Which of the following statements about mitosis is true O a. Mitosis.pdf

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Which of the following statements about mitosis is true? O a. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the mother cell. b Mitosis is the division of the nuclear component (DNA) which is then followed by the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis). C.A mitotically dividing cell copies its DNA, separates these copies at opposite poles and then divides. d All of the above O e. A and B only Solution 1. Answer: a. Mitosis produces two daughter cells identical to the mother cell. Explanation- The chromosomes undergo duplication before mitosis. After this, identical chromosomes reach daughter cells. 2. Answer: b. During metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, the equator of the mitotic spindle Explanation- The chromosomes align at the centre of the mitotic spindle and the two kinetochores of each chromosome get attached to the microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle. 3. Interphase- D. Cell growth. Replication of DNA. Prophase- G. The chromosomes condense, each with two sister chromatids. Mitotic spindle begins to form. Prometaphase- C. The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle at their kinetochores. Metaphse- A. Chromosomes align at the equator of the mitotic spindle. For each chromosome, the sister chromatids are attached at the kinetochore to microtubules from opposing poles. Anaphase- E. The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. Telophase- F. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes at the mitotic spindle\'s poles. Mitosis ends. Cytokinesis- B. Cell pinches in until cytoplasm is divided in two (in animal cells). Results in two daughter cells that each contain a nucleus. Explanation- Mitosis comprises of four basic phases, which according to their order are- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prometaphase is the late phase of prophase. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. Interphase is the preparatory stage of mitosis..

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The diploid number of the hypothetical animal Geneticus introductus is 2n= 44. Each diploid nucleus contains 5 ng of DNA in G1. Part A : What amount of DNA is contained in each nucleus at the end of S phase? What amount of DNA is contained in each nucleus at the end of phase? a)There are 22 chromosomes containing 2.5 ng of DNA. b)There are 44 chromosomes containing 5 ng of DNA. c)There are 44 chromosomes containing 10 ng of DNA. d)None of the above. Part B: Write the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA (ng) present per cell at the end of Telophase I of meiosis (after cytokinesis). Express your answer as two numbers separated by a comma (example: 12, 4). Part C: Write the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA (ng) present per cell at the end of Anaphase of mitosis. Part D: Write the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA (ng) present per cell at the end of Telophase II of meiosis (after cytokinesis). Solution The cell cycle of actively dividing eukaryotic cell consists of gap phases (G 1 and G2), S phase and M phase. In G 1 phase the cell prepares for cell division .In S phase DNA replication occurs and the DNA content doubles. In G 2 phase, the cell gets ready for mitosis. In mitosis, two daughter cells with same genetic content as parent are produced. Mitosis occurs through five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase: This stage extends over half of mitosis. The nuclear membrane disintegrates. The centrosome of chromosome duplicates to form two daughter centrosomes and migrates to opposite poles of the cell. The centrosomes organise the production of microtubules, from which the spindle fibres arise. The chromosomes condense and consist of two identical chromatids (or sister chromatids) held together at the centromere. Prometaphase: The chromosomes, move to the middle of the cell. The spindle fibres bind to centromere of each chromosome at kinetochore. Metaphase: The chromosomes align along the metaphase plate of the spindle apparatus. Anaphase: This is the shortest stage of mitosis. The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated and move to the opposite poles of the cell. The separated sister chromatids ordaughter chromosomesreceives a copy of each parental chromosome. Telophase: This is the final stage of mitosis. The nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibres disappear. Cytokinesis: the membrane appears to divide the two daughter cells with same chromosome number and the DNA content as the parent cell. The cell then enters interphase - the interval between mitotic divisions. Meiosis is the cell division occuring in sex cells or gametes (which contain a single copy of each chromosome). The process involves one DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear and cellular divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). Similar to mitosis, meiosis is preceded by a process of DNA replication that converts each chromosome into two sister chrom.

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C Language ProblemThere are more than one wrong things I think.P.pdf

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Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the other animal phyla? Solution Animals in the phylum Chordata reveal four key features that appear at some point all through their development. a. Notochord - The chordates are called for the notochord: a flexible, rod-shaped design that is found within the embryonic stage of most chordates and also in the adult stage of some chordate species. It is found between the intestinal pipe and the nerve cord, providing skeletal help through along the body. In some chordates, the notochord acts while the primary axial support of the human body throughout the animal\'s lifetime. In vertebrates, the notochord is provide during embryonic development, of which time it induces the development of the neural pipe which acts as an assistance for the developing embryonic body. The notochord, however, is replaced by the vertebral column (spine) in most adult vertebrates. b.Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord - The dorsal hollow nerve cord derives from ectoderm that sheets into a worthless pipe all through development. In chordates, it is found dorsally (at the top of the animal) to the notochord. In contrast to the chordates, other animal phyla are known by strong nerve cables which are positioned either ventrally or laterally. The nerve cord within most chordate embryos develops into the brain and spinal cord, which include the main anxious system. c.Pharyngeal Slits - Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx (the place just posterior to the mouth) that expand to the surface environment. In organisms that are now living in aquatic surroundings, pharyngeal slits allow for the quit of water that enters the mouth all through feeding. Some invertebrate chordates use the pharyngeal slits to filtration food out of the water that enters the mouth. In vertebrate fishes, the pharyngeal slits develop into gill arches, the bony or cartilaginous gill supports. In most terrestrial animals, including mammals and birds, pharyngeal slits are providing just during embryonic development. In these animals, the pharyngeal slits develop into the jaw and inner ear bones. d.Post-anal Tail - The post-anal tail is a posterior elongation of the human body, increasing beyond the anus. The trail contains skeletal things and muscles, which give a way to obtain locomotion in aquatic species. In some terrestrial vertebrates, the trail also assists with stability, courting, and signaling when risk is near. In individuals and other apes, the post-anal tail is provide during embryonic development, but is vestigial as an adult..

Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the o.pdf

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Argue in favor or against the following statements (include examples, rationale, explanations, etc.): 1. Plants migrate 2. Plants defend themselves 3. Plants are good mothers. 4. Grasses are the most important food for humans. Solution Plant migration The Dispersal of the seeds is continuous process, by which plant species survives and spreads. Migration of plants is a result of the dispersal of the seeds directly to wider areas of earth,also a phenomenon constant in plant kingdom.Angiosperms species covered the whole earth migrating to the different countries along the different routes. Due to global warming,the plants are heading for hills for better survival. A study shows that 171 forest species in the Western Europe, among most of spp are shifting toward their a favourable locations to cooler spots for better survival.Plants are migrate toward higher altitudes only because of the climate change, most of world plant species diversity are found in the tropical areas, a very few studies, have examine either tropical mountain plant species are they affected by change in climate to same extent as the temperate plant species. new study has determined, major changes occurred in last two [2]centuries.If we compare the migration of the plant communities on Chimborazo volcano in the Ecuador with a historical data from the 1802, the Aarhus University researchers found that average upslope shifted more than [> 500 metres].and The entire boundary of vegetation have been moved upwards from the 4,600 metres to the 5,200 metres. The main region for this dramatically shift is only the climate change last 210 years 2.Plants defend themselves Plant can not run away from danger like most of the animal do,so that they have developed there own weapon & aroma & release toxic chemical in order to protect themselves, Plant are able to move anywhere, so that every single cell defend itself against the all attack from the invading pathogens, for example- fungi and bacteria. first line defense in plant The first line of defense in plants is intact & impenetrable barrier that composed of the bark & waxy cuticle. Both are protect plants against the herbivores. And Other adaptations against herbivores are include the, thorns the modified branches of plant, hard shells and the spines.[modified leaves]first line defense occur when the plant cells can detect the presence of the foreign invader like(flagella of the bacteria or chitin which found in fungi cell walls) and they alert the surrounding cells through releasing molecules that give massage to other cells so other cell ready to fight invader their defences. example, the alerted infected plant cells secrete molecules are harmful to invadors or plant cell build up their more cell walls for extra protection form invader. second line of defense is hypersensitive response (HR).infected plant cells around the infection site will kill [itself]themselves to stop pathogen to spreading infection throughout the plant. This pr.

Argue in favor or against the following statements (include examples.pdf

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27. What is a prosthetic group? Identify prosthetic groups in the following conjugated proteins: A prosthetic group is a part of the protein that is not composed of amino acids. Lipoproteins Carbohydrates Hemoproteins Lipids Flavin nucleotides Metalloproteins Glycoproteins Phosphate groups Fe, Ca, Copper, Zinc Phosphoproteins Flavoproteins Heme (iron porphyrin) Solution part-a: Hemoproteins contain hemoglobin, in which \"iron (Fe2+) is the prosthetic group useful to carry oxygen Part-b: Lipoproteins contain lipid moieties with double & triple bonds as prosthetic groups Part-c: Metalloproteins such as cobalamin contain \"cobalt\" as prosthetic groups in their structure of intrinsic factor human digestive system Part-c: Flavoproteins contain flavin as prosthetic group Glycoproteins is conjugate protein that contains \"glycosidic linkage\" as prosthetic groups.

27. What is a prosthetic group Identify prosthetic groups in the fol.pdf

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