color with light
streaks. Its aromatic and moth repellent qualities have made it a popular wood for lining
drawers, chests and boxes. Simple cases and storage closets are also constructed from
this light, brittle wood.
ASH: There are 16 species of ash wood. Of these, the white ash is the largest and most
commercially important.
Properties & Uses: Ash is a hard, heavy, ring porous hardwood. It has a prominent grain
that resembles oak, and a white to light brown color. Ash burls have a twisted,
interwoven figure. Ash is widely used for structural frames and steam bent furniture
pieces. It is often less expensive than comparable hardwoods.
9
10. Wood
PINE: Pine is a softwood which grows in most areas of the Northern Hemisphere. There
are more than 100 species worldwide.
Properties: Pine is a soft, white or pale yellow wood which is light weight, straight
grained and lacks figure. It resists shrinking and swelling. Knotty pine is often used for
decorative effect.
Uses: Pine is often used for country or provincial furniture. Pickled, whitened, painted
and oil finishes are often used on this wood.
BIRCH: There are many species of birch. The yellow birch is the most commercially
important. European birch is fine grained, rare and expensive.
Properties & Uses: Birch is a hard, heavy, close grained hardwood with a light brown
or reddish colored heartwood and cream or light sapwood. Birch is often rotary or flat
sliced, yielding straight, curly or wavy grain patterns. It can be stained to resemble
mahogany or walnut.
Douglas-Fir: Douglas-Fir is technically not a true Fir (Abies genus), but is in its own
genus: Pseudotsuga. It is an incredibly valuable commercial timber, widely used in
construction and building purposes. The tree itself grows to be very large, and yields a
large amount of usable lumber and veneer for plywood.
Properties: Douglas-Fir is very stiff and strong for its weight, and is also among the
hardest and heaviest softwoods. Can vary in color based upon age and location of tree.
Usually a light brown color with a hint of red and/or yellow, with darker growth rings.
Uses: Douglas-Fir heartwood is rated to be moderately-durable in regard to decay, but is
susceptible to insect attack. 10
11. Wood
Prices
S.No Wood type Units Min price Max price
1 Oak Sq-Mtr Rs. 2,100 Rs. 5,800
2 Maple Sq-Mtr Rs. 3,700 Rs. 4,100
3 Cherry Sq-Mtr Rs. 6,100 Rs. 6,300
4 Walnut Sq-Mtr Rs. 5,100 Rs. 5,300
5 Rosewood 1/2" x 2-7/8" x 36-1/4" Rs. 2,970
6 Teak Cubic ft Rs. 2,500 Rs. 5,000
7 Cedar Sq-Mtr Rs. 2,400 Rs. 3,100
8 Ash Sq-Mtr Rs. 3,900 Rs. 4,200
9 Pine 100x100mm Rs. 370 Rs. 455
11
12. Bricks
“A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have
thrown at him.”
- David Brikley
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13. Brick
Bricks have been around for thousands of years and are still an
important part of the construction industry today. Modern bricks are
made in much the same way as they were in the past. Clay is dug out
of the earth, dried then crushed into a fine powder, and mixed with
water to a specific consistency. The clay is then molded into
units, dried in ovens, and finally baked in high-temperature kilns.
Bricks are named according to the clay they are manufactured
from, the kind of method used in shaping the units (sand or water
struck), how they are to be used (face brick or common), the
strength, or the finish applied to the face after the initial firing such as
glazed brick.
Standard brick size in India: 9’ X 4’ X 3.5’
HANDMADE BRICK: Handmade Bricks are literally made by hand by throwing clay into
moulds. Each brick is unique and they have a pleasing and distinctive appearance with a
creased face (known as a smile) as well as longstanding durability - many of our most
admired historic buildings were built with handmade bricks. This have a labour intensive
production process.
STOCK BRICK: Stock Bricks are a traditional type of brick with a slightly irregular shape
made by using a mechanised moulding process known as soft mud moulding. A wide
range of colours is available. In price, as well as style, stock bricks fall between the
wirecuts and the handmades.
This type of brick is currently one of the most popular.
13
14. Brick
WIRECUT BRICKS: Wirecut Facing Bricks are made by extrusion of a continuous column
of clay which, as the name implies, is cut by the wire but not before the column has been
textured. They are suitable for almost every type of application and are available in a
wide range of colours and textures. The highly automated production process makes
wirecuts relatively inexpensive compared to some other types of brick.
ENGINEERING BRICK: Engineering Bricks are used for their performance characteristics
rather than their appearance and are most suited for groundworks, manholes and
sewers, retaining walls and other situations where strength and resistance to frost attack
and water are the most important factor.
FLETTON BRICK: Fletton Bricks, or Londons are only manufactured by Hanson Brick. They
are made from deposits of Oxford clay. They are available in a wide range of colours and
textures, and are particularly popular for matching existing brickwork.
REPRESSED BRICK: Re-Pressed Bricks are wirecut bricks which are re-pressed to create a
solid brick with very precise size tolerances and distinctive surface texture. Known as the
'Jacobean', this range is unique and is a high quality product that can be used effectively
in housing.
14
15. Brick
Brick Prices:
• Mud Bricks Rs. 2.00 – 4.00 per piece Price depends on thickness and finish.
• Mud Bricks (Light Weight) Rs. 3.50 – 6.00 per ton Various qualities depends on manufacturer
• Fly Ash / Hallow Bricks Rs. 8.25 + per piece Standard sizes and finishing depends on manufacturer
15
17. Glass
There is a special relationship between glass and buildings. Glass is a magical
material which has so many different properties and uses, that it has presented
Interior designers with many new possibilities and designs. In their quest for
transparency and safety, Designers & Architects often use glasses.
There are many kinds of glass. Several important kinds of glass are explained below.
FLAT GLASS is used chiefly in windows. It is also used in mirrors, room dividers, and
some kinds of furniture. All flat glass is made in the form of flat sheets. But some of
it, such as that used in automobile windshields, is reheated and sagged (curved) over
molds.
LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS is a “sandwich” made by combining alternate layers of
flat glass and plastics. The outside layer of glass may break when struck by an
object, but the plastic layer is elastic and so it stretches. The plastic holds the
broken pieces of glass together and keeps them from flying in all directions.
Laminated glass is used where broken glass might cause serious injuries, as in
automobile windshields.
GLASS BUILDING BLOCKS are made from two hollow half-sections sealed together at
a high temperature. Glass building blocks are good insulators against heat or cold
because of the dead-air space inside. The blocks are laid like bricks to make walls and
other structures.
17
18. Glass
TEMPERED SAFETY GLASS unlike laminated glass, is a single piece that has been
given a special heat treatment. It looks, feels, and weighs the same as ordinary glass.
But it can be several times stronger. Tempered glass is used widely for all-glass doors
in stores, side and rear windows of automobiles, and basketball backboards, and for
other special purposes. It is hard to break even when hit with a hammer. When it
does break, the whole piece of glass collapses into small, dull-edged fragments.
COLORED STRUCTURAL GLASS is a heavy plate glass, available in many colors. It is
used in buildings as an exterior facing, and for interior walls, partitions, and
tabletops.
OPAL GLASS has small particles in the body of the glass that disperse the light
passing through it, making the glass appear milky. The ingredients necessary to
produce opal glass include fluorides (chemical compounds containing fluorine). This
glass is widely used in lighting fixtures and for tableware.
FIBERGLASS consists of fine but solid rods of glass, each of which may be less
than one-twentieth the width of a human hair. These tiny glass fibers can be
loosely packed together in a wool like mass that can serve as heat insulation.
They also can be used like wool or cotton fibers to make glass yarn, tape, cloth,
and mats. Fiberglass has many other uses. It is used for electrical insulation,
chemical filtration, and firefighters' suits. Combined with plastics, fiberglass
can be used for airplane wings and bodies, automobile bodies, and boat hulls.
Fiberglass is a popular curtain material because it is fire-resistant and
washable. 18
19. Glass
GLASS-CERAMICS are strong materials made by heating glass to rearrange some of
its atoms into regular patterns. These partially crystalline materials can withstand
high temperatures, sudden changes in temperature, and chemical attacks better
than ordinary glass can. They are used in a variety of products, including heat-
resistant cookware, turbine engines, electronic equipment, and nose cones of
guided missiles. Glass-ceramics have such trade names as Pyroceram, Cervit, and
Hercuvit.
FOAM GLASS when it is cut, looks like a black honeycomb. It is filled with many tiny
cells of gas. Each cell is surrounded and sealed off from the others by thin walls of
glass. Foam glass is so light that it floats on water. It is widely used as a heat
insulator in buildings, on steam pipes, and on chemical equipment. Foam glass can
be cut into various shapes with a saw.
RADIATION-ABSORBING AND RADIATION-TRANSMITTING GLASS can
transmit, modify, or block heat, light, X rays, and other types of radiant energy. For
example, ultraviolet glass absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sun but transmits visible
light. Other glass transmits heat rays freely but passes little visible light. Polarized
glass cuts out the glare of brilliant light. One-way glass is specially coated so that a
person can look through a window without being seen from the other side.
PHOTOSENSITIVE GLASS can be exposed to ultraviolet light and to heat so that any
pattern or photograph can be reproduced within the body of the glass itself. Because
the photographic print then becomes an actual part of the glass, it will last as long as
the glass itself.
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20. Glass
MIRRORS are usually made from float glass 4-6mm thick, and
silvered on one side. Mirrors are available for use without a
surrounding frame, these usually are made from a type of
safety glass. Old mirrors, and modern mirrors supplied within
a frame, should not be used unframed as any damage to
them might cause the glass to shatter dangerously.
Prices
S.No Glass type Units Min price Max price
1 Flat glass Per Sqft Rs. 70 Rs. 80
2 Laminated glass Per Sqft Rs. 100 Rs. 120
3 Glass building blocks Per block Rs. 275 Rs. 345
4 Colored structural glass Per Sqft Rs. 330 Rs. 700
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22. Sand
Sand is an extremely needful material for the construction but this
important material must be purchased with all care and vigilance.
Sand which is used in the construction purpose must be clean, free
from waste stones and impurities. It is important to know what type
of sand is beneficial for construction purpose as sand is also classified
into three different forms that make it suitable for specific type of
construction.
Sand is classified as: Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm), Medium Sand (0.425
to 2 mm) and Coarse Sand (2.0 to4.75 mm). However this classification of
sand is further has types of sand in particular and on that basis only
they are being incorporated in the construction. Read out the
detailing of the types of sand:
PIT SAND (Coarse sand): Pit sand is classified under coarse sand which is also
called badarpur in common language. This type of coarse sand is procured from
deep pits of abundant supply and it is generally in red-orange colour. The coarse
grain is sharp, angular and certainly free from salts etc which is mostly
employed in concreting.
RIVER SAND: River sand is procured from river streams and banks and is fine in quality
unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rounded grains generally in white-grey colour. River
sand has many uses in the construction purpose such as plastering.
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24. Steel
The most common construction material used in building
structures is steel. Steel is a perfect material in building
components and structures. It has changed the construction
industry; bringing remarkable architectural designs to life. One of
the most important benefits to consider is its level of sustainability.
Steel is basically an alloy of iron and carbon with a small
percentage of other metals such as nickel, chromium, aluminum,
cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten etc. Steel metal is used primarily for
structural framework for larger buildings or as an external surface
covering.
There are many different types of steel classified on the basis of the type of metal used and the percentage
content of the metal in the particular type of steel.
Below given are some commonly used types of steel:
MILD STEEL: The mild carbon steel is simply composed of iron and carbon but
it has a very low content of carbon in it.
This steel is used in the making of sheet metal for roofs, panels, boxes, cases
and vehicle frames. It is now also used as a replacement for wrought iron in
the making railroad rails.
24
25. Steel
GALVANIZED STEEL: The grayish galvanized steel with a tensile strength of
50,000 psi is zinc-coated steel. A "hot dip galvanizing" procedure of immersing
steel in a molten zinc bath coats steel with hard, uniform, impervious gamma,
delta and zeta zinc iron alloy layers and a pure zinc eta layer offering steel that
is corrosion resistant.
Paint, weld- and join-friendly, weatherproof, stain proof, long-lasting, cost-
effective and almost maintenance free, galvanized steel is suited for
residences, commercial buildings, bridges and airports.
STAINLESS STEEL: Stain less steel is the most resistant and commonly
used steel of all the types. It apart from carbon contains 11% chromium
and some amount of nickel. It is probably the most resistant steel of all
the types.
Although all the types of steel are generally resistant to rust and
corrosion, the stainless steel in particular is resistant to any sort of
external attack. Even a scratch cannot stay on the surface of stainless
steel.
ALUMINUM STEEL: Aluminum steel is smooth steel with a high content of
aluminum. Because of its strong and smooth surface it is used in the making
of furniture.
25
26. Steel
TERNE METAL: Terne metal or thin gauge steel is carbon steel or stainless
steel coated with an 80:20 tin-zinc alloy through a hot dip process. Terne
has mild steel equivalent tensile strength and a low shine light grey satin
texture.
Terne metal does not require painting. Terne is weatherproof, solder
friendly, formable, durable and maintenance free. The highly corrosion
resistant Terne metal roofs, sidings, downspouts, fascias and gutters are
used in buildings in harsh coastal and industrial conditions.
MEDIUM CARBON STEEL: The medium carbon steels have a normal content of
carbon that means that they are not as hard as the high carbon and neither
are they as strong the Mild carbon steel.
They are used in the making of tool frames and springs.
CHROMIUM STEEL: Chromium steels have a high content of chromium and
are resistant to corrosion.
They are very strong, ensile and are elastic in nature. It requires organic
coating before use; it can be lacquered, printed and finished in fine
stone, stone and matte finishes. Hence, it has building trade uses such as
space bars and false ceiling rails.
26
27. Steel
Prices
S.No Steel type Units Min price Max price
1 Mild steel Rs / Kg Rs. 65 Rs. 80
2 Galvanized steel Rs / Kg Rs. 60 Rs. 65
3 Stainless steel Rs / Kg Rs. 165 Rs. 220
4 Medium carbon steel Rs / Kg Rs. 70 Rs. 90
5 Chromium steel Rs / Kg Rs. 65 Rs. 80
27
29. Stone
Building stone, also called dimension stone, derives from one of three naturally occurring rock types:
IGNEOUS - Igneous stones are formed from molten or partly molten material i.e. magma, through solidification
of magna. Lava is a form of magma cools and solidifies on the surface of the earth. Liquid magma cools and
solidifies underneath the Earth's surface, and then mineral gases and liquids penetrate the stone and create new
crystalline formations and various colors.
Of all igneous rocks, granite is the most common choice. It is a coarsely crystalline unstratified igneous rock
composed of alkali feldspars, quartz, mica and hornblende.
SEDIMENTARY - Soft and fairly porous rock formed from deposits of eroded pre-existing rock that settled in
layers mostly on sea beds, and became compacted. The best examples are sandstone and limestone.
METAMORPHIC - Hard and non-porous rock formed from pre-existing rock that has been altered by intense heat
or pressure. The best examples are marble and slate.
There are huge variations within each of these rock types, caused by specific mineralogy and geology
conditions, and while any stone can be used for building, they each have constraints that make them more or
less suitable for different purposes.
29
30. Stone
MARBLES Coarse-grained marbles are more suitable for architectural and
monumental uses; it is the coarseness of the grain, which is the cause of the
great durability of marble against meteoric weather-ing. The fine-grained,
purest white marbles are reserved for statuary use, for which no other
varieties can be of service.
Green Oynx marble
The marble deposits of India are fairly widespread and of large extent. The
principal source of the marbles of India is the crystalline formation of
Rajasthan -- the Aravalli series. Marble quarries are worked at Mekrana
(Jodhpur), Kharwa (Ajmer), Maundla and Bhainslana (Jaipur), Dadikar
(Alwar), and some other places, from which marbles of many varieties of
colour and grain, including the beautiful white variety of which the Taj Mahal
is built, are obtained. It was the accessibility of this store of material of
unsurpassed beauty which, no doubt, gave such a stimulus to the Mogul Botticino marble
taste for architecture in the seventeenth century.
Good quality marble also occurs in a large outcrop near Jabalpur, Jaisalmer in
Rajasthan, Motipura in Baroda, Narsingpur in Madhya Pradesh, Kharwa in
Ajmer. Some quarries in and around Jaipur furnish a dense black marble,
capable of taking an exquisite polish, largely employed in the ancient
buildings of Delhi, Agra and Kashmir.
Pearl marble
30
31. Stone
LIMESTONES Limestones occur in many formations, some of which are entirely composed of
them. Not all of them, however, are fit for building purposes, though many of them are burnt
for lime. In the Cuddapah, Bijawar, Khondalite and Aravalli Groups limestones attain
considerable development; some of them are of great beauty and strength. They have been
largely drawn upon in the construction of many of the noted monuments of the past in all
parts of India. Vindhyan limestones are extensively quar-ried, as already referred to, in
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and elsewhere, and form a valued source for lime and cement, as
well as for building stone. The Gondwanas are barren of calcareous rocks, but the small
exposures of the Bagh and Trichinopoly Cretaceous include excellent limestones. The
Nummulitic limestones of the extra--Peninsular districts, viz. Sind, Hazara, the Salt-Range,
Punjab and Assam, are an enormous repository of pure limestone, and when accessible are in
very large demand for burning, building, as well as road-making purposes.
Limestones suitable for the manufacture of both lime and cement occur in enormous
quantities in the Vindhyan and older Formations. Cement grade limestone is quarried from
Shahbad and Singhbhum districts of Bihar, Jabalpur (Katni and Jukheri areas) and Satna
districts of Madhya Pradesh, Sundergarh district of Orissa, Narji limestone from the Guntur
and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, Ambala and Mahendragarh districts of Punjab,
Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, and the Carboniferous limestone from the Raisi tahsil of J
& K. The Vindhyan limestone in the Son Valley of Uttar Pradesh is also used for the
manufacture of cement.
In the plains of India, the only available source of line is ‘kankar’, which occurs plentifully as
irregular concretionary disseminations in clays. The clay admixture in kankar is often in
sufficient proportion to produce a hydraulic lime on burning. 31
32. Stone
GRANITES Granites and coarsely foliated gneisses form very desirable and
durable building-stones. These rocks, by reason of their massive nature and
homogeneous grain, are suitable for monu-mental and architectural work as
well as for massive masonries. Their wide range in appearance and colour -
white, pink, red, grey, black, etc. - renders the stones highly ornamental and
effective for a variety of decorative uses. The charnockites of Tamil
Nadu, the Arcot gneiss, Bangalore gneiss, the porphyries of
Seringapatam, and many other varieties of granite obtained from the
various districts of the Peninsula are very attractive examples. Its dura-bility
is such that the numerous ancient temples and monuments of South India
built of granite stand today almost intact after centuries of wear, and to all
appearance are yet good for centuries to come. From their wide
prevalence, forming nearly three-fourths of the surface of the Peninsula, the
Archaean gneisses form an inexhaustible source of good material for
building and oma-mental uses.
SERPENTINE Serpentine forms large outcrops in the Arakan
range of Burma and also in Baluchistan. It occurs as an
altera-tion-product of the basic and ultra-basic intrusions of
Cretaceous and Miocene ages. From its softness and liability
to weather on exposure it is of no use for outdoor
architectural purposes, but serpentines of attractive colour
are employed in internal decora-tions of buildings and the
manufacture of vases, statuary, etc. Serpentinous marble
(Verde antique) is rare in India.
32
33. Stone
SANDSTONES
Vindhyan sandstones - The Vindhyan and, to a lesser extent, the Gondwana formations afford sandstones
admir-ably suited for building works. The most preeminent among them are the white, cream, buff and pink
Upper Vindhyan sand-stones, which have been put to a variety of uses. It is the most widely quarried stone in
India, and being both a freestone as well as a flagstone it can yield, according to the portion selected, both
gigantic blocks for pillars from one part and thin, slate-like slabs for paving and roofing from another part. The
superb edifices, modern and medieval, of Delhi, Rajasthan and Agra are built of red and white Vindhyan
sandstone quarried from a number of sites in the vicinity.
Some of the Vindhyan sandstones are so homogeneous and soft that they are capable of receiving a most
elaborate carving and filigree work. Centuries of exposure to the weather have tested their durability.
Upper Gondwana sandstones - Another formation possessing resources in building-stones of good quality is the
Upper Gondwana, which has contributed a great store of building-stone to Orissa and Chanda. The famous
temples of Puri and the other richly orna-mented buildings of these districts are constructed of Upper
Gondwana sandstones.
The Mesozoic (Umia) sandstone of Dhrangadhra and the Cret-aceous sandstone underlying the Bagh beds of
Gujarat (Songir sandstones) furnish Gujarat with a very beautiful and durable stone for its important public and
private buildings.
Among the Tertiary sandstones, a few possess the qualities re-quisite in a building-stone, e.g. the Murree and
Kamlial (Tarki) sandstones; but the younger Siwalik sandstones are too uncon-solidated and incoherent to be fit
for employment in building work.
33
35. Stone
LATERITE Laterites of South India are put to use in building -works, due to the ease
with which they are cut into bricks or blocks when freshly quarried and their property
of hardening with exposure to air. Its wide distribution from Assam to Comorin makes
laterite a widely used material for road-metal. This stone is not capable of receiving
dressing for any architectural or ornamental use.
SLATES Slates for paving and roofing are not of common occur-rence in
India, except in some mountainous areas, e.g. at Kangra and Pir Panjal in
the Himalayas and Rewari in the Aravallis. When the cleavage is finely
developed and regular, thus enabling them to be split into thin even plates,
the slates are used for roofing; when the cleavage is not so fine, the slates
are used for paving. True cleavage-slates are rare in India; what generally
are called slates are either phyllites or compacted shales in which the
planes of splitting are not cleavage-planes.
The chief slate-quarries of India are those of Kangra, in the Kangra district;
Rewari, in the Gurgaon district; and Kharakpur hills in the Monghyr district.
35
36. Stone
Prices
S.No Stone type Units Min price Max price
1 Green Oynx marble Per Sqft Rs. 35 Rs. 60
2 White marble Per Sqft Rs. 60 > Rs. 300
3 Italian marble Per Sqft Rs. 200 >Rs. 2500
4 Pink marble Per Sqft Rs. 35 Rs. 60
5 Yellow marble Per Sqft Rs. 45 Rs. 55
36
37. Concrete
“Evil is the product of the ability of humans to make abstract that which is concrete”
- Jean-Paul Sartre
37
38. Concrete
Concrete structures are known for their durability and cost-saving features. With concrete construction, one
can design home or office building to look just like what they want and also garner many other added benefits
by choosing to build with concrete.
Concrete structures can withstand nearly any assault Mother Nature can dole out without sacrificing the
comfort and design flexibility of a traditional home. In fact, more and more homeowners are doing just that, for
reasons ranging from reducing escalating heating and cooling costs to allaying fears of being in the path of
another disaster like fire or floods.
Some common and main types of concrete are:
Normal Concrete
The concrete in which common ingredients i.e. aggregate, water, cement
are used is known as normal concrete. It is also called normal weight
concrete or normal strength concrete.
It has a setting time of 30 - 90 minutes depending upon moisture in
atmosphere, fineness of cement etc.
The development of the strength starts after 7 days the common strength
values is 10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi). At about 28 days 75 - 80%
of the total strength is attained.
Almost at 90 days 95% of the strength is achieved.
38
39. Concrete
High strength concrete
Compressive strength of high strength concrete mix is usually greater than
6,000 pounds per square inch.
High strength concrete is made by lowering the water cement (W/C) ratio
to 0.35 or lower.
Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium
hydroxide crystals in the cement, which might reduce the strength at the
cement aggregate bond.
Air Entrained Concrete
One of the greatest achievements in field of concrete technology is
development of air entrained concrete. It is used where the concrete is
vulnerable to freezing and thawing action.
It is used where the concrete is vulnerable to freezing and thawing action.
It is prepared by adding the air entraining admixture.
The air entrainment in concrete does the following functions:.
•It lowers the surface tension of water and thus bubbles are created.
•Secondly the air entraining agents prevents coalescing i.e. the combining
of bubbles. The diameter of these bubbles ranges form 10 micrometer to
1000 micrometer and in entrapped air the diameter of bubble is greater
than 1mm.
Air entraining agents OR air entrained admixtures are used for the purpose
of making entrained air in concrete.
DRAW BACKS of Air Entrained Concrete:
It has low strength as compare to normal concrete. 39
40. Concrete
LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
The concrete which has substantially lower mass per unit volume then the
concrete made of ordinary ingredients is called lightweight concrete. The
aggregates used are lighter in weight.
Density of light weight concrete is 240 kg/m³ (15pcf) -1850 kg/m³ (115 pcf).
Strength of light weight concrete blocks varies from 7 MPa (1000 psi) - 40 MPa
(5800 psi).
Some times Air Entrained Admixtures are also added to it giving resistance
to freezing and thawing along with strength.
Uses of Light weight concrete:
Used where extra load is not applied e.g. parapet wall, road lining etc. or to
reduce dead load.
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
The concrete where no vibration is required. The concrete is compacted due to
its own weight. It is also called self consolidated concrete or flowing concrete.
This self-consolidating concrete is characterized by:
•Extreme fluidity as measured by flow.
•No need for vibrators to compact the concrete.
•Placement being easier.
•No bleed water, or aggregate segregation.
Uses and Applications of Self Compacting Concrete:
It is used in location unreachable for vibrations. e.g. underground structure, deep
wells or at bottom of deep sea.
SCC can save up to 50% in labor costs due to 80% faster pouring and reduced
wear and tear on formwork. 40
41. Concrete
Shotcrete
Shotcrete concrete uses compressed air to shoot concrete onto (or into) a
frame or structure.
Shotcrete is mortar or (usually) concrete conveyed through a hose and
pneumatically projected at through a shortcrete nozzle with high velocity onto
a surface. Shotcrete undergoes placement and compaction at the same time
due to the force with which it is projected from the nozzle.
It can be impacted onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or
overhead areas.
Shotcrete is frequently used against vertical soil or rock surfaces, as it
eliminates the need for formwork.
Pervious concrete
Pervious concrete contains a network of holes or voids, to allow air or water to
move through the concrete. This allows water to drain naturally through it, and
can both remove the normal surface water drainage infrastructure, and allow
replenishment of groundwater when conventional concrete does not.
It is formed by leaving out some or the entire fine aggregate (fines), the
remaining large aggregate then is bound by a relatively small amount of Portland
cement.
When set, typically between 15% and 25% of the concrete volumes are
voids, allowing water to drain.
The majority of pervious concrete pavements function well with little or no
maintenance. Maintenance of pervious concrete pavement consists primarily of
prevention of clogging of the void structure. 41
43. Bamboo
There are about 1,450 different species of bamboo. Bamboo grows across East Asia, from 50 N latitude in
Sakhalin (just north of Japan) through to Northern Australia, and west to India and the Himalayas. Bamboo is also
found in sub-Saharan Africa, and in the Americas from Mid-Atlantic United States south to Argentina and
Chile, reaching their southernmost point anywhere, at 47 S latitude.
There are two types of bamboo: Running bamboo (monopodial) and clumping bambo (sympodial). Running
bamboos originate from cold areas of China, Japan and Korea. They send out long, underground stems (or
rhizomes) every year. Each rhizome is capable of producing many new shoots along its length. Running bamboos
have a habit of spreading outwards very quickly. This is great for land reclaimation but not so good if your
neighbor's garden starts to become invaded with bamboo you planted. If this happens one solution is to replace
the running bamboo with a type of clumping bamboo. In contrast, Clumping bamboos are shallow-rooted, and
most of them are suited to tropical and subtropical climates. Their growth is limited because each rhizome
produced develops into a single culm, or hollow jointed stem, located very close to its mother culm. This makes
the plant far less invasive than running bamboo
Price of Indian Bamboo ranges from INR 90 ~ INR 150 pr 24 ft stick.
43
44. Bamboo
BAMBUSA MULTIPLEX or Alphonse Karr is a popular clumping bamoo . It
normally grows to about 30 feet. Bambusa can withstand temperatures as
low as 15 F. The culms are golden with random green stripes. Bambusa
multiplex makes a good container plant or an outdoor plant where you need
a privacy screen because it makes a tight cluster.
BAMBUSA GLAUCESCENS VIRIDISTIATA grows in a tight clump. It is an
average height bamboo that is native to tropical areas. It has vertical green
stripes on the culm and small foliage that starts near the ground.
BAMBUSA VULGARIS or Giant Buddha's Belly is a beautiful bamboo variety
with incredible thick culms and thin leaves.
BAMBUSA TEXTILIS or Weaver's Bamboo is a dense, cold tolerant bamboo. It
has nodding culm tops and no leaves on the lower half. Bambusa is an
attractive non-invasive bamboo that grows in tight clumps of tough, straight
canes. Weaver's Bamboo produces high quality thin-walled culms that are
often used for weaving or furniture making.
44
45. Bamboo
GIGANCOCHLOA ATTER grows an incredible 50 feet high and has much
bigger foliage. The young edible shoots taste sweet and are covered in
purple hairs. From Indonesia. It's straight culms are useful for building
furniture. This is a tight clumper.
PLEIOBLASTUS LINEARIS is found in Japan and China. The Pleioblastus
variety of bamboo is often used for flutes and fishing rods. This particular
bamboo has thin leaves and thin culms. When young the culms are
erect, when older they tend to hang.
SCHIZOSTACHYUM is a medium flowering bamboo with a dense clump and
erect culms. The Schizostachyum grows best in the tropics. The long
internodes are attractive in this tropical clumper. Hardiness Zone: 10 to 11
PHYLLOSTACHYS EDULIS is commonly known as moso bamboo. It is perhaps
the most famous bamboo in the Phyllostachys genus and perhaps the most
important type of bamboo used for commercial purposes. Moso bamboo is
extensively grown in China (mostly in Guangdong Province). It is a fast
growing running bamboo that has thick straight culms. The bamboo makes
very hard products such as strand woven bamboo flooring. 45
46. Bamboo
PHYLLOSTACHYS PARVIFOLIA found in the Midlands, UK. Similar in look to
the other phyllostachys listed below. All are known to be invasive, sending
out rhizomes a long way under ground. In a garden the shoots need to be
regularly pruned.
PHYLLOSTACHYS BISSETI is a popular type of bamboo often planted in
gardens in the USA as well as in the UK. Clearly a good species of bamboo for
temperate zones, although the species is native to Asia.
PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES 'Holochrysa'. There in total 75 species of
Phyllostachys and 200 varities and cultivars. That is a staggering number for
just 1 type of bamboo.
SINOBAMBUSA TOOTSIK is a popular running bamboo from China
sometimes called 'Temple Bamboo'. Sinobambusa tootsik makes a good
potted plant and forms a dense screen when planted in a row. Temple
bamboo grows up to 32 feet in height. The culms turn from jade to yellow in
full sunlight. The culm has an average diameter of one and half inches.
46
47. Conclusion
With so many choices of building materials and house components and parts available today, how can one ever
know which is best for one’s home or office building or remodeling project? The answer comes from learning all
about available building materials / components, deciding what you want to pay, and thinking about what suits
your house design or office building or remodeling project.
Over the past decade or so, green thinking has increasingly recognized that minimal levels of sustainability
depend on radical increases of resource-efficiency—in the industrialized countries. Efficiency gains could be
made but, they might easily be offset by continuing growth of the economy as a whole. Hence, while choosing
building materials, one should also keep environment sustainability in mind.
Find below the conclusions with Earth-wise tips:
Brick (clay) Mudbrick
Uses - Walls, paths, driveways Uses - Walls, floors
Advantages - Versatile, good thermal mass Advantages - Source material can be found on site,
Disadvantages - Production is energy-intensive and long-lasting, biodegradable, high thermal mass; pest-
uses non-renewable resources. and fire-resistant
Earth-wise tips - Look for recycled bricks. Disadvantages - Making bricks is labour-intensive;
requires soil with high clay content; poor insulator.
Glass Earth-wise tips - Bricks can be purchased ready-made.
Uses - Windows, doors, skylights; bricks
Advantages - Stable, long-lasting, efficient, recyclable
Disadvantages - Production is energy-intensive, uses
non- renewable minerals.
Earth-wise tips - Seek out recycled windows; buy
energy-efficient new glass.
47
48. Conclusion
Timber / Wood Concrete
Uses - Floors, walls, supports and roof frames Uses - Floors, walls, supports
Advantages - Strong, easy to work Advantages - High thermal mass, strong, durable,
with, versatile, potentially renewable, biodegradable economical, resists termites and earthquakes
Disadvantages - Some timber is non-renewable; often Disadvantages - Production involves quarrying and
treated with toxic chemicals. creates greenhouse emissions; poor insulator, needs
Earth-wise tips - Use recycled wood or timber from reinforcing.
sustainable sources, with no chemical treatments. Earth-wise tips - Use autoclaved aerated concrete
(AAC), which is lightweight, energy-efficient and non-
Steel toxic, or concrete made with recycled aggregate.
Uses - Frames, supports
Advantages - Strong, economical, durable, recyclable
Disadvantages - Production is energy-intensive and
highly polluting; coatings are often polluting.
Earth-wise tips - Buy recycled steel or opt for
renewable timber.
Suneeta Bodapati
Interior Designing – JD Institute, Noida
Year 2012-2013
48
49. Bibliography
Places visited:
Wood : Timber Market, Sector - 31, Village Nithari, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
Glass : Sector - 31, Village Nithari, Noida - 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
Stone : Barola, Noida
Bamboo : Nyay Khand II,Kala Patthar Road,Indirapuram, Gaziabad.
49
50. Samples
Pit Sand River Sand Concrete
White marble Yellow marble
50