He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
The document summarizes information about the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes key details about the construction of each project, the challenges faced during construction such as disease outbreaks and land disputes, and the impact they had enabling shipping and city growth respectively. It focuses on the pioneering roles of Count Ferdinand De Lesseps for the Panama Canal and William Mulholland for the Los Angeles Aqueduct.
Panama & Los Angeles: The Waterworks that made the American WestKristi Beria
The document summarizes the history of two major infrastructure projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal in the late 1800s, killed 20,000 workers. It then outlines the successful American effort to complete the canal between 1904-1914 under chief engineer George Washington Goethals. For the LA Aqueduct, it discusses how William Mulholland secured water rights from the Owens Valley for Los Angeles, building an aqueduct from 1905-1913 that sparked growth but angered Owens Valley farmers.
William Mulholland was a hydraulic engineer who designed and built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to address the city's water shortage. The aqueduct transported water 200 miles from the Owens River valley, requiring over 100,000 workers to complete. It was finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1913, but led to overuse of the Owens River's water supply. The St. Francis Dam collapse in 1928 killed over 400 people after the dam ruptured due to excessive water releases. The U.S. took over the Panama Canal project in 1904 after the prior French effort failed, and completed it under budget in 1914 under the leadership of Colonel George Washington Goethals, creating a shortcut for trade and travel between the Atlantic and
The document discusses the history and engineering of two major public works projects in the American West - the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the early plans and attempts to build a canal through Panama dating back to the 16th century, as well as the eventual successful construction of the Panama Canal led by Ferdinand de Lesseps and George Goethals. It also outlines William Mulholland's vision and leadership in building the Los Angeles Aqueduct to bring water from the Owens Valley over 200 miles to Los Angeles.
William Mulholland oversaw the development of Los Angeles' water system in the early 1900s. He covertly acquired water rights to the Owens River and constructed a 233 mile aqueduct to transport the water to LA. This left the Owens Valley farmers without water, leading to conflicts over water rights. Mulholland's career ended when the St. Francis Dam collapsed in 1928, killing 450 people.
The Panama Canal was a massive civil engineering project undertaken by the US in the early 1900s to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Over 6,000 lives were lost in its construction. The canal was a pivotal achievement but larger ships eventually made it obsolete by the late 20th century.
William Mulholland was a key figure in the development of Los Angeles' water system in the early 20th century. As superintendent and later chief engineer of the LA Water Department, he oversaw the construction of the 235-mile Los Angeles Aqueduct to divert water from the Owens Valley to LA. The aqueduct construction from 1908-1913 was a massive project involving thousands of workers. However, Mulholland's career was damaged by the 1928 failure of the St. Francis Dam under his supervision, which caused a devastating flood. Though he resigned in disgrace after, Mulholland had transformed LA into a major city through securing its long-term water supply.
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam DisasterBob Mayer
He started out as a ditch digger in Los Angeles. Designed the Aqueduct that is still used. With no formal education he designed dams and waterways. The St. Francis Dam was a crowning achievement until . . . .
The document summarizes information about the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes key details about the construction of each project, the challenges faced during construction such as disease outbreaks and land disputes, and the impact they had enabling shipping and city growth respectively. It focuses on the pioneering roles of Count Ferdinand De Lesseps for the Panama Canal and William Mulholland for the Los Angeles Aqueduct.
Panama & Los Angeles: The Waterworks that made the American WestKristi Beria
The document summarizes the history of two major infrastructure projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal in the late 1800s, killed 20,000 workers. It then outlines the successful American effort to complete the canal between 1904-1914 under chief engineer George Washington Goethals. For the LA Aqueduct, it discusses how William Mulholland secured water rights from the Owens Valley for Los Angeles, building an aqueduct from 1905-1913 that sparked growth but angered Owens Valley farmers.
William Mulholland was a hydraulic engineer who designed and built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to address the city's water shortage. The aqueduct transported water 200 miles from the Owens River valley, requiring over 100,000 workers to complete. It was finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1913, but led to overuse of the Owens River's water supply. The St. Francis Dam collapse in 1928 killed over 400 people after the dam ruptured due to excessive water releases. The U.S. took over the Panama Canal project in 1904 after the prior French effort failed, and completed it under budget in 1914 under the leadership of Colonel George Washington Goethals, creating a shortcut for trade and travel between the Atlantic and
The document discusses the history and engineering of two major public works projects in the American West - the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the early plans and attempts to build a canal through Panama dating back to the 16th century, as well as the eventual successful construction of the Panama Canal led by Ferdinand de Lesseps and George Goethals. It also outlines William Mulholland's vision and leadership in building the Los Angeles Aqueduct to bring water from the Owens Valley over 200 miles to Los Angeles.
William Mulholland oversaw the development of Los Angeles' water system in the early 1900s. He covertly acquired water rights to the Owens River and constructed a 233 mile aqueduct to transport the water to LA. This left the Owens Valley farmers without water, leading to conflicts over water rights. Mulholland's career ended when the St. Francis Dam collapsed in 1928, killing 450 people.
The Panama Canal was a massive civil engineering project undertaken by the US in the early 1900s to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Over 6,000 lives were lost in its construction. The canal was a pivotal achievement but larger ships eventually made it obsolete by the late 20th century.
William Mulholland was a key figure in the development of Los Angeles' water system in the early 20th century. As superintendent and later chief engineer of the LA Water Department, he oversaw the construction of the 235-mile Los Angeles Aqueduct to divert water from the Owens Valley to LA. The aqueduct construction from 1908-1913 was a massive project involving thousands of workers. However, Mulholland's career was damaged by the 1928 failure of the St. Francis Dam under his supervision, which caused a devastating flood. Though he resigned in disgrace after, Mulholland had transformed LA into a major city through securing its long-term water supply.
1) Ferdinand de Lesseps began construction of the Panama Canal for France in the 1880s but the project failed due to thousands of worker deaths from disease.
2) Theodore Roosevelt took over the canal project for the US in 1903 after supporting a revolution in Panama that separated the region from Colombia.
3) Under Chief Engineer John Stevens and Dr. William Gorgas, the Americans improved sanitation and reduced disease, making construction possible.
The document summarizes the history of building two important water infrastructure projects: the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how William Mulholland addressed Los Angeles' lack of water by constructing an aqueduct to divert water from the Owens River over 200 miles away. It also outlines the multiple attempts to build a canal through Panama, first by the French who failed due to disease and lack of technology, before the U.S. eventually succeeded in the early 1900s after taking control of the Panama region. Both projects transformed their respective regions by overcoming geographical and technical challenges to provide crucial water resources.
The document summarizes the history of building two important water infrastructure projects: the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how William Mulholland realized Los Angeles needed a new water source, and oversaw the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct to bring water over 200 miles from the Owens Valley. It also outlines the early failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal, and how the U.S. later took over the project, using new technologies and machinery to overcome diseases and terrain challenges to complete the canal by 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
The document summarizes the history of how Los Angeles and Panama obtained reliable water sources. For Los Angeles, William Mulholland realized they needed a new water supply and proposed transporting water from the Owens Valley over 200 miles away via an aqueduct completed in 1913. For Panama, Ferdinand de Lesseps initially led a French effort to build a canal in the 1880s that failed due to disease and lack of technology, before the US took over the project in the early 1900s and opened the Panama Canal in 1914 after overcoming similar challenges. Both projects transformed the regions by bringing new water sources and development.
The document summarizes the construction of both the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how the LA Aqueduct was built to address the city's extreme water shortage, bringing water over 100 miles from the Owens River Valley. It also details the engineering challenges of building the Panama Canal, including controlling diseases like yellow fever, and how the project was finally completed after previous failed attempts by the French.
The Los Angeles Aqueduct was built in the early 1900s to address Los Angeles's growing water needs. Engineer William Mulholland designed and oversaw construction of the aqueduct, which brought water over 200 miles from the Owens Valley. The aqueduct opened in 1913 and sparked tremendous growth in LA. The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, allowed ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by crossing the Isthmus of Panama. Its construction involved overcoming malaria, yellow fever and engineering challenges to build locks, dams and a man-made lake across the isthmus.
The document summarizes two major engineering projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal project faced immense challenges including harsh weather, dangerous diseases like malaria, and technical difficulties that resulted in over 20,000 deaths before it was completed ahead of schedule. The Los Angeles Aqueduct project brought water from the Owens River over 200 miles to rapidly growing Los Angeles, transforming the arid region into a modern city, though it faced legal battles over water rights. Both projects required ambitious visions, tremendous effort, and innovative solutions to engineering problems to complete these massive infrastructure works.
The document discusses the history and construction of two major water infrastructure projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal was built between 1904-1914 after a prior French attempt failed. It connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and significantly reduced shipping times. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built between 1908-1913, transports water from the Owens Valley in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles. It enabled rapid population and economic growth in the city but had negative environmental impacts.
The panama canal and the lost angeles aqueductjphongsamran
The document summarizes key events and people related to the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes Theodore Roosevelt and George Goethals as leaders of the Panama Canal project. It also discusses William Mulholland who built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to provide a reliable water source and allow the city to grow substantially. The Panama Canal cut travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific by thousands of miles and was an enormous engineering achievement.
The document summarizes the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took over a decade to complete and cost hundreds of millions, but cut shipping time in half between the east and west coasts of the United States. The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from the Owens Valley to LA, fueling rapid population growth and transforming the city, though it damaged the Owens Valley ecosystem. Both projects required massive coordination of labor and resources to complete ambitious engineering feats.
The document summarizes the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took over a decade to complete and cost hundreds of millions, but cut shipping time in half between the east and west coasts of the United States. The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from the Owens Valley to LA, fueling the city's growth and transforming its landscape, though it damaged the environment of the Owens Valley. Both projects required massive coordination and labor to build complex infrastructure on an immense scale.
Panama and Los Angeles: the Waterways that made the American Westtfinleymoore
The Panama Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for cargo ships. Construction began under French leadership but failed due to disease and difficulties. The US took over the project in 1904 and completed it in 1914 under improved working conditions. Over 30,000 lives were lost to its construction.
The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from Owens Valley to LA to support its growing population. Engineer William Mulholland oversaw its 6-year construction, consisting of 235 miles of canals and conduits. It enabled LA's growth but also drained Owens Valley, sparking conflicts with farmers. Mulholland's career ended after the 1928 collapse of the St. Francis Dam killed
1) The document discusses the history and construction of the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the French and later American efforts to build the Panama Canal between 1880-1913, overcoming disease, funding issues, and engineering challenges.
2) It also details how William Mulholland helped develop the Los Angeles Aqueduct between 1878-1913 to supply water from the Owens River Valley to the growing city of Los Angeles, enabling its expansion. The aqueduct faced opposition from Owens Valley residents and later caused environmental issues.
3) Both massive public works projects transformed their regions but faced substantial obstacles and controversies during planning and construction before being completed ahead of schedule.
The document summarizes the history of the Panama Canal, including its initial construction by the French which failed, its takeover and completion by the United States, and its importance as a shipping route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It also discusses William Mulholland's role in securing a water supply from the Owens Valley for the growing city of Los Angeles through controversial means, and subsequent conflicts that arose over water rights.
1) The Panama Canal was an immense engineering feat that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama.
2) Started by the French in 1880, the project encountered numerous difficulties including disease and technical challenges, resulting in over 20,000 deaths before being abandoned.
3) The United States later took over the project in 1904 and was able to complete it in 1914, on time and under budget, through improved sanitation and use of newer technologies.
The document summarizes the history and construction of two major infrastructure projects:
1) The Panama Canal, which took decades to complete and involved overcoming numerous engineering challenges, health issues like yellow fever, and changes in leadership between the French and American efforts. It opened in 1914 and remains a vital shipping route.
2) The Los Angeles Aqueduct, which was envisioned and led by engineer William Mulholland to provide a new water source for the growing city from the Owens River over 200 miles away. It involved extensive land purchases and took 5 years to build, transforming Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley.
California la aqueduct and panama canal part3history141ning
The document summarizes the history of efforts to construct the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes how the French initially attempted but failed to build the Panama Canal in the late 1800s due to medical and technological limitations. It then discusses how Theodore Roosevelt succeeded in leading the effort, overcoming yellow fever, and opening the canal in 1914. It also outlines how William Mulholland developed the Los Angeles Aqueduct system to bring water from the Owens Valley and other sources to support LA's rapid growth in the early 1900s, despite local opposition and infrastructure failures that caused loss of life.
The document summarizes the construction of two major civil engineering projects: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took two attempts to complete, with the Americans finishing it from 1904-1914 after disease killed many French workers in their initial attempt. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built from 1905-1913 under William Mulholland, brought water from the Owens Valley to Los Angeles and enabled its growth, though drought and a dam collapse later caused water shortages. Both projects involved overcoming immense technical challenges to transport water or ships across long distances.
The document summarizes two major water infrastructure projects in the early 20th century - the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, is a 50-mile shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that raises ships 85 feet through a series of locks and man-made lakes. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, finished in 1913, is a 223-mile system of steel pipes that transports water from the Owens River in the Eastern Sierra Mountains to Los Angeles, providing a reliable water source for the growing city but devastating the Owens Valley ecosystem. Both projects required massive labor forces and engineering feats to overcome geographical challenges.
1) Ferdinand de Lesseps began construction of the Panama Canal for France in the 1880s but the project failed due to thousands of worker deaths from disease.
2) Theodore Roosevelt took over the canal project for the US in 1903 after supporting a revolution in Panama that separated the region from Colombia.
3) Under Chief Engineer John Stevens and Dr. William Gorgas, the Americans improved sanitation and reduced disease, making construction possible.
The document summarizes the history of building two important water infrastructure projects: the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how William Mulholland addressed Los Angeles' lack of water by constructing an aqueduct to divert water from the Owens River over 200 miles away. It also outlines the multiple attempts to build a canal through Panama, first by the French who failed due to disease and lack of technology, before the U.S. eventually succeeded in the early 1900s after taking control of the Panama region. Both projects transformed their respective regions by overcoming geographical and technical challenges to provide crucial water resources.
The document summarizes the history of building two important water infrastructure projects: the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how William Mulholland realized Los Angeles needed a new water source, and oversaw the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct to bring water over 200 miles from the Owens Valley. It also outlines the early failed French attempt to build the Panama Canal, and how the U.S. later took over the project, using new technologies and machinery to overcome diseases and terrain challenges to complete the canal by 1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
The document summarizes the history of how Los Angeles and Panama obtained reliable water sources. For Los Angeles, William Mulholland realized they needed a new water supply and proposed transporting water from the Owens Valley over 200 miles away via an aqueduct completed in 1913. For Panama, Ferdinand de Lesseps initially led a French effort to build a canal in the 1880s that failed due to disease and lack of technology, before the US took over the project in the early 1900s and opened the Panama Canal in 1914 after overcoming similar challenges. Both projects transformed the regions by bringing new water sources and development.
The document summarizes the construction of both the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Panama Canal. It describes how the LA Aqueduct was built to address the city's extreme water shortage, bringing water over 100 miles from the Owens River Valley. It also details the engineering challenges of building the Panama Canal, including controlling diseases like yellow fever, and how the project was finally completed after previous failed attempts by the French.
The Los Angeles Aqueduct was built in the early 1900s to address Los Angeles's growing water needs. Engineer William Mulholland designed and oversaw construction of the aqueduct, which brought water over 200 miles from the Owens Valley. The aqueduct opened in 1913 and sparked tremendous growth in LA. The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, allowed ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by crossing the Isthmus of Panama. Its construction involved overcoming malaria, yellow fever and engineering challenges to build locks, dams and a man-made lake across the isthmus.
The document summarizes two major engineering projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal project faced immense challenges including harsh weather, dangerous diseases like malaria, and technical difficulties that resulted in over 20,000 deaths before it was completed ahead of schedule. The Los Angeles Aqueduct project brought water from the Owens River over 200 miles to rapidly growing Los Angeles, transforming the arid region into a modern city, though it faced legal battles over water rights. Both projects required ambitious visions, tremendous effort, and innovative solutions to engineering problems to complete these massive infrastructure works.
The document discusses the history and construction of two major water infrastructure projects in the early 20th century: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal was built between 1904-1914 after a prior French attempt failed. It connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and significantly reduced shipping times. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built between 1908-1913, transports water from the Owens Valley in the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains to Los Angeles. It enabled rapid population and economic growth in the city but had negative environmental impacts.
The panama canal and the lost angeles aqueductjphongsamran
The document summarizes key events and people related to the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes Theodore Roosevelt and George Goethals as leaders of the Panama Canal project. It also discusses William Mulholland who built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to provide a reliable water source and allow the city to grow substantially. The Panama Canal cut travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific by thousands of miles and was an enormous engineering achievement.
The document summarizes the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took over a decade to complete and cost hundreds of millions, but cut shipping time in half between the east and west coasts of the United States. The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from the Owens Valley to LA, fueling rapid population growth and transforming the city, though it damaged the Owens Valley ecosystem. Both projects required massive coordination of labor and resources to complete ambitious engineering feats.
The document summarizes the construction of the Panama Canal and Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took over a decade to complete and cost hundreds of millions, but cut shipping time in half between the east and west coasts of the United States. The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from the Owens Valley to LA, fueling the city's growth and transforming its landscape, though it damaged the environment of the Owens Valley. Both projects required massive coordination and labor to build complex infrastructure on an immense scale.
Panama and Los Angeles: the Waterways that made the American Westtfinleymoore
The Panama Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama, providing a shortcut for cargo ships. Construction began under French leadership but failed due to disease and difficulties. The US took over the project in 1904 and completed it in 1914 under improved working conditions. Over 30,000 lives were lost to its construction.
The Los Angeles Aqueduct brought water from Owens Valley to LA to support its growing population. Engineer William Mulholland oversaw its 6-year construction, consisting of 235 miles of canals and conduits. It enabled LA's growth but also drained Owens Valley, sparking conflicts with farmers. Mulholland's career ended after the 1928 collapse of the St. Francis Dam killed
1) The document discusses the history and construction of the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes the French and later American efforts to build the Panama Canal between 1880-1913, overcoming disease, funding issues, and engineering challenges.
2) It also details how William Mulholland helped develop the Los Angeles Aqueduct between 1878-1913 to supply water from the Owens River Valley to the growing city of Los Angeles, enabling its expansion. The aqueduct faced opposition from Owens Valley residents and later caused environmental issues.
3) Both massive public works projects transformed their regions but faced substantial obstacles and controversies during planning and construction before being completed ahead of schedule.
The document summarizes the history of the Panama Canal, including its initial construction by the French which failed, its takeover and completion by the United States, and its importance as a shipping route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It also discusses William Mulholland's role in securing a water supply from the Owens Valley for the growing city of Los Angeles through controversial means, and subsequent conflicts that arose over water rights.
1) The Panama Canal was an immense engineering feat that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Isthmus of Panama.
2) Started by the French in 1880, the project encountered numerous difficulties including disease and technical challenges, resulting in over 20,000 deaths before being abandoned.
3) The United States later took over the project in 1904 and was able to complete it in 1914, on time and under budget, through improved sanitation and use of newer technologies.
The document summarizes the history and construction of two major infrastructure projects:
1) The Panama Canal, which took decades to complete and involved overcoming numerous engineering challenges, health issues like yellow fever, and changes in leadership between the French and American efforts. It opened in 1914 and remains a vital shipping route.
2) The Los Angeles Aqueduct, which was envisioned and led by engineer William Mulholland to provide a new water source for the growing city from the Owens River over 200 miles away. It involved extensive land purchases and took 5 years to build, transforming Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley.
California la aqueduct and panama canal part3history141ning
The document summarizes the history of efforts to construct the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. It describes how the French initially attempted but failed to build the Panama Canal in the late 1800s due to medical and technological limitations. It then discusses how Theodore Roosevelt succeeded in leading the effort, overcoming yellow fever, and opening the canal in 1914. It also outlines how William Mulholland developed the Los Angeles Aqueduct system to bring water from the Owens Valley and other sources to support LA's rapid growth in the early 1900s, despite local opposition and infrastructure failures that caused loss of life.
The document summarizes the construction of two major civil engineering projects: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took two attempts to complete, with the Americans finishing it from 1904-1914 after disease killed many French workers in their initial attempt. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built from 1905-1913 under William Mulholland, brought water from the Owens Valley to Los Angeles and enabled its growth, though drought and a dam collapse later caused water shortages. Both projects involved overcoming immense technical challenges to transport water or ships across long distances.
The document summarizes two major water infrastructure projects in the early 20th century - the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal, completed in 1914, is a 50-mile shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that raises ships 85 feet through a series of locks and man-made lakes. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, finished in 1913, is a 223-mile system of steel pipes that transports water from the Owens River in the Eastern Sierra Mountains to Los Angeles, providing a reliable water source for the growing city but devastating the Owens Valley ecosystem. Both projects required massive labor forces and engineering feats to overcome geographical challenges.
Similar to William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
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William Mulholland and the St. Francis Dam Disaster
1. What Caused the Greatest
Engineering Disaster of the 20th
Century?
2. “The only ones I envy about
this whole thing are the ones
who are dead.” William
Mulholland, Chief Engineer,
Water Department, Los Angeles
.
The St. Francis Dam Collapse.
The Second Greatest Loss of Life in
California History after the San Francisco
Earthquake.
3. The Rule of Seven:
Every catastrophe has 7 events.
Six Cascade Events leading to the
final event, the Catastrophe. At
least one of the Cascade Events
involves human error. Thus, most
catastrophes can be avoided.
Anatomy of Catastrophe
4. Two and a half minutes before
midnight on 12 March 1928, the St.
Francis Dam failed, sending a surge
of water and debris that killed an
estimated six hundred people on its
journey before finally pouring into
the Pacific Ocean.
THE FACTS
5.
6. 1877: William Mulholland arrives in Los Angeles
1878: Mulholland begins work as a ditch tender
1886: Mulholland becomes superintendent of LA Water
Company
1908-1913: Mulholland supervises the building of the Los
Angeles Aqueduct
1924: Water Wars begin
August 1924: Construction of the St. Francis Dam begins
1926: Dam is completed
1 March 1926: Water begins to fill the reservoir
THE TIMELINE
7. 12 March 1928:
10:30 am: The Dam Keeper notes a new leak.
Alerts Mulholland. Mulholland inspects and
feels there is no immediate danger
11:57:30 pm: The dam fails
5:30 am: The water, carrying bodies and
debris, finally reaches the Pacific Ocean
THE TIMELINE
8. Lack of Formal Training & Education.
William Mulholland went from being a ditch digger to
the superintendent of the Los Angeles Water
Department. Along the way, he gained great practical
experience in developing water projects, but never
received formal training as an engineer.
He designed & built the Los Angeles Aqueduct, still in
use today.
His honorary doctorate from UC-Berkeley read: “He
broke the rocks and brought the river to the thirsty
land.”
Cascade 1
10. Bad choice of location, which was suspected
but not acted on, and exemption from
regulation.
Mulholland had surveyed the area in 1911 and
noted a schist.
Los Angeles was exempt from California’s dam-
safety law.
Mulholland rarely sought the opinions of other
engineers on projects.
Cascade 2
11. LESSON: Nature always wins. Oversight is needed in
any large, complex construction project.
12. A History of Failure and Ego.
In 1918 there was a partial collapse of the
Calaveras Dam near San Francisco, which
Mulholland had supervised. This required
reconstruction.
A visiting engineer wrote that Mulholland’s work
was sloppy and his construction techniques
slipshod and crude. He also claimed Mulholland
was so conceited that he believed himself
immune from criticism. The engineer was
ignored.
Cascade 3
13. LESSON: The flip side of burning ambition is the
danger of hubris. Mulholland was a shining example of
the American dream– a person who pulled himself up
on his own merit and hard work. But as such, he was
not a ‘team player’. When it works, one is a genius,
such as the Aqueduct. When it doesn’t . . . .
14. The California Water Wars.
The Aqueduct was an engineering marvel, but for
the farmers and ranchers in the valley from which
the water was being drained, it was destroying their
land and livelihood. Mulholland’s speech on the
opening of the Aqueduct was five words:
“There it is. Take it.”
The Aqueduct was dynamited several times. This left
the St. Francis Dam reservoir as the only northern
source of water for the city; causing it to be over-
filled several times, stressing the structure.
Cascade 4
15. LESSON: Care must be taken when external factors
influence engineering decisions. Cracks appeared in the
dam each time it was refilled, but Mulholland thought that
was a normal part of the dam’s operation.
16. The Design was Flawed.
The Mulholland Dam (still in existence in Los
Angeles) was the first designed like this. While the
St. Francis was being built, Mulholland constantly
made adjustments to the plan, increasing its
capacity. A visiting engineer criticized the
placement and design of the dam. He wrote “This
dam, if kept full for any length of time . . . will
unquestionably fail.” Mulholland viewed this
report as political, part of the Water Wars.
Cascade 5
18. Constant Instability Wasn’t Addressed.
As soon as the reservoir started to fill, cracks appeared in
the dam. There was also seepage. Mulholland said this
was normal. A similar dam failed in Pennsylvania in 1911,
killing 78 people. An engineer who reviewed that case
consulted with Mulholland but was ignored. The day
before the dam failed, the dam keeper noted a muddy
leak and called Mulholland who drove up from Los
Angeles, inspected the dam, and pronounced it safe. The
dam keeper and others who lived below, joked about it,
telling each other: “See you later if the dam don’t
break.”
Cascade 6
19. LESSON: Sunk Cost and We Don’t See What We Don’t
Want To See; we are unwilling to accept potential failure
when we’ve invested too much in something.
20. The Dam Fails.
Mulholland went back to Los Angeles and the dam
keeper went back to his house, just below the dam,
thus becoming the first to die with his family when
the dam broke. The collapse was sudden and
complete. All that was left was the center section.
12.4 billion gallons of water headed down the San
Francisquito Canyon. One piece of concrete,
weighing 10,000 tons, was found a mile below the
dam site.
Final Event
21. BTW, an identical dam still exists in Los Angeles.
Location on next slide.
However, the water level was reduced and large
amounts of dirt were brought in and dumped
alongside it, strengthening it.
Final Event
23. LESSON: Leaving the construction of such a
significant project to one man was foolhardy.
The Mulholland Dam was then surveyed. The
water level was lowered and an earthen dike place
behind it, which exists to this day.
California passed a new dam safety law.
Mulholland took full responsibility. It is rumored
that in the last years of his life, he pulled all this
teeth out, one by one, with pliers, as atonement.
“If there was an error in human judgment, I was
the human. I won’t try to fasten it on anyone else.”
Final Event
26. More Free Information
I constantly update free, downloadable
slideshows like this on my web site for
preparation and survival and other
topics.
FREE SLIDESHOWS
Also, I conduct Area Study workshops
for those interested in properly
preparing for their specific
circumstances.
27. AMAZON
This book walks you through your personal situation,
your home, and your Area of Operations.
31. New York Times bestselling author, is a graduate of West
Point and former Green Beret. He’s had over 80 books
published, including the #1 bestselling series Green Berets,
Time Patrol, Area 51, and Atlantis. He’s sold over 5 million
books. He was born in the Bronx and has traveled the world.
He’s lived on an island off the east coast, an island off the
west coast, in the Rocky Mountains, the Smoky Mountains
and other places, including time in East Asia studying martial
arts.
He was an instructor and course developer/writer for years
at the JFK Special Warfare Center and School which trains
Green Berets and also runs the SERE school:
Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape.
www.bobmayer.com
Editor's Notes
Time 1:38 for Captain to come in
Time 1:38 for Captain to come in
LOOPHOLE!
Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) was begun in 1979 as a result of a NASA workshop. One of the key elements was to make sure that co-pilots would be more responsive to warning/advising the pilot. In the case of Air France Flight 447, they didn’t even get to that stage, with two co-pilots, both of whom tried to control the plane. Instead of working together, they actually worked against each other.The situation got worse when the Captain entered the cockpit, with neither co-pilot filling him in on the sequence of events and vital readings which might have allowed the Captain to quickly assess the situation.