He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
The Brinell hardness test is a macro hardness test that involves pressing an indenter, usually a hardened steel or carbide ball, into the surface of a material under a specified load. The Brinell hardness number is calculated based on the diameter of the indentation and the surface area of the indenter. The test is used to determine the hardness of metallic materials and check the quality and uniformity of metals and heat treatments. It has advantages such as being suitable for rough conditions and inhomogeneous materials, having a simple procedure and inexpensive indenter, and allowing conversion to tensile strength.
Residual stresses are locked stresses present in steel prior to applied loads. They are unintended and can cause premature failure. Residual stresses typically range from 10-15ksi and increase with member thickness. The 1967 collapse of the Silver Bridge was attributed to high residual stresses in eye-bar members. Residual stresses form from manufacturing processes like rolling, welding, flame cutting and straightening due to uneven cooling and restraint. Measurement techniques include contour method, ring core, and x-ray diffraction. Residual stresses can be reduced through processes like quenching and tempering steel.
Nickel and its alloys have a variety of applications due to their properties such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to retain strength at high temperatures. Some key uses of nickel and its alloys include:
1) Stainless steel and nickel-copper alloys like Monel are used for propeller shafts, desalination plants, and other applications that require corrosion resistance.
2) Nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-silver alloys are used in portable electronics, keys, and coins due to their electrical properties and corrosion resistance.
3) Nickel-chromium and nickel-base superalloys are used in gas turbines, rocket engines, and other high-temperature applications because
This document discusses the 4th semester progress of Surya Pratap Singh's M.Tech research project on the design of lattice structure-based orthopaedic implants. The research involves:
1. Creating different lattice structure designs and performing finite element analysis to evaluate them.
2. Developing fluid flow models of various scaffold designs and performing computational fluid dynamics analysis to analyze flow parameters like permeability.
3. Modeling fluid flow in a long bone with embedded scaffolds and evaluating velocity and pressure distributions.
4. Future work includes establishing relationships between permeability, porosity, and surface area for different scaffold designs and performing shape optimization to reduce stress.
Replacement of lead Free Cutting Steel - 2018 research paperMukesh Karnik
this project is to study about free cutting steels and machinability property and to focus on newly developed Lead Free- Free Cutting Steel.
Points are given below about project:-
And also explained about Built up edge - Chip Formation to increase the machinability.
effect of alloying elements on free cutting steel.
manufacturing process of free cutting steel.
BASED ON CHROMIUM AND CARBON ADDITION.
To avoid Lead Hazardous problem and environmental friendly.
Analysis and Design of RCC Residential Building in StaadProRoshni Ramakrishnan
The design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety The process of design commences with planning of the structure , primarily to meet its functional requirements. Initially, the requirements proposed by the client are taken into consideration. They may be vague, ambiguous or even unacceptable from engineering point of view because he is not aware of the various implications involved in the process of planning and design , and about the limitation and intricacies of structural science..
The Brinell hardness test is a macro hardness test that involves pressing an indenter, usually a hardened steel or carbide ball, into the surface of a material under a specified load. The Brinell hardness number is calculated based on the diameter of the indentation and the surface area of the indenter. The test is used to determine the hardness of metallic materials and check the quality and uniformity of metals and heat treatments. It has advantages such as being suitable for rough conditions and inhomogeneous materials, having a simple procedure and inexpensive indenter, and allowing conversion to tensile strength.
Residual stresses are locked stresses present in steel prior to applied loads. They are unintended and can cause premature failure. Residual stresses typically range from 10-15ksi and increase with member thickness. The 1967 collapse of the Silver Bridge was attributed to high residual stresses in eye-bar members. Residual stresses form from manufacturing processes like rolling, welding, flame cutting and straightening due to uneven cooling and restraint. Measurement techniques include contour method, ring core, and x-ray diffraction. Residual stresses can be reduced through processes like quenching and tempering steel.
Nickel and its alloys have a variety of applications due to their properties such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to retain strength at high temperatures. Some key uses of nickel and its alloys include:
1) Stainless steel and nickel-copper alloys like Monel are used for propeller shafts, desalination plants, and other applications that require corrosion resistance.
2) Nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-silver alloys are used in portable electronics, keys, and coins due to their electrical properties and corrosion resistance.
3) Nickel-chromium and nickel-base superalloys are used in gas turbines, rocket engines, and other high-temperature applications because
This document discusses the 4th semester progress of Surya Pratap Singh's M.Tech research project on the design of lattice structure-based orthopaedic implants. The research involves:
1. Creating different lattice structure designs and performing finite element analysis to evaluate them.
2. Developing fluid flow models of various scaffold designs and performing computational fluid dynamics analysis to analyze flow parameters like permeability.
3. Modeling fluid flow in a long bone with embedded scaffolds and evaluating velocity and pressure distributions.
4. Future work includes establishing relationships between permeability, porosity, and surface area for different scaffold designs and performing shape optimization to reduce stress.
Replacement of lead Free Cutting Steel - 2018 research paperMukesh Karnik
this project is to study about free cutting steels and machinability property and to focus on newly developed Lead Free- Free Cutting Steel.
Points are given below about project:-
And also explained about Built up edge - Chip Formation to increase the machinability.
effect of alloying elements on free cutting steel.
manufacturing process of free cutting steel.
BASED ON CHROMIUM AND CARBON ADDITION.
To avoid Lead Hazardous problem and environmental friendly.
Analysis and Design of RCC Residential Building in StaadProRoshni Ramakrishnan
The design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety The process of design commences with planning of the structure , primarily to meet its functional requirements. Initially, the requirements proposed by the client are taken into consideration. They may be vague, ambiguous or even unacceptable from engineering point of view because he is not aware of the various implications involved in the process of planning and design , and about the limitation and intricacies of structural science..
The document outlines the methodology for conducting a failure analysis, including collecting background information on the failed component, examining the failure site, taking specimens for laboratory testing, analyzing test data, and preparing a report documenting the sequence of events leading to failure and providing recommendations. The process is multidisciplinary and aims to determine the root cause of failure through a systematic approach involving visual inspection, metallurgical examination, and mechanical testing of specimens from the failed component.
Use of DMT in Geotechnical Design with Emphasis on Liquefaction AssessmentAli Rehman
This Presentation consists of brief introduction about Dilatometer Test, and basic correlations of DMT with various soil properties. Also It covers the assessment of Liquefaction potential of soil by DMT, including a case history of Chi-Chi Earthquake, Taiwan 1999.
I Hope it will be beneficial.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
what is static and kinematic indeterminacy of structure NIROB KR DAS
This document discusses the concepts of determinacy and indeterminacy in structural analysis. It defines a statically determinate structure as one where the static equilibrium equations are sufficient to determine internal forces and reactions. Simply supported beams and cantilever beams are provided as examples. It then defines a statically indeterminate structure as one where the equilibrium equations are insufficient, and provides formulas to calculate the degrees of static indeterminacy for beams, frames, and trusses. The document also discusses kinematic determinacy and indeterminacy, and provides similar formulas for calculating degrees of kinematic indeterminacy for various structural elements.
This document discusses various materials testing methods. It describes mechanical properties testing which involves destructive testing of specimens to determine properties like strength, ductility, and toughness. Common destructive tests mentioned are hardness tests and impact tests like the Charpy and Izod tests. Non-destructive testing methods discussed include dye penetration, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. Specific hardness tests covered are Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Shore hardness tests.
1. The document describes the direct shear test procedure used to determine the shear strength properties of soils. It involves applying a normal load to a soil sample confined in a shear box and measuring the shear stress and displacement as the sample is sheared.
2. The direct shear test can be conducted as unconsolidated-undrained (UU), consolidated-undrained (CU), or consolidated-drained (CD) tests. Shear strength parameters such as cohesion and friction angle are determined from graphs of shear stress versus shear displacement and shear stress versus normal stress.
3. The purpose of the direct shear test is to examine the shear strength of soil samples along
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil wallsPrakash Ravindran
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
1) The document provides information on welding consumables and procedures for welding different types of stainless steel, including austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels.
2) Key points covered include the composition and properties of different stainless steel types, recommendations for matching electrodes, preheating requirements, and procedures for welding stainless steel to mild steel.
3) Potential issues that can arise such as cracking, corrosion, and distortion are discussed along with ways to prevent these issues, such as controlling heat input, balancing welding operations, and using post-weld heat treatment.
The document discusses brittle coating methods for experimental stress analysis. Brittle coatings crack under tensile stresses, allowing stresses in specimens to be determined. Key points:
- A thin brittle coating is applied to the specimen surface. As the specimen is loaded, strains are transmitted to the coating, causing cracks perpendicular to maximum tensile stresses.
- Coating crack patterns indicate stress directions. Multiple crack patterns can form under different stress conditions.
- Refrigeration and load relaxation techniques can induce cracks in low-stress regions.
- Fine coating cracks are detected using oblique light or Statiflux particle methods.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
analysis and design of mutistoried residential building by using staad pro
we considered g+4 residential building
ANYLYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY USING ETABS
copy below Link to view presentation
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-high-rise-building-by-using-etabs
vamsiila@gmail.com
This document provides an overview of principles of extractive metallurgy. It outlines the course objectives which are to understand extractive metallurgy processes, identify extraction types, learn thermodynamics of extraction, and understand various metal production flow sheets. The syllabus covers topics like extraction processes, pyrometallurgy versus hydrometallurgy, calcination, roasting, smelting, thermodynamics principles, and electrometallurgy. Key extraction concepts like comminution, classification, separation methods, and kinetics are also mentioned.
Analysis and Design of Commercial Building using ETABSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a G+3 commercial building using ETABS software. Soil testing was conducted on the site and the soil properties were determined. A 3D model of the building was created in ETABS with defined material properties and loads. Structural analysis was performed to determine member forces and deflections. The beams, columns, slab, and footing were then designed according to IS code provisions and reinforced detailing was generated. The results obtained from ETABS were verified through manual calculations. The software was found to save time in analysis and design compared to manual methods.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
The document discusses different types of carbon and alloy steels. It begins with an introduction to carbon steels, outlining their classification and composition limits. It then discusses alloy steels, explaining that alloying elements are added to improve properties over plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are classified as low, medium, and high alloy steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels. The document explores various stainless steel types and how alloying elements affect their microstructure. In particular, it examines how elements can expand or contract the gamma phase field. Finally, it briefly discusses tool steels and their classification system.
The document discusses corrosion of metals. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metals through reaction with their environment. It outlines several theories of corrosion including acid theory, chemical corrosion, and electrochemical corrosion. It describes different types of corrosion such as galvanic, pitting, and intergranular corrosion. Factors that influence corrosion are also discussed, such as the metal's purity, position in the galvanic series, and properties of any oxide film or corrosion products formed. The document outlines corrosion reactions and control methods to prevent corrosion damage to metals.
(1) Crystal imperfections refer to defects in the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. They influence properties like mechanical strength.
(2) Imperfections include point defects like vacancies and interstitial atoms, line defects like edge and screw dislocations, surface defects like grain boundaries, and volume defects like cracks and voids.
(3) Dislocations are one-dimensional defects where some atoms are misaligned. They are responsible for ductility in materials. Edge dislocations occur when a slip plane is incomplete, while screw dislocations involve a shear distortion.
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It defines non-ferrous metals as metals that do not contain iron in appreciable amounts. Some key non-ferrous metals discussed include copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, magnesium, and titanium. The document also discusses non-ferrous alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin and solder. It provides examples of common uses for each metal and alloy. The document concludes by comparing advantages and disadvantages of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
The document outlines the methodology for conducting a failure analysis, including collecting background information on the failed component, examining the failure site, taking specimens for laboratory testing, analyzing test data, and preparing a report documenting the sequence of events leading to failure and providing recommendations. The process is multidisciplinary and aims to determine the root cause of failure through a systematic approach involving visual inspection, metallurgical examination, and mechanical testing of specimens from the failed component.
Use of DMT in Geotechnical Design with Emphasis on Liquefaction AssessmentAli Rehman
This Presentation consists of brief introduction about Dilatometer Test, and basic correlations of DMT with various soil properties. Also It covers the assessment of Liquefaction potential of soil by DMT, including a case history of Chi-Chi Earthquake, Taiwan 1999.
I Hope it will be beneficial.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
what is static and kinematic indeterminacy of structure NIROB KR DAS
This document discusses the concepts of determinacy and indeterminacy in structural analysis. It defines a statically determinate structure as one where the static equilibrium equations are sufficient to determine internal forces and reactions. Simply supported beams and cantilever beams are provided as examples. It then defines a statically indeterminate structure as one where the equilibrium equations are insufficient, and provides formulas to calculate the degrees of static indeterminacy for beams, frames, and trusses. The document also discusses kinematic determinacy and indeterminacy, and provides similar formulas for calculating degrees of kinematic indeterminacy for various structural elements.
This document discusses various materials testing methods. It describes mechanical properties testing which involves destructive testing of specimens to determine properties like strength, ductility, and toughness. Common destructive tests mentioned are hardness tests and impact tests like the Charpy and Izod tests. Non-destructive testing methods discussed include dye penetration, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. Specific hardness tests covered are Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Shore hardness tests.
1. The document describes the direct shear test procedure used to determine the shear strength properties of soils. It involves applying a normal load to a soil sample confined in a shear box and measuring the shear stress and displacement as the sample is sheared.
2. The direct shear test can be conducted as unconsolidated-undrained (UU), consolidated-undrained (CU), or consolidated-drained (CD) tests. Shear strength parameters such as cohesion and friction angle are determined from graphs of shear stress versus shear displacement and shear stress versus normal stress.
3. The purpose of the direct shear test is to examine the shear strength of soil samples along
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil wallsPrakash Ravindran
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
1) The document provides information on welding consumables and procedures for welding different types of stainless steel, including austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels.
2) Key points covered include the composition and properties of different stainless steel types, recommendations for matching electrodes, preheating requirements, and procedures for welding stainless steel to mild steel.
3) Potential issues that can arise such as cracking, corrosion, and distortion are discussed along with ways to prevent these issues, such as controlling heat input, balancing welding operations, and using post-weld heat treatment.
The document discusses brittle coating methods for experimental stress analysis. Brittle coatings crack under tensile stresses, allowing stresses in specimens to be determined. Key points:
- A thin brittle coating is applied to the specimen surface. As the specimen is loaded, strains are transmitted to the coating, causing cracks perpendicular to maximum tensile stresses.
- Coating crack patterns indicate stress directions. Multiple crack patterns can form under different stress conditions.
- Refrigeration and load relaxation techniques can induce cracks in low-stress regions.
- Fine coating cracks are detected using oblique light or Statiflux particle methods.
The document discusses the design of footings for structures. It begins by explaining that footings are needed to transfer structural loads from members made of materials like steel and concrete to the underlying soil. It then describes different types of shallow and deep foundations, including spread, strap, combined, and raft footings. The document provides details on designing isolated and combined footings to resist vertical loads and moments based on provisions in IS 456. It also discusses wall footings and combined footings that support multiple columns. In summary, the document covers the purpose of footings, various footing types, and design of isolated and combined footings.
analysis and design of mutistoried residential building by using staad pro
we considered g+4 residential building
ANYLYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BY USING ETABS
copy below Link to view presentation
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-high-rise-building-by-using-etabs
vamsiila@gmail.com
This document provides an overview of principles of extractive metallurgy. It outlines the course objectives which are to understand extractive metallurgy processes, identify extraction types, learn thermodynamics of extraction, and understand various metal production flow sheets. The syllabus covers topics like extraction processes, pyrometallurgy versus hydrometallurgy, calcination, roasting, smelting, thermodynamics principles, and electrometallurgy. Key extraction concepts like comminution, classification, separation methods, and kinetics are also mentioned.
Analysis and Design of Commercial Building using ETABSIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a G+3 commercial building using ETABS software. Soil testing was conducted on the site and the soil properties were determined. A 3D model of the building was created in ETABS with defined material properties and loads. Structural analysis was performed to determine member forces and deflections. The beams, columns, slab, and footing were then designed according to IS code provisions and reinforced detailing was generated. The results obtained from ETABS were verified through manual calculations. The software was found to save time in analysis and design compared to manual methods.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
The document discusses different types of carbon and alloy steels. It begins with an introduction to carbon steels, outlining their classification and composition limits. It then discusses alloy steels, explaining that alloying elements are added to improve properties over plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are classified as low, medium, and high alloy steels. High alloy steels include stainless steels. The document explores various stainless steel types and how alloying elements affect their microstructure. In particular, it examines how elements can expand or contract the gamma phase field. Finally, it briefly discusses tool steels and their classification system.
The document discusses corrosion of metals. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metals through reaction with their environment. It outlines several theories of corrosion including acid theory, chemical corrosion, and electrochemical corrosion. It describes different types of corrosion such as galvanic, pitting, and intergranular corrosion. Factors that influence corrosion are also discussed, such as the metal's purity, position in the galvanic series, and properties of any oxide film or corrosion products formed. The document outlines corrosion reactions and control methods to prevent corrosion damage to metals.
(1) Crystal imperfections refer to defects in the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. They influence properties like mechanical strength.
(2) Imperfections include point defects like vacancies and interstitial atoms, line defects like edge and screw dislocations, surface defects like grain boundaries, and volume defects like cracks and voids.
(3) Dislocations are one-dimensional defects where some atoms are misaligned. They are responsible for ductility in materials. Edge dislocations occur when a slip plane is incomplete, while screw dislocations involve a shear distortion.
This document discusses ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It defines non-ferrous metals as metals that do not contain iron in appreciable amounts. Some key non-ferrous metals discussed include copper, aluminum, zinc, tin, lead, magnesium, and titanium. The document also discusses non-ferrous alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin and solder. It provides examples of common uses for each metal and alloy. The document concludes by comparing advantages and disadvantages of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
The document summarizes information about the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes key details about the construction of each project, the challenges faced during construction such as disease outbreaks and land disputes, and the impact they had enabling shipping and city growth respectively. It focuses on the pioneering roles of Count Ferdinand De Lesseps for the Panama Canal and William Mulholland for the Los Angeles Aqueduct.
William Mulholland was a key figure in the development of Los Angeles' water system in the early 20th century. As superintendent and later chief engineer of the LA Water Department, he oversaw the construction of the 235-mile Los Angeles Aqueduct to divert water from the Owens Valley to LA. The aqueduct construction from 1908-1913 was a massive project involving thousands of workers. However, Mulholland's career was damaged by the 1928 failure of the St. Francis Dam under his supervision, which caused a devastating flood. Though he resigned in disgrace after, Mulholland had transformed LA into a major city through securing its long-term water supply.
William Mulholland was a hydraulic engineer who designed and built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to address the city's water shortage. The aqueduct transported water 200 miles from the Owens River valley, requiring over 100,000 workers to complete. It was finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1913, but led to overuse of the Owens River's water supply. The St. Francis Dam collapse in 1928 killed over 400 people after the dam ruptured due to excessive water releases. The U.S. took over the Panama Canal project in 1904 after the prior French effort failed, and completed it under budget in 1914 under the leadership of Colonel George Washington Goethals, creating a shortcut for trade and travel between the Atlantic and
William Mulholland oversaw the development of Los Angeles' water system in the early 1900s. He covertly acquired water rights to the Owens River and constructed a 233 mile aqueduct to transport the water to LA. This left the Owens Valley farmers without water, leading to conflicts over water rights. Mulholland's career ended when the St. Francis Dam collapsed in 1928, killing 450 people.
The Panama Canal was a massive civil engineering project undertaken by the US in the early 1900s to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Over 6,000 lives were lost in its construction. The canal was a pivotal achievement but larger ships eventually made it obsolete by the late 20th century.
The document summarizes two major engineering projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal project faced immense challenges including harsh weather, dangerous diseases like malaria, and technical difficulties that resulted in over 20,000 deaths before it was completed ahead of schedule. The Los Angeles Aqueduct project brought water from the Owens River over 200 miles to rapidly growing Los Angeles, transforming the arid region into a modern city, though it faced legal battles over water rights. Both projects required ambitious visions, tremendous effort, and innovative solutions to engineering problems to complete these massive infrastructure works.
Panama & Los Angeles: The Waterworks that made the American WestKristi Beria
The document summarizes the history of two major infrastructure projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal in the late 1800s, killed 20,000 workers. It then outlines the successful American effort to complete the canal between 1904-1914 under chief engineer George Washington Goethals. For the LA Aqueduct, it discusses how William Mulholland secured water rights from the Owens Valley for Los Angeles, building an aqueduct from 1905-1913 that sparked growth but angered Owens Valley farmers.
The document discusses the history and engineering of two major public works projects in the American West - the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the early plans and attempts to build a canal through Panama dating back to the 16th century, as well as the eventual successful construction of the Panama Canal led by Ferdinand de Lesseps and George Goethals. It also outlines William Mulholland's vision and leadership in building the Los Angeles Aqueduct to bring water from the Owens Valley over 200 miles to Los Angeles.
1) Ferdinand de Lesseps began construction of the Panama Canal for France in the 1880s but the project failed due to thousands of worker deaths from disease.
2) Theodore Roosevelt took over the canal project for the US in 1903 after supporting a revolution in Panama that separated the region from Colombia.
3) Under Chief Engineer John Stevens and Dr. William Gorgas, the Americans improved sanitation and reduced disease, making construction possible.
The Los Angeles Aqueduct was built in the early 1900s to address Los Angeles's growing water needs. Engineer William Mulholland designed and oversaw construction of the aqueduct, which brought water over 200 miles from the Owens Valley. The aqueduct opened in 1913 and sparked tremendous growth in LA. The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, allowed ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by crossing the Isthmus of Panama. Its construction involved overcoming malaria, yellow fever and engineering challenges to build locks, dams and a man-made lake across the isthmus.
The document summarizes the history of building two important water infrastructure projects: the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how William Mulholland addressed Los Angeles' lack of water by constructing an aqueduct to divert water from the Owens River over 200 miles away. It also outlines the multiple attempts to build a canal through Panama, first by the French who failed due to disease and lack of technology, before the U.S. eventually succeeded in the early 1900s after taking control of the Panama region. Both projects transformed their respective regions by overcoming geographical and technical challenges to provide crucial water resources.
The document summarizes the history of building two important water infrastructure projects: the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how William Mulholland realized Los Angeles needed a new water source, and oversaw the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct to bring water over 200 miles from the Owens Valley. It also outlines the early failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal, and how the U.S. later took over the project, using new technologies and machinery to overcome diseases and terrain challenges to complete the canal by 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
The document summarizes the history of how Los Angeles and Panama obtained reliable water sources. For Los Angeles, William Mulholland realized they needed a new water supply and proposed transporting water from the Owens Valley over 200 miles away via an aqueduct completed in 1913. For Panama, Ferdinand de Lesseps initially led a French effort to build a canal in the 1880s that failed due to disease and lack of technology, before the US took over the project in the early 1900s and opened the Panama Canal in 1914 after overcoming similar challenges. Both projects transformed the regions by bringing new water sources and development.
The document summarizes the construction of both the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how the LA Aqueduct was built to address the city's extreme water shortage, bringing water over 100 miles from the Owens River Valley. It also details the engineering challenges of building the Panama Canal, including controlling diseases like yellow fever, and how the project was finally completed after previous failed attempts by the French.
The document discusses the history and construction of two major water infrastructure projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal was built between 1904-1914 after a prior French attempt failed. It connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and significantly reduced shipping times. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built between 1908-1913, transports water from the Owens Valley in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles. It enabled rapid population and economic growth in the city but had negative environmental impacts.
Panama and Los Angeles: the Waterways that made the American Westtfinleymoore
The Panama Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for cargo ships. Construction began under French leadership but failed due to disease and difficulties. The US took over the project in 1904 and completed it in 1914 under improved working conditions. Over 30,000 lives were lost to its construction.
The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from Owens Valley to LA to support its growing population. Engineer William Mulholland oversaw its 6-year construction, consisting of 235 miles of canals and conduits. It enabled LA's growth but also drained Owens Valley, sparking conflicts with farmers. Mulholland's career ended after the 1928 collapse of the St. Francis Dam killed
The document summarizes the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took over a decade to complete and cost hundreds of millions, but cut shipping time in half between the east and west coasts of the United States. The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from the Owens Valley to LA, fueling rapid population growth and transforming the city, though it damaged the Owens Valley ecosystem. Both projects required massive coordination of labor and resources to complete ambitious engineering feats.
The document summarizes the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took over a decade to complete and cost hundreds of millions, but cut shipping time in half between the east and west coasts of the United States. The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from the Owens Valley to LA, fueling the city's growth and transforming its landscape, though it damaged the environment of the Owens Valley. Both projects required massive coordination and labor to build complex infrastructure on an immense scale.
The panama canal and the lost angeles aqueductjphongsamran
The document summarizes key events and people related to the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes Theodore Roosevelt and George Goethals as leaders of the Panama Canal project. It also discusses William Mulholland who built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to provide a reliable water source and allow the city to grow substantially. The Panama Canal cut travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific by thousands of miles and was an enormous engineering achievement.
Similar to William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster (20)
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster
1. What Caused the Greatest
Engineering Disaster of the 20th
Century?
2. “The only ones I envy about
this whole thing are the ones
who are dead.” William
Mulholland, Chief Engineer,
Water Department, Los Angeles
.
The St. Francis Dam Collapse.
The Second Greatest Loss of Life in
California History after the San Francisco
Earthquake.
3. The Rule of Seven:
Every catastrophe has 7 events.
Six Cascade Events leading to the
final event, the Catastrophe. At
least one of the Cascade Events
involves human error. Thus, most
catastrophes can be avoided.
Anatomy of Catastrophe
4. Two and a half minutes before
midnight on 12 March 1928, the St.
Francis Dam failed, sending a surge
of water and debris that killed an
estimated six hundred people on its
journey before finally pouring into
the Pacific Ocean.
THE FACTS
5.
6. 1877: William Mulholland arrives in Los Angeles
1878: Mulholland begins work as a ditch tender
1886: Mulholland becomes superintendent of LA Water
Company
1908-1913: Mulholland supervises the building of the Los
Angeles Aqueduct
1924: Water Wars begin
August 1924: Construction of the St. Francis Dam begins
1926: Dam is completed
1 March 1926: Water begins to fill the reservoir
THE TIMELINE
7. 12 March 1928:
10:30 am: The Dam Keeper notes a new leak.
Alerts Mulholland. Mulholland inspects and
feels there is no immediate danger
11:57:30 pm: The dam fails
5:30 am: The water, carrying bodies and
debris, finally reaches the Pacific Ocean
THE TIMELINE
8. Lack of Formal Training & Education.
William Mulholland went from being a ditch digger to
the superintendent of the Los Angeles Water
Department. Along the way, he gained great practical
experience in developing water projects, but never
received formal training as an engineer.
He designed & built the Los Angeles Aqueduct, still in
use today.
His honorary doctorate from UC-Berkeley read: “He
broke the rocks and brought the river to the thirsty
land.”
Cascade 1
10. Bad choice of location, which was suspected
but not acted on, and exemption from
regulation.
Mulholland had surveyed the area in 1911 and
noted a schist.
Los Angeles was exempt from California’s dam-
safety law.
Mulholland rarely sought the opinions of other
engineers on projects.
Cascade 2
11. LESSON: Nature always wins. Oversight is needed in
any large, complex construction project.
12. A History of Failure and Ego.
In 1918 there was a partial collapse of the
Calaveras Dam near San Francisco, which
Mulholland had supervised. This required
reconstruction.
A visiting engineer wrote that Mulholland’s work
was sloppy and his construction techniques
slipshod and crude. He also claimed Mulholland
was so conceited that he believed himself
immune from criticism. The engineer was
ignored.
Cascade 3
13. LESSON: The flip side of burning ambition is the
danger of hubris. Mulholland was a shining example of
the American dream– a person who pulled himself up
on his own merit and hard work. But as such, he was
not a ‘team player’. When it works, one is a genius,
such as the Aqueduct. When it doesn’t . . . .
14. The California Water Wars.
The Aqueduct was an engineering marvel, but for
the farmers and ranchers in the valley from which
the water was being drained, it was destroying their
land and livelihood. Mulholland’s speech at the
opening of the Aqueduct was five words:
“There it is. Take it.”
The Aqueduct was dynamited several times. This left
the St. Francis Dam reservoir as the only northern
source of water for the city; causing it to be over-
filled several times, stressing the structure.
Cascade 4
15. LESSON: Care must be taken when external factors
influence engineering decisions. Cracks appeared in the
dam each time it was refilled, but Mulholland thought that
was a normal part of the dam’s operation.
16. The Design was Flawed.
The Mulholland Dam (still in existence in Los
Angeles) was the first designed like this. While the
St. Francis was being built, Mulholland constantly
made adjustments to the plan, increasing its
capacity. A visiting engineer criticized the
placement and design of the dam. He wrote “This
dam, if kept full for any length of time . . . will
unquestionably fail.” Mulholland viewed this
report as political, part of the Water Wars.
Cascade 5
18. Constant Instability Wasn’t Addressed.
As soon as the reservoir started to fill, cracks appeared in
the dam. There was also seepage. Mulholland said this
was normal. A similar dam failed in Pennsylvania in 1911,
killing 78 people. An engineer who reviewed that case
consulted with Mulholland but was ignored. The day
before the dam failed, the dam keeper noted a muddy
leak and called Mulholland who drove up from Los
Angeles, inspected the dam, and pronounced it safe. The
dam keeper and others who lived below, joked about it,
telling each other: “See you later if the dam don’t
break.”
Cascade 6
19. LESSON: Sunk Cost and We Don’t See What We Don’t
Want To See; we are unwilling to accept potential failure
when we’ve invested too much in something.
20. The Dam Fails.
Mulholland went back to Los Angeles and the dam
keeper went back to his house, just below the dam,
thus becoming the first to die with his family when
the dam broke. The collapse was sudden and
complete. All that was left was the center section.
12.4 billion gallons of water headed down the San
Francisquito Canyon. One piece of concrete,
weighing 10,000 tons, was found a mile below the
dam site.
Final Event
21. BTW, an identical dam still exists in Los Angeles.
Location on next slide.
However, the water level was reduced and large
amounts of dirt were brought in and dumped
alongside it, strengthening it.
Final Event
23. LESSON: Leaving the construction of such a
significant project to one man was foolhardy.
The Mulholland Dam was then surveyed. The
water level was lowered and an earthen dike place
behind it, which exists to this day.
California passed a new dam safety law.
Mulholland took full responsibility. It is rumored
that in the last years of his life, he pulled all this
teeth out, one by one, with pliers, as atonement.
“If there was an error in human judgment, I was
the human. I won’t try to fasten it on anyone else.”
Final Event
26. More Free Information
I constantly update free, downloadable
slideshows like this on my web site for
preparation and survival and other topics.
Use Your Camera on this QR Code
27. More Free Information
Since Slideshare no longer supports links,
I’ve put all the links to free apps, gear and web
pages on my web site at
www.bobmayer.com
Use the pop up from the following image there and
scroll through for what you want:
28. This book walks you through your personal situation,
your home, and your Area of Operations.
32. New York Times bestselling author, is a graduate of West Point and
former Green Beret. He’s had over 80 books published, including the
#1 bestselling series Green Berets, Time Patrol, Area 51, and Atlantis.
He’s sold over 5 million books. He was born in the Bronx and has
traveled the world. He’s lived on an island off the east coast, an island
off the west coast, in the Rocky Mountains, the Smoky Mountains and
other places, including time in East Asia studying martial arts.
He was an instructor and course developer/writer for years at the
JFK Special Warfare Center and School which trains Green Berets and
also runs the SERE school:
Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape.
www.bobmayer.com
Editor's Notes
Time 1:38 for Captain to come in
Time 1:38 for Captain to come in
LOOPHOLE!
Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) was begun in 1979 as a result of a NASA workshop. One of the key elements was to make sure that co-pilots would be more responsive to warning/advising the pilot. In the case of Air France Flight 447, they didn’t even get to that stage, with two co-pilots, both of whom tried to control the plane. Instead of working together, they actually worked against each other.The situation got worse when the Captain entered the cockpit, with neither co-pilot filling him in on the sequence of events and vital readings which might have allowed the Captain to quickly assess the situation.