The document discusses person-centered healthcare and functional illness. It describes the current dominant biomedical model of illness and its limitations. The biomedical model views illness as solely caused by disease within the body and does not account for social and environmental factors. The document proposes adopting a biopsychosocial model and the WHO ICF framework as more holistic approaches that consider biological, psychological, and social aspects of health. It depicts illness as the interaction between a person's body, activities, participation, and various environmental and personal contexts.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Sociology of health and illness wk 14 introductionAnthony Lawrence
This document introduces a university module on the sociology of health and illness. It discusses definitions of health, factors that influence health, and sociological approaches to understanding health and illness. A key concept introduced is Parsons' "sick role", which describes the rights and duties of being ill from a social perspective. The module will examine topics like medical power, lay understandings of health, and health inequalities related to social class, gender, and ethnicity.
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
Scientific latest new definition of health-dr.rajkumar dhaugodaRajkumar Dhaugoda
The document criticizes the 1948 WHO definition of health as being wrong and opposite to reality for several reasons. It says health cannot be defined as a "state of complete" well-being and must be seen as a relative and dynamic process. It is also impossible to be in a state of absence of disease, as health and disease are interconnected. The WHO has not provided official definitions of disease or immunity, which are needed to properly define health. A new, dialectical concept of health is proposed that views health and disease as opposites that are interconnected and change over time based on various physical, social, economic, and political factors.
The document discusses several modern perspectives on mental disorders: biological, psychological, and sociocultural. The biological perspective emphasizes the role of the nervous system, brain function, neurotransmitters, and genetics. The psychological perspective focuses on basic psychological processes and unconscious conflicts. The sociocultural perspective highlights the influence of social and environmental factors. The diathesis-stress model suggests disorders result from a combination of a predisposition and environmental stressors. Assessment involves gathering information while diagnosis identifies the specific problem using systems like the DSM-IV.
This document discusses various concepts related to health and disease. It begins by outlining four concepts of health: biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic. It then examines definitions of health from sources like Webster and WHO. Key aspects of health discussed include its multidimensional nature, determinants, indicators, and spectrum. The document also covers concepts of disease causation using the epidemiological triad model, as well as the host, agent, and environment. Other topics summarized are natural history of disease, levels of prevention, and disease control, elimination and eradication.
The document discusses different perspectives on health and illness from a sociological standpoint. It defines key terms like health, illness, disease, and the "sick role." It also outlines two main models of health - the biomedical model which views health problems as biological issues, and the social model which sees health as influenced by a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors beyond just biology. Both models are discussed, including their strengths and criticisms.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Sociology of health and illness wk 14 introductionAnthony Lawrence
This document introduces a university module on the sociology of health and illness. It discusses definitions of health, factors that influence health, and sociological approaches to understanding health and illness. A key concept introduced is Parsons' "sick role", which describes the rights and duties of being ill from a social perspective. The module will examine topics like medical power, lay understandings of health, and health inequalities related to social class, gender, and ethnicity.
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
Scientific latest new definition of health-dr.rajkumar dhaugodaRajkumar Dhaugoda
The document criticizes the 1948 WHO definition of health as being wrong and opposite to reality for several reasons. It says health cannot be defined as a "state of complete" well-being and must be seen as a relative and dynamic process. It is also impossible to be in a state of absence of disease, as health and disease are interconnected. The WHO has not provided official definitions of disease or immunity, which are needed to properly define health. A new, dialectical concept of health is proposed that views health and disease as opposites that are interconnected and change over time based on various physical, social, economic, and political factors.
The document discusses several modern perspectives on mental disorders: biological, psychological, and sociocultural. The biological perspective emphasizes the role of the nervous system, brain function, neurotransmitters, and genetics. The psychological perspective focuses on basic psychological processes and unconscious conflicts. The sociocultural perspective highlights the influence of social and environmental factors. The diathesis-stress model suggests disorders result from a combination of a predisposition and environmental stressors. Assessment involves gathering information while diagnosis identifies the specific problem using systems like the DSM-IV.
This document discusses various concepts related to health and disease. It begins by outlining four concepts of health: biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic. It then examines definitions of health from sources like Webster and WHO. Key aspects of health discussed include its multidimensional nature, determinants, indicators, and spectrum. The document also covers concepts of disease causation using the epidemiological triad model, as well as the host, agent, and environment. Other topics summarized are natural history of disease, levels of prevention, and disease control, elimination and eradication.
The document discusses different perspectives on health and illness from a sociological standpoint. It defines key terms like health, illness, disease, and the "sick role." It also outlines two main models of health - the biomedical model which views health problems as biological issues, and the social model which sees health as influenced by a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors beyond just biology. Both models are discussed, including their strengths and criticisms.
The document discusses factors that influence human behavior related to health issues according to the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people were not participating in disease screening programs. It identifies key constructs including perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers that impact health behaviors. The model can help explain behaviors related to disease prevention, screening, and treatment adherence. Improving understanding of factors like these that influence illness behaviors and patient compliance can help improve health outcomes.
Holistic nursing focuses on treating the whole person by considering their physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. The goal of holistic nursing is to promote health and wellness while also preventing or alleviating suffering. A holistic nurse considers all aspects of a person's life to develop a comprehensive care plan that enhances healing. Key aspects of holistic nursing include viewing each individual as a unique being, respecting their beliefs and preferences, and empowering patients to make their own health decisions.
Parsons developed the sick role model in the 1950s to describe illness as a temporary, medically sanctioned form of deviant behavior. Key aspects of the model include that the sick are excused from normal duties if they seek medical advice and comply with treatment. The model draws on Freudian concepts like the doctor-patient relationship resembling a parent-child dynamic. While influential, criticisms of the model include that it does not consider power imbalances between doctors and patients or account for chronic illness. However, the sick role model still provides a framework for cross-cultural comparisons of how societies view deviant behavior and time away from duties.
Health is defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being, not just the absence of disease. It has evolved over time from an individual concern to a global social goal encompassing quality of life. Traditionally viewed as an absence of disease, the concept of health has expanded to include ecological, psychosocial and holistic perspectives influenced by various social, economic and environmental factors. Illness is defined as an abnormal process that changes an individual's level of functioning compared to their previous state of health.
The biomedical model views mental disorders as biological diseases caused by abnormalities in the brain. It assumes that diseases can be fully explained by deviations from biological norms, leaving no room for social, psychological or behavioral factors. The core tenets are that mental disorders are caused by biological abnormalities in the brain, there is no distinction between mental and physical diseases, and biological treatment is emphasized. Critics argue that this model is too reductionistic and neglects the influence of other important factors like social, cultural and environmental influences on mental health.
Health psychology deals with how biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and cultural factors influence health and illness. It examines how health and behaviors are linked, such as how smoking and overeating can lead to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Health psychology also studies how stress, personality traits, social support systems, and coping behaviors impact physical health. The goal is to understand health from multiple perspectives and apply psychological principles to improve well-being and healthcare.
This document discusses different concepts of health, including the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, the ecological concept which sees health as adaptation to the environment, and the holistic concept which recognizes social, economic, and political influences. It also describes the health-illness continuum model, which illustrates well-being as more than just an absence of illness, showing how one can move either toward higher wellness or premature death based on factors like awareness, education, and lifestyle choices. The model compares treatment-focused and wellness-focused approaches.
Health seeking behavior among the kalazar affected people of the scavenger (m...Md. Nasir Uddin,PhD
This document summarizes a study on the health seeking behaviors of people from the scavenger community in Bogra, Bangladesh who were affected by kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). The qualitative study found that the scavenger community has poor health outcomes due to factors like poverty, lack of health awareness, malnutrition, and discrimination. Most people in the community are illiterate adults and rely on folk remedies rather than modern medicine when sick. The researchers observed the community's demographics, family structures, economic hardships, and experiences of prejudice from the majority Bengali population. The community's worldviews and lack of access to healthcare influences their health seeking behaviors for illnesses like kala-azar.
The document discusses various concepts related to health, wellness, and illness. It defines health according to different organizations such as WHO and provides perspectives from various fields such as biomedicine, ecology, and sociology. Several models of health and illness are described, including the health-illness continuum model, high-level wellness model, agent-host-environment model, health belief model, and holistic health model. The dimensions of wellness, components of high-level wellness, and factors influencing health status are also outlined.
The document discusses the goals and concepts related to nursing. It defines basic human needs according to Maslow's hierarchy which includes physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. It also explains the World Health Organization's vision and mission in promoting health equity. The nursing process is introduced as a systematic problem-solving approach used in nursing practice involving assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. Its historical development and goals of providing organized care to address clients' needs are outlined.
Bio psycho social and spiritual dimension and chdHarivansh Chopra
This presentation is a part of webinar on prevention and reversal of chd and type 2 diabetes mellitus . in this presentation prof rahul bansal has emphasised the role of mind body connection and role of stress in causation as well its removal in prevention and reversal of chd.he has given ample evidence of use of meditation, yoga, as well as of prayers and diet in the reversal of chd
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
The document discusses several key concepts in nursing including:
1) Different views of the concept of man and his attributes and needs from nursing theorists like Henderson, Rogers, Nightingale, and Maslow.
2) Definitions and models of health, illness, disease, and wellness.
3) Maslow's hierarchy of needs and characteristics of self-actualized persons.
4) Definitions of nursing from theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Rogers, and models like Dunn's and Leavell and Clark's.
USE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN SPHERE OF MENTAL HEALTHsubhasbesra
This document discusses the relationship between social psychology and mental health. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. Mental health is described as one's emotional, psychological and social well-being, and how they think, feel and act. A key point made is that social psychology and mental health are closely related, as social psychology examines human mental life and behavior within a social context, while mental health concerns psychological well-being. The document also lists some factors that can affect mental health, and ways that social psychology can be useful in the field of mental health, such as counseling and better communication skills.
Behavioral science is relevant to health and medicine in several ways:
1. It addresses factors like patient behavior, physician-patient interactions, and social/cultural issues that influence health and healthcare delivery.
2. Concepts from psychology, sociology, and anthropology can provide insights into decision-making processes and communication strategies related to health.
3. Behavioral and social factors are important to consider in assessing and treating illnesses, and in planning healthcare services that meet patients' needs.
Here are the three principles of health promotion from the Ottawa Charter:
1. Enable - This principle aims to enable people to increase control over their own health and its determinants, and thereby improve health.
2. Mediate - This principle acknowledges that health promotion requires coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental and voluntary organizations, by local authorities, by industry and by the media.
3. Advocate - This principle aims to advocate for health as a positive concept and fundamental human right. It requires the identification of obstacles to the adoption of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways to remove them.
The document discusses concepts related to health, illness, and healthcare services. It defines health as a dynamic state of well-being involving physical, mental, social, and spiritual dimensions. Illness is described as any impairment of physical or mental functioning due to disease, injury, or disability. Healthcare services aim to promote, maintain, or restore optimal health and are provided through various levels of care including primary, secondary, tertiary, restorative, and continuing care.
The document provides instructions for an assignment on sociological models of health. It begins by outlining the tasks for Assignment 1 and then provides context and explanations for Assignment 2. It discusses the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Examples are given of how each model might approach hypothetical patient cases. The models are then linked to sociological perspectives like Functionalism, Marxism, and Feminism. Students are instructed to research the key concepts and models to complete a P2 explanation and M1 assessment for Assignment 2.
The document discusses concepts of prevention and control in healthcare. It defines four levels of prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to discourage risk factors before they develop. Primary prevention removes disease possibility through vaccination or lifestyle changes. Secondary prevention detects and treats disease early through screening. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation for late-stage disease. Control aims to reduce disease incidence, duration, transmission and effects through prevention programs combined with monitoring, surveillance and evaluation. The goals of medicine include promoting, preserving and restoring health and minimizing suffering through prevention strategies.
Indian Healthcare - Transitional Shift Towards Sustainable & Mobile Care Bhavik Doshi
The Indian Healthcare sector constitutes mainly of hospitals, pharmaceuticals, Diagnostics, Insurance and Medical Equipment. The Indian Healthcare industry is growing by a rate of CAGR of 18% and is expected to grow to CAGR of 21% till 2020. This instills the signs of fulfillment of Vision 2020. The major factors influencing are increase in population, shift in demograpics, rise in disposable income, Increase in incedence of lifestyle related disease, rising literacy, tax benefits and rise in insurance coverage. Moeover the public health expenditure in India is very low which give the platform for the development. A holistic approach of "stakeholder relationship management" is required to bring about the trasntional shift in healthcare. New models are required to provide affordable and accessible solutions of healthcare. Public Private Partnership (PPP) model can be a boon to be provided as a solution. India has always been taking a leapfrog in welcoming new technological platforms. A classic example of such leapfrog of technology is transition of telecommunation from landlines to cell phones avoiding the transition to pagers. The introduction of mHealth have already created a revolution in changing the dimension of healthcare & cut-shorted the boundary between doctors and rural patients and have enhanced outreach and coverage.
The document discusses holistic healthcare and presents the WHO ICF (International Classification of Functioning) model of illness as a framework for achieving holistic care. The WHO ICF model views health as determined by four domains - body functions, activities, participation in life situations, and contextual factors of the individual. It recognizes that illness arises from an inability to adapt due to internal or external stresses on the whole person within their physical and social environments. For healthcare to be truly holistic, this biopsychosocial model must be adopted and services must be organized around supporting people based on their various social roles and needs over the course of their condition.
Wellness, in today’s context, is much more than diagnosing and curing poor health or diseases. It is a multidimensional and holistic state of being that is conscious, self-directed, and constantly evolving. Trying to make sense of wellness in a world of rising healthcare costs, shortage of wellness professionals, and technological advances in everything from computing to genetics, gives rise to several pertinent questions.
-- Will there still be any universally recognized concept of wellness? Or will it be hyper personalized to each individual's environments, genetics, and experiences?
-- What will wellness look and feel like in the future? What will be the new indicators of wellness?
-- As people experience enhanced wellness, will they become more self-aware and adopt additional experiences that will promote wellness?
-- Will we be more in control of our well-being? Or will we stop caring in a world where every aspect of our person is closely and constantly monitored and serviced?
-- As roles in the wellness ecosystem shift, what are the new well-being authorities and environments that will emerge?
-- Will big data around wellness help create better early warning systems about potential pandemics? Or will there be a drive to protect and hide our personal wellness and risk profiles online?
-- Will we ever be 'unwell', given all the new technologies to enhance (as well as prevent) wellness that will be in place?
-- Will we prefer being looked after and treated by robotic care givers/surgeons?
We attempt to answer these questions through 10 current trends we have identified, which will impact the course of wellness in the future.
Download the Wellness in 2050 Infographic - http://www.slideshare.net/UXTrendspotting/wellness-in-2050
The document discusses factors that influence human behavior related to health issues according to the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people were not participating in disease screening programs. It identifies key constructs including perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers that impact health behaviors. The model can help explain behaviors related to disease prevention, screening, and treatment adherence. Improving understanding of factors like these that influence illness behaviors and patient compliance can help improve health outcomes.
Holistic nursing focuses on treating the whole person by considering their physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being. The goal of holistic nursing is to promote health and wellness while also preventing or alleviating suffering. A holistic nurse considers all aspects of a person's life to develop a comprehensive care plan that enhances healing. Key aspects of holistic nursing include viewing each individual as a unique being, respecting their beliefs and preferences, and empowering patients to make their own health decisions.
Parsons developed the sick role model in the 1950s to describe illness as a temporary, medically sanctioned form of deviant behavior. Key aspects of the model include that the sick are excused from normal duties if they seek medical advice and comply with treatment. The model draws on Freudian concepts like the doctor-patient relationship resembling a parent-child dynamic. While influential, criticisms of the model include that it does not consider power imbalances between doctors and patients or account for chronic illness. However, the sick role model still provides a framework for cross-cultural comparisons of how societies view deviant behavior and time away from duties.
Health is defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being, not just the absence of disease. It has evolved over time from an individual concern to a global social goal encompassing quality of life. Traditionally viewed as an absence of disease, the concept of health has expanded to include ecological, psychosocial and holistic perspectives influenced by various social, economic and environmental factors. Illness is defined as an abnormal process that changes an individual's level of functioning compared to their previous state of health.
The biomedical model views mental disorders as biological diseases caused by abnormalities in the brain. It assumes that diseases can be fully explained by deviations from biological norms, leaving no room for social, psychological or behavioral factors. The core tenets are that mental disorders are caused by biological abnormalities in the brain, there is no distinction between mental and physical diseases, and biological treatment is emphasized. Critics argue that this model is too reductionistic and neglects the influence of other important factors like social, cultural and environmental influences on mental health.
Health psychology deals with how biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and cultural factors influence health and illness. It examines how health and behaviors are linked, such as how smoking and overeating can lead to diseases like cancer and heart disease. Health psychology also studies how stress, personality traits, social support systems, and coping behaviors impact physical health. The goal is to understand health from multiple perspectives and apply psychological principles to improve well-being and healthcare.
This document discusses different concepts of health, including the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, the ecological concept which sees health as adaptation to the environment, and the holistic concept which recognizes social, economic, and political influences. It also describes the health-illness continuum model, which illustrates well-being as more than just an absence of illness, showing how one can move either toward higher wellness or premature death based on factors like awareness, education, and lifestyle choices. The model compares treatment-focused and wellness-focused approaches.
Health seeking behavior among the kalazar affected people of the scavenger (m...Md. Nasir Uddin,PhD
This document summarizes a study on the health seeking behaviors of people from the scavenger community in Bogra, Bangladesh who were affected by kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). The qualitative study found that the scavenger community has poor health outcomes due to factors like poverty, lack of health awareness, malnutrition, and discrimination. Most people in the community are illiterate adults and rely on folk remedies rather than modern medicine when sick. The researchers observed the community's demographics, family structures, economic hardships, and experiences of prejudice from the majority Bengali population. The community's worldviews and lack of access to healthcare influences their health seeking behaviors for illnesses like kala-azar.
The document discusses various concepts related to health, wellness, and illness. It defines health according to different organizations such as WHO and provides perspectives from various fields such as biomedicine, ecology, and sociology. Several models of health and illness are described, including the health-illness continuum model, high-level wellness model, agent-host-environment model, health belief model, and holistic health model. The dimensions of wellness, components of high-level wellness, and factors influencing health status are also outlined.
The document discusses the goals and concepts related to nursing. It defines basic human needs according to Maslow's hierarchy which includes physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. It also explains the World Health Organization's vision and mission in promoting health equity. The nursing process is introduced as a systematic problem-solving approach used in nursing practice involving assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. Its historical development and goals of providing organized care to address clients' needs are outlined.
Bio psycho social and spiritual dimension and chdHarivansh Chopra
This presentation is a part of webinar on prevention and reversal of chd and type 2 diabetes mellitus . in this presentation prof rahul bansal has emphasised the role of mind body connection and role of stress in causation as well its removal in prevention and reversal of chd.he has given ample evidence of use of meditation, yoga, as well as of prayers and diet in the reversal of chd
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
The document discusses several key concepts in nursing including:
1) Different views of the concept of man and his attributes and needs from nursing theorists like Henderson, Rogers, Nightingale, and Maslow.
2) Definitions and models of health, illness, disease, and wellness.
3) Maslow's hierarchy of needs and characteristics of self-actualized persons.
4) Definitions of nursing from theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Rogers, and models like Dunn's and Leavell and Clark's.
USE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN SPHERE OF MENTAL HEALTHsubhasbesra
This document discusses the relationship between social psychology and mental health. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by others. Mental health is described as one's emotional, psychological and social well-being, and how they think, feel and act. A key point made is that social psychology and mental health are closely related, as social psychology examines human mental life and behavior within a social context, while mental health concerns psychological well-being. The document also lists some factors that can affect mental health, and ways that social psychology can be useful in the field of mental health, such as counseling and better communication skills.
Behavioral science is relevant to health and medicine in several ways:
1. It addresses factors like patient behavior, physician-patient interactions, and social/cultural issues that influence health and healthcare delivery.
2. Concepts from psychology, sociology, and anthropology can provide insights into decision-making processes and communication strategies related to health.
3. Behavioral and social factors are important to consider in assessing and treating illnesses, and in planning healthcare services that meet patients' needs.
Here are the three principles of health promotion from the Ottawa Charter:
1. Enable - This principle aims to enable people to increase control over their own health and its determinants, and thereby improve health.
2. Mediate - This principle acknowledges that health promotion requires coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental and voluntary organizations, by local authorities, by industry and by the media.
3. Advocate - This principle aims to advocate for health as a positive concept and fundamental human right. It requires the identification of obstacles to the adoption of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways to remove them.
The document discusses concepts related to health, illness, and healthcare services. It defines health as a dynamic state of well-being involving physical, mental, social, and spiritual dimensions. Illness is described as any impairment of physical or mental functioning due to disease, injury, or disability. Healthcare services aim to promote, maintain, or restore optimal health and are provided through various levels of care including primary, secondary, tertiary, restorative, and continuing care.
The document provides instructions for an assignment on sociological models of health. It begins by outlining the tasks for Assignment 1 and then provides context and explanations for Assignment 2. It discusses the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Examples are given of how each model might approach hypothetical patient cases. The models are then linked to sociological perspectives like Functionalism, Marxism, and Feminism. Students are instructed to research the key concepts and models to complete a P2 explanation and M1 assessment for Assignment 2.
The document discusses concepts of prevention and control in healthcare. It defines four levels of prevention - primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to discourage risk factors before they develop. Primary prevention removes disease possibility through vaccination or lifestyle changes. Secondary prevention detects and treats disease early through screening. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation for late-stage disease. Control aims to reduce disease incidence, duration, transmission and effects through prevention programs combined with monitoring, surveillance and evaluation. The goals of medicine include promoting, preserving and restoring health and minimizing suffering through prevention strategies.
Indian Healthcare - Transitional Shift Towards Sustainable & Mobile Care Bhavik Doshi
The Indian Healthcare sector constitutes mainly of hospitals, pharmaceuticals, Diagnostics, Insurance and Medical Equipment. The Indian Healthcare industry is growing by a rate of CAGR of 18% and is expected to grow to CAGR of 21% till 2020. This instills the signs of fulfillment of Vision 2020. The major factors influencing are increase in population, shift in demograpics, rise in disposable income, Increase in incedence of lifestyle related disease, rising literacy, tax benefits and rise in insurance coverage. Moeover the public health expenditure in India is very low which give the platform for the development. A holistic approach of "stakeholder relationship management" is required to bring about the trasntional shift in healthcare. New models are required to provide affordable and accessible solutions of healthcare. Public Private Partnership (PPP) model can be a boon to be provided as a solution. India has always been taking a leapfrog in welcoming new technological platforms. A classic example of such leapfrog of technology is transition of telecommunation from landlines to cell phones avoiding the transition to pagers. The introduction of mHealth have already created a revolution in changing the dimension of healthcare & cut-shorted the boundary between doctors and rural patients and have enhanced outreach and coverage.
The document discusses holistic healthcare and presents the WHO ICF (International Classification of Functioning) model of illness as a framework for achieving holistic care. The WHO ICF model views health as determined by four domains - body functions, activities, participation in life situations, and contextual factors of the individual. It recognizes that illness arises from an inability to adapt due to internal or external stresses on the whole person within their physical and social environments. For healthcare to be truly holistic, this biopsychosocial model must be adopted and services must be organized around supporting people based on their various social roles and needs over the course of their condition.
Wellness, in today’s context, is much more than diagnosing and curing poor health or diseases. It is a multidimensional and holistic state of being that is conscious, self-directed, and constantly evolving. Trying to make sense of wellness in a world of rising healthcare costs, shortage of wellness professionals, and technological advances in everything from computing to genetics, gives rise to several pertinent questions.
-- Will there still be any universally recognized concept of wellness? Or will it be hyper personalized to each individual's environments, genetics, and experiences?
-- What will wellness look and feel like in the future? What will be the new indicators of wellness?
-- As people experience enhanced wellness, will they become more self-aware and adopt additional experiences that will promote wellness?
-- Will we be more in control of our well-being? Or will we stop caring in a world where every aspect of our person is closely and constantly monitored and serviced?
-- As roles in the wellness ecosystem shift, what are the new well-being authorities and environments that will emerge?
-- Will big data around wellness help create better early warning systems about potential pandemics? Or will there be a drive to protect and hide our personal wellness and risk profiles online?
-- Will we ever be 'unwell', given all the new technologies to enhance (as well as prevent) wellness that will be in place?
-- Will we prefer being looked after and treated by robotic care givers/surgeons?
We attempt to answer these questions through 10 current trends we have identified, which will impact the course of wellness in the future.
Download the Wellness in 2050 Infographic - http://www.slideshare.net/UXTrendspotting/wellness-in-2050
The document discusses the history, scope, types, applications, benefits and limitations of marketing research. It provides examples of early companies that conducted marketing research as well as case studies. It also outlines the role of marketing research in managerial decision making and characteristics of good marketing research professionals.
The document discusses marketing research, including its definition as the systematic identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to improve marketing decision-making. It outlines the marketing research process and different types of marketing research problems. Problem identification research helps identify unknown issues, while problem-solving research addresses specific problems. The role of marketing research in the process of marketing decision making is also described.
By the year 2050, the world’s population is projected to swell to 9 billion. 80% of us will be urban-dwellers. Demand from developing countries for a wider range of foods is on the rise. Experts estimate that we will need new farmland larger than the size of Brazil to produce enough to meet the demands of growing populations.
Food security therefore represents one of the single biggest challenges of our future, with environmental, economic, political, and lifestyle implications.
How will we fix our broken and unsustainable systems of industrial food production to serve the needs of an ever-growing planet? In what ways will we rethink food via new practices and new technologies? This latest report from the Institute for Customer Experience considers how we are re-imagining our food practices in order to project anew our collective, global future.
Presentation I created for my Marketing Research class at Kennesaw State. We were required to perform the entire market research process from creating a survey to analyzing the results.
This document discusses key concepts in marketing management including the changing role of marketing, the 4 Ps of marketing, and the components of an effective marketing plan. It explains that marketing has shifted from a focus on physical efficiency to selling and adoption of a marketing approach. The marketing plan involves analyzing the current market situation, identifying opportunities and issues, developing a marketing strategy, and implementing and controlling the plan. An effective marketing plan with a clear business purpose and objectives can help firms achieve higher returns.
The document provides an overview of the nature and scope of marketing. It defines marketing according to various authorities and outlines its core concepts. Marketing is defined as the process of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and managing customer relationships. The key elements of the marketing environment, including the internal, micro, and macro environments are described. The document also discusses customer satisfaction, value, and Michael Porter's value chain model.
The document traces the evolution of marketing concepts from production orientation to holistic marketing. It discusses the key concepts of production, product, selling, marketing and holistic marketing. The holistic marketing concept acknowledges that all aspects of marketing are important, including relationship marketing, social responsibility marketing, internal marketing, and integrated marketing. It emphasizes building long-term relationships with customers and other stakeholders through an integrated marketing approach.
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Why holistic for me
1. Themes
• Aim for person-centred healthcare
Not patient-centred health care
• Actions & decisions depend upon way of
thinking
• Person-centred healthcare depends upon
having a holistic understanding of health
No social admissions, bed-blocking patients,
difficult to discharge patients
2. What causes ‘functional illness’?
• People who experience symptoms (and
disability) but have no disease to account
for/explain their illness
Form 20% of all new out-patients in all clinics
Example diagnostic labels include:
•Fibromyalgia, migraine, chronic fatigue syndrome,
low back pain, chronic regional pain syndrome,
non-cardiac chest pain, irritable bowel syndrome,
myalgic-encephalomyelitis etc etc
3. To answer these puzzles
• Need an appropriate model of illness.
• A model is:
“A simplified or idealized description or
conception of a particular system, situation, or
process that is put forward as a basis for
calculations, predictions, or further
investigation.”
(OED 2006)
4. Common current assumptions
• Disease refers to disorder of organ within
the body
i.e. Disease is malfunction of part of whole
• All symptoms and illnesses are
attributable to disease
i.e. A person with symptoms is ill and must
have an underlying disease within body
• All disease causes symptoms and illness
i.e. Sooner or later disease manifests itself
5. Biomedical model of illness
• These assumptions are central to the
biomedical model of illness
Ill-defined; no standard definition
Current dominant model
• Basis of model is the scientific method:
Reductionist approach; identify single causes
Focus on pathology/disease within the body
as primary cause of illness
6. Biomedical model
• Incorporates other important assumptions:
Patient is passive:
•A ‘victim’ of disease, and
•A ‘recipient’ of treatment
Mental phenomena are separate domain
unrelated to ‘physical’ phenomena (Cartesian
dualism)
•‘physical symptoms/signs’ are not caused by
‘mental’ processes
7. Biomedical model
• Has been very successful over 100+ years
• Socially very important
Determines political policies
•Organisation of bureaucracy (e.g. CRS etc)
•Allocation of resources / basis of payment
Guides most people’s actions & decisions
Leads to ‘sick role’
•Lack of responsibility for illness
•Allowed to avoid social duties
8. Main assumptions are false
• Disease without symptoms is common
Screening programmes based on this
5% of 70 year old people may have ‘silent’
cerebral infarction.
• ‘Symptoms’ (i.e. Experiences considered
outside ‘normal’) are very common
Daily occurrence
Two ‘life-threatening symptoms’ each six
weeks
9. Conclusion
• The current biomedical model:
Is incomplete
•E.g. not explain functional illness or lead to
treatment
Is unable to resolve modern problems
•“Payment by results” tariff not able to work
– Major determinants of cost are social and disability
Incorporates a mereological fallacy
•The fallacy of attributing to parts of an animal
attributes that are properties of the whole
10. What did he mean?
“The NHS must focus on good case management
where patients with complex needs are identified
and supported by skilled staff working in a
holistic fashion in an integrated care system.”
From
Speech by Rt Hon John Reid MP, Secretary of State
for Health, 11th March 2004:
Managing new realities - integrating the care landscape
11. Holism
• “The tendency in nature to form wholes that
are greater than the sum of the parts through
creative evolution.”
• Smuts JC. 1870-1950. South African
lawyer, general and politician (Prime
Minister 1919-24; 1939-48), also a
philosopher.
• Book: Holism and Evolution. 1926
(second edition 1927).
12.
13. Holism
• Concept led on to General Systems Theory
(Ludwig von Bertalanffy, 1971)
Concepts of:
•System being more than the sum of its parts
•Hierarchical and interacting organisations
• and hence to:
Complexity, and Chaos Theories etc
•Stressing importance of non-linear relationships
– Minor change in one factor may have major effect
elsewhere
14. Holistic medicine
• Holistic medicine first mentioned 1960 by F
H Hoffman:
“.. concern with teaching about the whole man –
‘holistic’ or comprehensive medicine ..”
• Best definition:
“… holistic medicine that integrates knowledge of
the body, the mind, and the environment …”
(Annals of Internal Medicine, 1976)
15. “Holistic medicine is the art and science of
healing that addresses the whole person - body,
mind, and spirit. The practice of holistic medicine
integrates conventional and alternative therapies to
prevent and treat disease, and most importantly, to
promote optimal health. This condition of holistic
health is defined as the unlimited and unimpeded
free flow of life force energy through body, mind, and
spirit.”
Holistic Medicine - 2
American Holistic Medical Association
http://ahha.org/articles.asp?Id=81
16. Holistic healthcare: conclusion - 1
• The concept has mutated to encompass
and even exclusively represent
‘alternative’ health care:
Often said to be ‘an approach’
Often focused on ‘spiritual care’
Always difficult to specify
17. Holistic healthcare: conclusion - 2
• Health (and illness) is comprised of
various hierarchical systems.
• A person (ill or healthy):
encompasses several ‘components’
•Spirit, mind, body etc
lives within a context
•Past, personality, social milieu
lives in a certain way, their ‘life style’
•Have their own goals, expectations etc
18. Achieving holistic healthcare
• To achieve holistic healthcare effectively
requires
a model of illness that is holistic, giving
a systematic and comprehensive approach
to all domains of health and
to all domains influencing health
• Biomedical model is not holistic
19. There is an alternative model
• Biopsychosocial medicine
1977, Engel (building on sociology etc)
Systems approach to illness
Psychiatry and chronic back pain
• At same time World Health Organisation
was developing a new classification of
consequences of disease
20.
21. World Health Organisation’s Inter-
national Classification of Impair-
ments, Disabilities and Handicaps
• WHO ICIDH - developed in 1970s
Published first in 1980
• Put forward as a classification system
like ICD, to complement ICD
for all consequences of disease
•Impairment, disability, handicap
• Did not acknowledge environment
22. WHO International
Classification of Functioning
• Revised ICIDH > ICF (1996-2001):
added contextual factors:
•physical (buildings, carers, clothes etc)
•personal (experiences, strengths, attitudes etc)
•social (family/friends, culture etc)
changed words (not concepts)
•disability -> (limitation in) activity
•handicap -> (restriction on) participation
added global concept of ‘functioning’
23. Adapted WHO ICF model
• Basic WHO ICF model is incomplete:
No mention of ‘quality of life’
No mention of choice (‘free-will’)
Only takes perspective of outsider (not ill
person)
Does not take time into account
Wade DT, Halligan PW Do biomedical models
of illness make for good healthcare systems?
British Medical Journal 2004;329:1398-1401
26. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF Description of illnessFour Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
27. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF Description of illnessFour Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
28. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF Description of illnessFour Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
29. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF Description of illnessFour Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
30. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF Description of illnessFour Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
Social
31. Organ (pathology)
Traditional Model of illnessFour Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
Social
32. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF model of illness (1)Four Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
Social
33. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF model of illness (2)Four Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
Social
Well-beingWell-beingChoiceChoice
Within body
34. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF model of illness (3)Four Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
Social
Well-beingWell-beingChoiceChoice
Within body
Body & physical environment
35. Organ (pathology)
WHO ICF model of illness (4)Four Levels Three Contexts
Person (impairment)
Person in environment
Behaviour (activities)
Person in society
Social position
(Participation)
Personal
Physical
Social
Well-beingWell-beingChoiceChoice
Within body
Body & physical environment
Person and social environment
36. Organ (pathology)
Disease/diagnosis
WHO ICF Model of illnessFour Levels Four Contexts
Body(impairment)
Symptoms/experiences
Person in environment
Goal-directed behaviour
Activities/disability
Person in society
Social position
Participation, social roles
Well-beingWell-being
ChoiceChoice
Social
Friends,
colleagues
Physical
Close &
distant
Personal
Attitude,
beliefs, etc
T
I
M
E
P E R S O N
37. WHO ICF & holistic healthcare
• Model suggests that a person
Has a body which
•Functions as a whole
– Experiences, skills etc
•Has subsystems
– Organs,
•Interacts with physical environment
Acts as a conscious social being
•Has goals , makes choices, experiences spirituality
•Interacts with other people (social context)
38. WHO ICF model and illness
• Illness arises when the system of:
Person within their context
Fails to adapt to demands (stresses):
•Externally (e.g. prolonged cold)
•Internally (e.g. reduced function of an organ)
• Illness is a phenomenon of the person,
Not of a part of the person
39. WHO ICF & NOC
• Brief discussion of how WHO ICF could
be used to transform NOC
Clinically
Organisationally
40. WHO ICF & holistic clinical
care
• Use it to analyse clinical situations
Identify all relevant factors related to
situation
• Use it to plan holistic clinical management
Intervene in as many factors as possible
•Directly
•Liaise with others
41. Achieving holism clinically
• Key is to consider a person’s social role
functioning
What roles do they have or aspire to?
What roles could they achieve?
Do they have any roles at all, other than
patient?
42. “And lest this last consideration - no mean or
secondary one with Sir Mulberry - should sound
strangely in the ears of some, let it be remembered
that most men live in a world of their own, and
that in that limited circle alone they are
ambitious for distinction and applause. Sir
Mulberry's world was peopled with profligates, and
he acted accordingly.“
(Charles Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby, Chapter 28)
The importance of social roles
43. Changing roles:
an important goal for healthcare?
“The kindest thing anyone could have done for
me would have been to look me square in the eye
and say this clearly:
‘Reynolds Price is dead. Who will you be
now? Who can you be now and how can you
get there double-time’”
Reynolds Price. A whole new life: an illness and a healing.
New York Atheneum 1994
45. Impairment
Activities
Social roles
Expertise - condition
Expertise - locality
Focus changes over time
- Level of illness
- Context
- Type of expertise needed
Acute phase
Pathology
Physical context
Social context
Time
46. Specialist disease service
Specialist rehabilitation service
Locality rehabilitation service
General practice complete service
Self-management
Time course of a long-term condition, and service needs
Acute phase
Post-acute phase
Time
NOC?NOC?
47. Holistic healthcare requires:
• Use of a holistic model of illness to:
Analyse clinical situations
•Understand multi-factorial causation of illness
Plan healthcare interventions
•Multi-factorial, not simply disease-focused
Organise services and notes etc
•Around different levels
Be basis of commissioning and funding
•Condition management not disease management
•Across all boundaries
48. Therefore the NOC should
• Embrace WHO ICF in all its activities
Clinical, planning, administration etc
• Develop seamless relationships with
Community services and primary care
Social services (and others)
• Develop services centred on problems
Of people with relevant long-term conditions
Across their lifetime
49. Summary
• Holistic healthcare requires a comprehensive,
coherent model of illness
• The expanded World Health Organisation
International Classification of Functioning
biopsychsocial model is holistic
• The Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre should
join the Community Health Organisation
to become the first healthcare organisation
to use this model fully
50. Holistic health care
It is our only future!
Dr Derick T Wade,
Professor in Neurological Rehabilitation,
Oxford Centre for Enablement,
Windmill Road, OXFORD OX3 7LD, UK
Tel: +44-(0)1865-737310
Fax: +44-(0)1865-737309
email: derick.wade@ntlworld.com
51. The WHO ICF model
Organ
Disease (actual pathology)
Whole body
Symptoms & signs experienced
Impairments of function implied
Personal context
experience, expectation, attitude, choice, belief, disease label
Social context
Expectations, attitudes, beliefs etc of
others
Quality of life
Participation
Roles, patient’s interpretation
Roles, others’ interpretation
Physical context
Objects, structures, bodies etc
Activities
Behaviour: goal-directed interaction with
environment
T I M ET I M E
52. Holistic health care: our future?
Dr Derick T Wade,
Professor in Neurological Rehabilitation,
Oxford Centre for Enablement,
Windmill Road, OXFORD OX3 7LD, UK
Tel: +44-(0)1865-737310
Fax: +44-(0)1865-737309
email: derick.wade@ntlworld.com