only for research track students. elements of research

2. Present to

5. An abstract Idea
Concept can be of real phenomena
(Dogs , Trees, Man etc)
Concept can be of agree-upon
phenomena
(Truth , beauty , values etc)

6. Conceptual Order
Real
Conceptual
operational
 Real: A statement concerning the essential nature or the
essential attributes of something.
 Conceptual: Help us develop actual measures.
 Operational; What are we going observe and how?

7. Construct Observation
Theoretical creations that are based on observation but
which cannot be seen either Direct or indirectly: Things
such IQ, Leisure and Environment change etc

8. Construct
A construct created from our own conception that include the
conceptions of others. The concept itself con not be observed either
directly or indirectly since it is a mental image.
Conceptualization
We use a system of language to manage daily
communication that is not specific , but enough to
develop agreement meaning but not completely
Two things in Conceptualization
Indicators
 Dimensions

9. Hypotheses
The tentative relationship between variables.
Bi Variate Relation
Relationship between variables . may positive or negative , the
strength of relationship , symmetrical ( )
or a symmetrical ( ), or dependent or independent.
Proposition
The basic components of theory are concepts and
variables ,which are related in statements generically
knows as propositions

10. Working
Hypothe
ses
Scientific
Hypothe
ses
Alternati
ve
Hypothe
ses
Null
Hypothe
ses
Research
Hypothe
ses
Statistica
l
haypothe
ses

11. Variable
A variable is an object event idea feeling time period
or any other type of category you are trying to
measure
Types of Variable
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable

12. It is a variable that stands alone and is
not changed by the other variables
It is a variable that dependent on
others variables

13. It refers to the observation of variation.
Reliability=Consistency
It measured with the concept of question and
accuracy of measurement

14. Proposition
A proposition is simply a statement about one or more
concepts or variables.
Uni Variant
A proposition that discusses a single variable is called uni
variant
MultivariateProposition
A proposition relating more than two variables is called
multivariable.

15. Universe
The whole population is called universe
Population
The whole target group from which a sample is taken in research.
sample
A sample is a sub set of population
Sample size
The number of units in a sample is called sample size.

16. Types of sampling
Probability
sampling
None
Probability
sampling
1.Accidental
2.Quota
3.Purposive
4.Available
5.Volunteer
6.Dimensional
7.Snowball
1.Random
2. Systematic
3, Stratified
4.Cluster

17. Questionnaires
Which ask people to write the answers to questions
researchers pose , are probably the measurement technique
used most frequently communication research
Typesof Questions
Open ended
Question
Close ended
Question

18. Format of Questionnaire
Funnel
Format
Inverted
Funnel
Format
Dimension
Format
X-Format
Box
Format
Mixed
Format

19. FunnelFormat
From general to specific
From impersonal to personal
From non-sensitive to sensitive
InvertedFunnel
From specific to several
From personal to impersonal
From sensitive to non sensitive

20. DiamondFormat
Combination of inverted funnel and
the funnel format
From specific to general and book
toper fix
From personal to impersonal and book
to personal
X- Format
First part of questionnaire is funnel format 2nd part is
inverted funnel format
From general to specific and bade to general from
impersonal to personal and bade to impersonal

21. BoxFormat
Questions one from throughout the questionnaire, with all
questions being kept at the same level
MixedFormat
Questions appear according to the logic of the project.
Shifting from general to specific and so on as required.

22. Triangulation Study
Studying something in multiple ways within a
single study is called Triangulation
Methodological
Triangulation
Data Triangulation
Researcher
Triangulation
Theoretical
Triangulation

23. Methodological Triangulation
The use of and comparisons made among multiple methods to
study the same phenomena
Data Triangulation
A number of data sources are used
Researcher Triangulation
Multiple researches are used to collect data and analyze data
Theoretical Triangulation
Multiple theories & perspectives to interpret the same data

24. Measurement
Measurement is a process of determining the existence ,
characteristics , size , or quantity of changes or
differences in a variable through systematic recording
and organization of the research`s observations.
Main Aspects of Measurement
Quantitative&
Qualitative
Level of
Measurement
One-dimensional
&
Multidimensional

25. Quantitative Measurements
QM employ meaningful numerical
indicators to ascertain the relative amount
of something .
Qualitative Measurements
QM employ symbols(words , diagrams and
numbers) to indicate the meanings9other
than relative amounts) people have of
something.

26. Measurement is the assignment of
symbols to Observable phenomena.
Concepts or constructs must be free to vary , if
they are to be variables : otherwise they are
constructs

27. Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
No mathematical operation possible , just
names or labels for characteristics
( expecting counting)
Qualitative

28. Measurement at Nominal level
Equivalent
Exclusive
Exhaustive
Exclusive deals with biological categories of male & female , a person con not be
classification as both
Equivalent: deals with equal categories not unbalance like Apple & orange
Exhaustive: they will not represent the variable fully(music)

29. Ordinal Scale
Most
like
To
least
like
Provide
more
info
from
Nominal
Continuous & Numerical
Variables

30. Interval Scale
Interval measurements also include an arbitrary Zero
point on the scale.
It measures in categories also have rank order
Liker-type Scale
A person `s belief`s attitudes or feeling towards some object.
Traditional scale asks people the extent to which they agree or
disagree with a statement by choosing one category on a 5-point
scale that ranges from “Strong agree” to “Strong disagree”

31. It is a 7-point scale (top to last). Respondents choose a single
point on each scale that expresses their perception of the
stimulus object.(Extremely pleasant to Extremely unpleasant)
RMS: not only categorize
and rank order a variable,
equal interval , also have an
absolute or true zero point.

32. Those indicators relate to one concept , that concept is
called uni -dimension or one-dimensional
Indicators relate to several sub concepts , the concept that unites
them is called multidimensional
Authoritativeness
Trustworthiness
Dynamism

33. Authoritativeness,
Qualified/unqualifie
d
(informed/uninform
ed)
Trustworthiness,
Agreeable/ N
agreeable ,
(pleasant/un
pleasant )
Dynamism,
Active / passive
(forceful /
forceless)

34. Measurement Methods
Self-Report
Researchers use self
report to measure their
target characteristics
/behaviors
Behavioral Acts:
Researchers not rely on
reports from
respondents or from
others.
ST, observe a person
behavior , define
concept
Researchers believe that direct
measures of a person behavior are
more accurate than self-reports or
other repots.
What people do , not What believe
or feel?
Self report measure of how
humorous you are?
Base on Humor orientation
instrument.
What they think?
How much they like an activity.

35. Qualitative & Quantitative
Order on some dimension, that can by logically
rank-ordered to represent more or less of
something.
Quantitative
Order with equal interval , can be expressed
in meaningful standard units.
Quantitative
Ordered , equal intervals , absolute and
meaningful Zero . This is preferred for scientific
work.
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

36. Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Implications of levels of Measurement
Level
from
highest
to
lowest

37. Observation
The systematic inspection and inter-
pretation of phenomena, are also used to
gather data about communication
variables.
Typesof Observation
Direct Observation
Indirection Observation
Construct

39. Methodsof Observation
Physiological Behavior ( Electronic Devices)
Taking notes &Writing down (Bank , Tellers )
Communication Behavior

40. Example
Concept = Crime
Indicators= physical injury
economic loss
property damage
( these are the dimension )
Dimension
A dimension is a specifiable aspect of
a concept

41. Operational aspects
Adequate Accurate
It provide a complete
description of all
important
dimensions of the
variable?
It is a valid &
universally agreed-
on way of viewing a
variable?

42. Clear
Measurement devices
described &defined
familiar to the majority
of report readers &
future researchers?

43. Thank You

44. Any
Question?