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Neural Engineering: Cochlear Implants and Intracortical Microelectrodes Ryan S. Clement, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University November 21, 2008 Western New England College
Overview of Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
COCHLEAR IMPLANT RESEARCH
(The University of Melbourne) Cochlear Implant Facts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* FDA survey of venders 11/2001  http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/pubs_hb/coch.htm#c Cochlear Corporation: Nucleus TM FDA approved
Electric Activation with Cochlear Implant Hair Cells Auditory Nerves
Cochlear Electrode Array Cochlear Electrode Cochlea Auditory Nerve Cochlear Corporation’s Nucleus Electrode
Cochlear Implant Fitting 10 µA 1750 µA Dynamic   Range C Level T Level Cochlear Implant Block Diagram 5-10dB
316   A Perceived Stimulus Intensity Low High Eardrum  Cochlea Anvil Hammer Stirrup Stapedius Muscle http://www.l5media.com 100   V 398   A 4000 pps Stimulus On 0  50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time (ms)
Stapedial EMG Recording in Rats Electrodes EMG Responses
 
Undergraduate Contributions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Senior Design Team http://www.bioe.psu.edu/SeniorDesignProjects/SD2007/NTirko/home.swf   Voted “Best website” Senior Design 2007
The End Goal: Clinical Application Surgical view during human cochlear implant Dynamic modulation of stimulus level Cochlea Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Stapes Stapedius Muscle
Next Steps: Future Project Ideas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Next Steps: Future Project Ideas
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Next Steps: Future Project Ideas
CHRONIC NEURAL INTERFACING
Brain-Machine Interface Pictures downloaded from:  www.cyberkineticsinc.com   Currently undergoing clinical trials BrainGate™ Demo Direct interface with individual neurons through implantable electrodes
Model-based analysis of cortical recording with silicon  Microelectrodes (Michael A. Moffitt, Cameron C. McIntyre*) Intracortical Microelectrode Recordings Univ. of Utah 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 uVolts msec
Chronic Neural Interface Design Space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Material Selection: Substrate:  Metallic Silicon Ceramic Polymers Insulator: Parylene Polyimide Teflon
Neural implants deteriorate in ability to record over time
Chronic Recording Performance R17 Days Post Implant Average Electrode Impedance R16 R12 Number of Electrodes with Units > 100µV R17 R16 R12 Electrode Channel (  : channel with units >100µV)
Hypothesized Failure Mechanisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],W. Shain, Wadsworth Center
Highlights of Our Previous Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MICROWIRE ELECTRODES AND IMPLANTATION ,[object Object]
Electrode Assembly and Implant 1 2 Electrode Jig Microwire soldered into connector 3 Sterilization 4 Implantation
Basic Neural Implant Procedure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
QUANTIFICATION:  RECORDING PERFORMANCE
Amplification/filtering, A/D conversion, digital filtering analyzed  electrode Experimental Overview: Signal Processing Correlation Algorithm Mean Spike (T-PCA: Threshold+PCA ) Mean Spike (T:Threshold Only) Mean Spike (Corr) *** Mean Spike (Corr-PCA) ** Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis Spike Detection * 130 0 65 Time (ms) -60 -80 40 40 3 0 Time (ms) Voltage (  V) Voltage (  V) Voltage (  V) E1 E2 E3 E4 Spike on E3 Segments on other electrodes Model-based analysis of cortical recording with silicon  Microelectrodes (Michael A. Moffitt, Cameron C. McIntyre*)
Results: Mean-Spike Waveform Samples PCA Analysis Threshold Alone Threshold w/ Corr
Number of Events Results: Event Detection Rates ,[object Object],[object Object],** ** **p<0.001 Paralikar K, Rao C,  Clement R . 30 th Annual International Conference of IEEE-EMBS , Vancouver, Canada. 2008 (platform presentation) Paralikar K, Rao C,  Clement R .  Journal of Neuroscience Methods  (In Revision)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Quantifying Trends in Performance
INTERFACE MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION
Undergraduate Research Highlight ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* She presented her work in a platform talk at BMES 2008 (St. Louis, MO)
Basic Approach ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Left :  The electrodes consisted of eight 50  μ m tungsten microwires arranged in a 2X4 array with  ~250um spacing maintained between the recording tips.  Right:   Surgical view of array being inserted into cortex, to a depth of 1 mm.
R 2 =.024 R 2  = .067 R 2  = .017 R 2  =0.117
p-value <.01 p-value >.10 p-value <.01 p-value < .01
[object Object],[object Object],p-value < .05 p-value <.01 p-value < .01 p-value < .01
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Future Work: Linking Histology with Performance* *in collaboration with Dr. Alistair Barber, PSU Medical Center, Hershey, PA
MRI of Implanted Electrodes *In collaboration with Dr. Andrew Webb @ PSU 1 week 1 month T2 weighted images 7-tesla T2-weighted Analysis Paralikar K, Neuberger T, Matsui J, Webb A,  Clement R. .  Journal of Neural Engineering  (Submitted)
Future Project Ideas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ENHANCEMENT: ENZYME-AIDED ELECTRODE INSERTION
Polymer-based Probes Polyimide Probes Active Groups : Arizona State University University of Illinois at Chicago University of Michigan Parylene Probes (D. Kipke) (D. Kipke) Benzocyclobutene (BCB) Probes Increased flexibility to allow better mechanical impedance matching with brain tissues    goal: reduce micromotion Conflicting mechanical requirements!  Need to be stiff for insertion but flexible afterward.
Magnification:49000X SS = Subarachnoid Space PLC = Pial Cells UCF = Unit Collagen Fibrils CNS = Central Nervous System Main Structural Barrier – Pia Mater
Set-up Paralikar and Clement.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2008 Stepper Motor Manipulator Load Cell Amplifier Microwire Array
Results from Collagenase-Aided Insertion Study
Chronic Recording Performance – Array Level
Chronic Recording Performance – Electrode Level
Potential Project Ideas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acknowledgements Funding : Whitaker Foundation, Penn State Department of Bioengineering, Grace-Woodward Grant, NIH NIDCD R21DC007227 Undergraduate Students : Jonathan Lawrence Sudharshana Seshadri Natasha Tirko Kirstin Tawse Jeremy White Oneximo Gonzales Sarah Pekny Matt Pollins Priyanka Basak Neel Gowdar *** The PSU Animal Resource Program Personnel Graduate Students : Kunal Paralikar (BioE) Lavanya Krishnan (BioE) Timothy Gilmour (EE) Chinmay Rao (EE) Dan Gilbert (BioE) Joy Matsui (BioE) Collaborators : Roger Gaumond (BioE) Andrew Webb (BioE) Thomas Neuberger (BioE) Jon Isaacson (Hershey) Alistair Barber (Hershey)
Thank You ,[object Object]

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Neural Engineering Research Overview

  • 1. Neural Engineering: Cochlear Implants and Intracortical Microelectrodes Ryan S. Clement, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Bioengineering The Pennsylvania State University November 21, 2008 Western New England College
  • 2.
  • 4.
  • 5. Electric Activation with Cochlear Implant Hair Cells Auditory Nerves
  • 6. Cochlear Electrode Array Cochlear Electrode Cochlea Auditory Nerve Cochlear Corporation’s Nucleus Electrode
  • 7. Cochlear Implant Fitting 10 µA 1750 µA Dynamic Range C Level T Level Cochlear Implant Block Diagram 5-10dB
  • 8. 316  A Perceived Stimulus Intensity Low High Eardrum Cochlea Anvil Hammer Stirrup Stapedius Muscle http://www.l5media.com 100  V 398  A 4000 pps Stimulus On 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Time (ms)
  • 9. Stapedial EMG Recording in Rats Electrodes EMG Responses
  • 10.  
  • 11.
  • 12. Senior Design Team http://www.bioe.psu.edu/SeniorDesignProjects/SD2007/NTirko/home.swf Voted “Best website” Senior Design 2007
  • 13. The End Goal: Clinical Application Surgical view during human cochlear implant Dynamic modulation of stimulus level Cochlea Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Stapes Stapedius Muscle
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 18. Brain-Machine Interface Pictures downloaded from: www.cyberkineticsinc.com Currently undergoing clinical trials BrainGate™ Demo Direct interface with individual neurons through implantable electrodes
  • 19. Model-based analysis of cortical recording with silicon Microelectrodes (Michael A. Moffitt, Cameron C. McIntyre*) Intracortical Microelectrode Recordings Univ. of Utah 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 uVolts msec
  • 20.
  • 21. Neural implants deteriorate in ability to record over time
  • 22. Chronic Recording Performance R17 Days Post Implant Average Electrode Impedance R16 R12 Number of Electrodes with Units > 100µV R17 R16 R12 Electrode Channel ( : channel with units >100µV)
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Electrode Assembly and Implant 1 2 Electrode Jig Microwire soldered into connector 3 Sterilization 4 Implantation
  • 27.
  • 29. Amplification/filtering, A/D conversion, digital filtering analyzed electrode Experimental Overview: Signal Processing Correlation Algorithm Mean Spike (T-PCA: Threshold+PCA ) Mean Spike (T:Threshold Only) Mean Spike (Corr) *** Mean Spike (Corr-PCA) ** Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis Spike Detection * 130 0 65 Time (ms) -60 -80 40 40 3 0 Time (ms) Voltage (  V) Voltage (  V) Voltage (  V) E1 E2 E3 E4 Spike on E3 Segments on other electrodes Model-based analysis of cortical recording with silicon Microelectrodes (Michael A. Moffitt, Cameron C. McIntyre*)
  • 30. Results: Mean-Spike Waveform Samples PCA Analysis Threshold Alone Threshold w/ Corr
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. Quantifying Trends in Performance
  • 34. INTERFACE MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37. R 2 =.024 R 2 = .067 R 2 = .017 R 2 =0.117
  • 38. p-value <.01 p-value >.10 p-value <.01 p-value < .01
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. Future Work: Linking Histology with Performance* *in collaboration with Dr. Alistair Barber, PSU Medical Center, Hershey, PA
  • 42. MRI of Implanted Electrodes *In collaboration with Dr. Andrew Webb @ PSU 1 week 1 month T2 weighted images 7-tesla T2-weighted Analysis Paralikar K, Neuberger T, Matsui J, Webb A, Clement R. . Journal of Neural Engineering (Submitted)
  • 43.
  • 45. Polymer-based Probes Polyimide Probes Active Groups : Arizona State University University of Illinois at Chicago University of Michigan Parylene Probes (D. Kipke) (D. Kipke) Benzocyclobutene (BCB) Probes Increased flexibility to allow better mechanical impedance matching with brain tissues  goal: reduce micromotion Conflicting mechanical requirements! Need to be stiff for insertion but flexible afterward.
  • 46. Magnification:49000X SS = Subarachnoid Space PLC = Pial Cells UCF = Unit Collagen Fibrils CNS = Central Nervous System Main Structural Barrier – Pia Mater
  • 47. Set-up Paralikar and Clement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2008 Stepper Motor Manipulator Load Cell Amplifier Microwire Array
  • 49. Chronic Recording Performance – Array Level
  • 50. Chronic Recording Performance – Electrode Level
  • 51.
  • 52. Acknowledgements Funding : Whitaker Foundation, Penn State Department of Bioengineering, Grace-Woodward Grant, NIH NIDCD R21DC007227 Undergraduate Students : Jonathan Lawrence Sudharshana Seshadri Natasha Tirko Kirstin Tawse Jeremy White Oneximo Gonzales Sarah Pekny Matt Pollins Priyanka Basak Neel Gowdar *** The PSU Animal Resource Program Personnel Graduate Students : Kunal Paralikar (BioE) Lavanya Krishnan (BioE) Timothy Gilmour (EE) Chinmay Rao (EE) Dan Gilbert (BioE) Joy Matsui (BioE) Collaborators : Roger Gaumond (BioE) Andrew Webb (BioE) Thomas Neuberger (BioE) Jon Isaacson (Hershey) Alistair Barber (Hershey)
  • 53.