What is an IoT terminal?

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What is An IoT Terminal?
The IoT Terminal adds connectivity to existing infrastructure. The IoT terminal is an IoT device to
connect the sensing network layer and the transmission network layer to implement the
acquisition data and send data to the network layer.
This allows remote control and maintenance of existing systems. It is responsible for data
acquisition, initial processing, encryption, transmission, and other functions. Furthermore, it
enables new applications by adding local wireless communication with the user.
Basic principle and role of the IoT terminal
IoT terminal Principle:
The IoT terminal is basically consisting of three parts of the peripheral perception (sensing)
interface, a central processing module, and an external communication interface, and is
connected to the sensing device through the peripheral informal interface.
Such as RFID card readers, infrared sensors, environment sensors, etc., the data of these sensing
devices is read and processed through the central processing module, and the external
communication interface is passed according to the network protocol.
Such as GPRS modules, Ethernet interfaces, Wi-Fi, etc. are sent to the Ethernet's designated
central processing platform.
IoT terminal Role:
The IoT terminal belongs to the intermediate device of the sensing network layer and the
transmission network layer. It is also a critical device of the Internet of Things, through its
conversion and acquisition, in order to collect and process various external perceived data, and
use data through a variety of networks Interface mode is transmitted to the Internet.
If there is no existence, the sensing data will not be delivered to the specified location, and the
"things" network will not exist.

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IoT terminal classification
1. From industry application
It mainly includes industrial equipment detection terminals, facilities agricultural testing
terminals, logistics RFID identification terminals, power system detection terminals, security
video monitoring terminals, etc., the next few common industries introduce the main features of
the terminal.
Industrial equipment test terminal:
This type of terminal is mainly mounted on large-scale equipment of the factory or large motion
mechanism for industrial enterprises, to collect displacement sensors, position sensors (GPS),
vibration sensors, liquid level sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and other data.
The summary and processing of data to the central processing platform via the terminal's wired
network or wireless network interface are sent to the central processing platform, and the timely
tracking of the factory equipment is promptly tracking and the purpose of the large machinery to
achieve safe production.
Anti-electromagnetic interference and patriotism are the focus of this type of terminal.
Facilities Agriculture Detection Terminal:
The terminal is generally placed in a greenhouse in the facility agriculture, mainly capturing air
temperature humidity sensors, soil temperature sensors, soil moisture sensors, light sensors, gas
content sensors.
Packing, compressing, and encrypting the summary and processing of data to the central
processing platform after encrypted data.
This system can promptly discover environmental factors that are not conducive to crop growth
in agricultural production and notify the user to correct these factors for the first time, increase
crop yield, and reduce the probability of pests and diseases.
The terminal's anti-corrosion, the moisture-proof design will be the focus of such terminals.
Logistics RFID identification terminal:
This type of equipment is fixed, car-mounted, and hand-held, fixedly mounted in the warehouse
door or other cargo channel, and the car is mounted in the logistics transport vehicle, and the
handheld is handled by the user.
Fixed typically only recognition functions, used to track the storage and outlet, in-vehicle and
handheld typically have GPS positioning function and basic RFID tag scan function, to identify the
status, location, performance of the goods, etc., The basic information and cargo basic
information are transferred to the central processing platform through wired or wireless
networks.
Through the cargo status identification of the terminal, the logistics management is very smooth
and convenient, which greatly improves the efficiency of logistics.
2. From the usage
It mainly includes the following three: fixed terminals, mobile terminals, and handheld terminals.
Fixed terminal
Applying in a fixed occasion, it is fixed, which has a reliable external power supply and a reliable

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wired data link to detect various fixed equipment, instruments, or environments. As mentioned
earlier, the terminals used by industrial equipment belong to this kind.
Mobile terminal
The application is moved between the terminal with the detected device, which is often motion,
so there is no too reliable external power source, and it is necessary to transmit data through the
wireless data link, mainly detected as an image, location, sports equipment, and some physical
conditions, etc.
This type of terminal generally has a good seismic, anti-electromagnetic interference ability, in
addition to the processing power of the power supply, and some have a backup power source.
Some car instruments, car video surveillance, truck/passenger car GPS positioning, etc. use such
terminals.
Handheld Terminal
The terminal is based on the mobile terminal, which is transformed and upgraded. He is generally
compact, light, and the user can carry it with you, with a backup battery, which can generally be
powered up for more than 8 hours.
There is an interface that can be connected to an external sensing device, and the acquisition
data can generally be transmitted in time by wireless, or connecting wired transmission after
accumulating a certain degree.
Most of this type of terminal is used in the fields of logistics RFID identification, factory
parameter table inspection, crop pest examination.
3. From the use of extension
It mainly includes two types of single-function terminals and general intelligent terminals.
Single function terminal
IoT terminals are generally less external interface, simple design, only partially extension of a
single application or single application, in addition to such applications, unable to apply in other
occasions without hardware modification.
Currently, there are many such terminals in the market, such as the image transmission service
terminal of automobile monitoring, the terminal, the RFID terminal for the logistics, the function
of these terminals, only in specific occasions, cannot function with application changes And
expansion, etc.
Due to the single function, the cost of this type of terminal is low, and it is also preferred.
General intelligent terminal
This type of terminal is much more, complicated, considering the versatility of the industry, and is
complex, and can meet the applications of two or more occasions. It can modify the application
parameters, or meet different application requirements by setting parameters, or disassembly of
hardware modules.
This type of module generally covers most of the needs of the interface, and has a network
connection, a wireless plurality of interface methods, and extensions such as Bluetooth, WiFi,
ZigBee, etc., and even reserved a certain output interface for foundation networks, the control of
"object" in the application.

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This type of terminal is difficult to develop, high cost, unmissified, and there are very few
markets.
4. From the transmission way
It mainly includes a data transmission terminal and a non-data transmission terminal.
Data Transmission Terminal
This type of terminal creates a data transfer path between the input port and the application
software, enabling the data through the input port of the module, and the output of the software
is not moved, and the manifestation is equivalent to a transparent channel, so the data is called
data transmission terminal. Currently, this type of terminal is widely adopted on the Internet of
the Things integration project.
The advantage is that it is easy to construct an Internet of Things system that is in line with the
application. The disadvantage is that the function is single. When some multiplexes or multiple
types of data are transmitted, it is necessary to use the multiple acquisition modules to perform
the data consolidation of the data.
Otherwise, each of the data transparent terminals need to be transmitted, which increases the
cost of use and the complexity of the system. Most of the general terminals on the market are
data-transparent terminals.
Non-data transmission terminal
This type of terminal generally combines the acquisition data of the external multi-interface
through the processor within the terminal and therefore has multiple simultaneous transmission
advantages while reducing the number of terminals.
The disadvantage is that the application can only be selected according to the external interface
of the terminal. The common feature of such terminals, the general intelligent terminal
mentioned above belongs to such terminals.
The data transfer application protocol is integrated within the terminal. As a multi-function
application, it is often necessary to provide a secondary development interface. There are fewer
terminals on the market.
IoT terminal equipment software system architecture
The Common System IoT Terminal Framework has mainly existed two types: with RTOS (handling
complex business scenes, scenes in the scene by multiple transactions in parallel coordination)
and without RTOS (usually processed business scenarios)
Without RTOS Equipment IoT Terminal System Frame:

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With RTOS Equipment IoT Terminal System Frame:

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What is the RTOS?
Real-time multi-task operating system, with it, you can run multiple tasks in parallel in the
terminal device. Each task is responsible for a transaction. It is improved by parallelization, and
the real-time and efficiency of response are improved.
RTOS Real-Time Operating Terms Generally included important components are as follows: Task
Scheduling, Synchronization, and Communication, Memory Allocation, Interrupt Management,
Time Management, Device Drivers, Task Scheduling Components:
In an embedded operating system, the task is the minimum run unit on the CPU. Usually a slightly
complex point IoT APP is completed by multiple tasks. For example, some tasks are responsible
for handling user event inputs and UI displays, some tasks are responsible for handling data
communication, and some tasks are responsible for business logic processing.
Since there are multiple tasks in a system running, and the CPU resource is indeed single, this
causes only one task to run on the CPU. Therefore, it is possible to run opportunities on the CPU
for each task, and the task scheduling concept is involved. The task scheduling needs to be in
accordance with certain rules, which is usually in accordance with which rules come?
There are three ways to schedule our common scheduling: priority scheduling, one is based on
the time slime adjustment, one is to combine the priority and time slice together.
Taking the priority scheduling example, when defining tasks, assign a priority to each task,
high-priority tasks are prioritized when running. Until there is no high-priority task, low priority

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tasks will be run. If the low-priority task gets the CPU resource, what is this if there is a
high-priority task?
Two processing methods: Continue to run, seize the size.
High priority seizes the CPU resource into the operating state.
As can be seen above, the type and function of the Internet of Things terminal devices are a
thousand differentiation, and the performance of the terminal device is inconsistent in different
scenarios.
The hardware of the IoT terminal equipment, the fragmentation of software also hinder the
development of the Internet of Things itself.
The IoT terminal operating system can solve the above-mentioned problems, but it can not only
re-standardize the network terminal equipment but also provide a unified development
environment for the rapid development of the Internet of Things.
The reasons for the IoT terminal operating system are as follows:
First, the IoT terminal operating system solves the problem of fragmentation of the Internet of
Things terminal equipment. The IoT terminal equipment is a variety of, if there is a good IoT
terminal operating system to support these devices, the various Internet applications have the
stage of playing their own capabilities, and the problem of fragmentation of the Internet of
Things terminals is also available.
Second, the IoT terminal operating system can cultivate a proprietary icon technology ecological
chain. A good Internet of Things terminal operating system can improve the development speed
of the Internet of Things and develop healthy technical ecological chains. It can isolate soft /
hardware systems, accelerate the development speed of Internet applications, and improve the
practicality of Internet applications.
The ability of the IoT terminal operating system
From the actual application of the Internet of Things, the IoT terminal operating system needs to
have the following capabilities.
Hardware control capabilities
An important ability of the IoT terminal device is to perceive and control objects, which are
completed by different hardware devices. Due to the diversity in the industry and the field, the
Internet of Things hardware may be varied, then the abstraction and control of hardware are
particularly important.
The IoT terminal operating system provides a rich API to control hardware or peripherals, which
can provide the underlying control of hardware, or provide control of high-level application
properties.
In general, the IoT terminal operating system is capable of providing a rich hardware device driver,
while providing a rich hardware control API.
Software remote control capabilities
The number of IoT terminal devices is very large and often deployed under harsh conditions. That
is, many terminal devices are usually unmanned and operated. At this time, the ability of the IoT
terminal device is very important.

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The IoT terminal operating system provides support for the remote control capability of the
software and is also a feature of the IoT terminal operating system.
Remote control capabilities can be understood from two aspects, and the application of remote
upgrade and highly open system control capabilities.
The remote upgrade of the application requires the operating system to separate the operating
environment and application of the application, and the system control capability is highly open
refers to the IoT terminal operating system to provide a sufficiently rich control interface for the
application.
Rich network capabilities
The IoT terminal equipment has the ability to exchange information with other Internet terminals,
and therefore, the Internet of Things operating systems should provide rich network interface
capabilities and support numerous network protocols.
At the same time, the network protocol of the IoT terminal operating system should be
streamlined, because streamlined network protocols are conducive to equipment, application
rapid development, and deployment, and solve problems inconsistent with Internet terminal
equipment capabilities.
Calculating capacity
Computing power is the basic capabilities of the IoT terminal operating system, the accuracy of
data and the accuracy of the calculation results are the protection of the value of the Internet of
Things data.
The IoT terminal operating system needs to provide a wealth of computational models, which is
convenient for developers to develop and provides a computational model plug-in to support
third-party technical models.
System size scalable ability
A significant difference between the IoT terminal equipment and the computer, the mobile
terminal is that the external terminal device appearance and dimensions are not fixed. The
appearance and size are not fixed, there will be a variety of requirements for the size of the
operating system, and from the 100 K level to the M level.
The requirements for the IoT terminal operating system are small kernels, and the function can
be cropped.
The kernel is small, which not only means the operating system kernel portion but also requires
the minimum function set of the operating system to be small; functionally cropping, requiring
the Internet terminal operating system to provide a rich selection of can able functional modules.
Support cloud technology capabilities
Cloud Technology and the Internet of Things are a pair of natural partners. Therefore, we must
consider the relationship between the Internet terminal operating system design, enhance the
ability of Internet access terminal equipment to support cloud technology.
Briefly, in order to cooperate with cloud technology in the Internet of Things industry, the IoT
terminal operating system should have perfect data processing capabilities.
Systematic self-growth ability

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A preferred system is a general operating system + industry operating system (universal operating
system refers to the impact of the information of the Internet of Things terminal operating
system pays attention to the improvement of the information technology in the Internet of
Things industry;
Industry operating system refers to the industry operating system standards for different
industries, the industry operating system provider, and the reasons are as follows.
First, the network terminal equipment diversity requires the operating system thereof.
Second, the application field of the Internet of Things is a division industry, the different terminal
operating systems are designed for different industry characteristics.
Third, from the development of the entire computer technology, the concept of open source is
increasingly accepted, and the opening source will make more people and institutions participate
in the cultivation of the ecological chain very helpful.
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