This document provides an overview of an introductory politics course being offered at ADA University in Fall 2015. It discusses different approaches to defining politics, including viewing it as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, or the distribution of power and resources. It also outlines different approaches to studying politics, such as philosophical, empirical, behavioral, and critical approaches. Finally, it notes how globalization has expanded the scope of political activity beyond domestic realms.
Politics is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. As such, it is an essentially social activity, inextricably linked, on the one hand, to the existence of diversity and conflict, and, on the other, to a willingness to cooperate and act collectively. Politics is better seen as a search for conflict resolution than as its achievement, as not all conflicts are, or can be, resolved.
Politics has been understood differently by different thinkers and within different traditions. Politics has been viewed as the art of government or as 'what concerns the state'; as the conduct and management of public affairs; as the resolution of conflict through debate and compromise; and as the production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
Politics is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. As such, it is an essentially social activity, inextricably linked, on the one hand, to the existence of diversity and conflict, and, on the other, to a willingness to cooperate and act collectively. Politics is better seen as a search for conflict resolution than as its achievement, as not all conflicts are, or can be, resolved.
Politics has been understood differently by different thinkers and within different traditions. Politics has been viewed as the art of government or as 'what concerns the state'; as the conduct and management of public affairs; as the resolution of conflict through debate and compromise; and as the production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
First presentation in the series called "Simply Politics". Political Ideologies - The Socialism is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: developing of socialism, revolutionary socialists vs. Bolsheviks, elements of socialism: community, fraternity, social equality, need, social class and common ownership.
Chapter 12: Governments, Systems and Regimes
What is the difference between governments, political systems and regimes?
What is the purpose of classifying systems of government?
On what basis have, and should, regimes be classified?
What are the major regimes of the modern world?
Has western liberal democracy triumphed worldwide?
Classifying the various forms of government has been one of the principal concerns of political analysis through the ages. This process can be traced back to the fourth century BCE, when Aristotle made the first recorded attempt to describe the political regimes then in existence, using terms such as 'democracy', 'oligarchy' and 'tyranny' that are still commonly employed today. From the eighteenth century onwards, governments were increasingly classified as monarchies or republics, or as autocratic or constitutional regimes. During the twentieth century, these distinctions were further sharpened. The 'three worlds' classification of political systems, which was particularly fashionable during the Cold War period, created an image of world politics dominated by a struggle between democracy and totalitarianism. However in the light of modern developments, such as the collapse of communism, the rise of East Asia, and the emergence of political Islam, all such classifications appear outdated. Nevertheless, it is not entirely clear what these shifts mean. Some interpret them as indications of the triumph of western liberal democracy; others see evidence of the modern world becoming politically more diffuse and fragmented.
Regimes have been classified on a variety of bases. 'Classical' typologies, stemming from Aristotle, concentrated on constitutional arrangements and institutional structures, while the 'three worlds' approach highlighted material and ideological differences between the systems found in 'first world' capitalist, 'second world' communist and 'third world' developing states
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005. This is from the introductory lecture.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Political Science is a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people it purports to govern. A person or group that considers itself the leading body of a society has no power if the members of the society do not recognize the person or group as such.
First presentation in the series called "Simply Politics". Political Ideologies - The Socialism is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: developing of socialism, revolutionary socialists vs. Bolsheviks, elements of socialism: community, fraternity, social equality, need, social class and common ownership.
Chapter 12: Governments, Systems and Regimes
What is the difference between governments, political systems and regimes?
What is the purpose of classifying systems of government?
On what basis have, and should, regimes be classified?
What are the major regimes of the modern world?
Has western liberal democracy triumphed worldwide?
Classifying the various forms of government has been one of the principal concerns of political analysis through the ages. This process can be traced back to the fourth century BCE, when Aristotle made the first recorded attempt to describe the political regimes then in existence, using terms such as 'democracy', 'oligarchy' and 'tyranny' that are still commonly employed today. From the eighteenth century onwards, governments were increasingly classified as monarchies or republics, or as autocratic or constitutional regimes. During the twentieth century, these distinctions were further sharpened. The 'three worlds' classification of political systems, which was particularly fashionable during the Cold War period, created an image of world politics dominated by a struggle between democracy and totalitarianism. However in the light of modern developments, such as the collapse of communism, the rise of East Asia, and the emergence of political Islam, all such classifications appear outdated. Nevertheless, it is not entirely clear what these shifts mean. Some interpret them as indications of the triumph of western liberal democracy; others see evidence of the modern world becoming politically more diffuse and fragmented.
Regimes have been classified on a variety of bases. 'Classical' typologies, stemming from Aristotle, concentrated on constitutional arrangements and institutional structures, while the 'three worlds' approach highlighted material and ideological differences between the systems found in 'first world' capitalist, 'second world' communist and 'third world' developing states
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005. This is from the introductory lecture.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Political Science is a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a government, a ruling body must be recognized as such by the people it purports to govern. A person or group that considers itself the leading body of a society has no power if the members of the society do not recognize the person or group as such.
Is Ethics Relevant in Politics?
Mapping Positions on Ethics in Politics
Traditions and Ethics in Politics
Indian traditions
Muslim traditions
A common mistake;
While is old of this Chapter in textbook, I have restructured to capture the meaning of political culture and format of politics, ideology, power, legitimacy.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptx
What is politics
1. Understanding Politics
POL 102
BA Course (School Core undergraduate)
Fall Semester 2015
Dr. Azər Babayev
School of Public and International Affairs
(SPIA)
ADA University
3. Problems with defining politics
• Politics is a loaded term – few people come to politics
without preconceptions
• It is also an essentially contested concept, seen
variously as
1) The art of government
2) Public affairs
3) Compromise and consensus
4) Distribution of power and resources
5. • ‘Politics is not a science… but an art’ (Chancellor
Bismarck)
• Politics is understood as that which concerns the state
• To study politics is to study government – and the
exercise of authority
• This offers a highly restrictive view of politics – most
institutions and activities (businesses, schools, families)
are seen as ‘non-political’
Politics as the art of government
6. • Distinction between ‘the political’ and ‘the non-political’
coincides with the division between an essentially public
sphere of life and what can be thought of as a private
sphere.
• Traditional division between public and private realm
conforms to division between state and civil society
• An alternative divide distinguishes between ‘the political’
and ‘the personal’
• Politics does not and should not infringe on personal
affairs (i.e. family and domestic life).
Politics as public affairs
8. • Politics is seen as a means of resolving conflict > by
compromise and negotiation rather than through force
• Based on faith in the efficacy of debate and discussion,
as well as on the belief that society is characterized by
consensus, rather than by irreconcilable conflict
• A failure to understand politics as a process of
compromise may have contributed to a growing popular
disenchantment with democratic politics across much of
the developed world.
Politics as compromise
and consensus
10. • This view sees politics at work in all social activities and
in every corner of human existence
• All politics is, in essence, a struggle for power > power is
the same in politics as energy in physics
• Advocates of this view include feminists and Marxists
Politics as the distribution
of power and resources
11. • The philosophical tradition
• The empirical tradition
• Behaviouralism
• Rational-choice theory
• New institutionalism
• Critical approaches
Approaches to
the study of politics
12. • Concepts help us to classify objects by recognizing that
they have similar forms or similar properties.
• Models include a network of relationships that highlight
the meaning and significance of relevant empirical data
• Theories offer a systematic explanation of a body of
empirical data
Tools of political analysis
15. • A distinction has traditionally been made between the
domestic and international realms of politics
• The state-based paradigm of politics has come under
pressure as a result of recent trends and developments,
including globalization
• The increase in transnational flows has expanded the
parameters and complexity of political activity
Politics in a global age
