Many years ago, the concept of the industrial Internet has been proposed, but until the mobile Internet is so popular, the proportion of equipment networking in the industrial field is still very small, and the applications involved in networking equipment are still very shallow. The main reason is that the Internet currently does not meet the requirements for delay and reliability.

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How does the Industrial Internet of Things in the 5G world work?
Written By Calio Huang
Introduction: Many years ago, the concept of the industrial Internet has been proposed, but until
the mobile Internet is so popular, the proportion of equipment networking in the industrial field
is still very small, and the applications involved in networking equipment are still very shallow.
The main reason is that the Internet currently does not meet the requirements for delay and
reliability.
This paper will focus on the difference between the industrial Internet of Things and consumer
Internet of things, the four-level analysis of industrial IoT applications, the possible impact of 5G
on industrial Internet of Things and the application of 5G in the industrial Internet of Things,
analyzing industrial Internet of Things and exploring 5G enabling. The direction of the industrial
Internet of Things.
Japan launched a popular short film "Connecting the World after 5G" this year. In more than
three minutes, the short film intensively presented 5G support for ultra high definition video,
autopilot, telemedicine, smart retail, instant translation, AR / VR and other application scenarios.
Although people are no longer familiar with these concepts, with the 5G blessing, it seems that
the distance of dreams is closer.
It is worth noting that the consumer-oriented domain is only part of the 5G empowerment. The
greater value of 5G will play in the industrial sector that is not very popular with the public. In
fact, on December 1 last year, South Korea launched the world's first 5G commercial service, and
the first 5G customers of the three major operators were enterprises.
For the average consumer, the concept of 5G may be a higher network speed, and the
improvement of the Internet experience brought by the 5G large bandwidth is the most intuitive,

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and the mobile phone can watch the higher definition video in real time. The lower latency and
higher reliability improve the experience of the C-end users, which is relatively small. The delay in
opening the webpage is reduced from 50ms to 10ms, and consumers are basically not aware of
the difference.
In the industrial sector, the situation is completely different. Many years ago, the concept of
industrial Internet was proposed, but until the mobile Internet is so popular, the proportion of
equipment networking in the industrial field is still very small, and the applications involved in
networking equipment are still very shallow. The main reason is that the Internet currently does
not meet the requirements for delay and reliability.
Internet of Things border
The Internet of Things is a large and general concept. From the perspective of large application
areas, it can be divided into consumer Internet of Things and industrial Internet of Things.
These two types of requirements for the performance of the Internet of Things are very different.
The consumer Internet of Things is relatively large, such as wearable devices, sharing economy,
smart home, etc. These scenarios are closely related to the lives of consumers, connected to
GPRS, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Mainly based on the main performance requirements are low power
consumption.
The smart home is an area that has recently developed rapidly. On the one hand, the
technological advancement in the interactive field brings about the improvement of the voice
interactive experience, and on the other hand, the cost of the connection module in the
industrial chain is reduced, so that it is feasible to connect and control a large number of
electrical appliances in the home with the speaker as an entrance.
But in the field of industrial Internet of Things, the situation is different. Industry verticals have
different industry characteristics, high knowledge barriers, and industrial manufacturing
processes have high requirements for reliability and stability. It is difficult for current carrier
networks to meet the performance requirements of the industrial Internet of Things. Therefore,
the progress of the Internet of Things in the industrial field has been slow, and there has not
been a relatively mature business model and a relatively large number of companies.
The status quo of industrial internet of things
The industrial sector includes many vertical industries. The larger industries include
manufacturing, transportation, energy, construction, and mining. The characteristics of each
industry vary greatly. The combination of the Internet of Things and each industry must also be
based on the industry itself. Features to adjust.
If we abstract the application of the Internet of Things in the industry, we can summarize it into
four levels: data collection and display, basic data analysis and management, deep data analysis
and application, and industrial control.
Based on the depth of the business processes involved, these four levels summarize the current
application and value of the Industrial Internet of Things from shallow to deep. The shallower the
application, the fewer business processes involved, the more versatile, the more the application
areas wide.
Data collection and display
The main purpose is to transmit the data information collected on the sensors of the industrial

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equipment to the cloud platform and present the data in a visual manner.
Most of today's industrial equipment, such as CNC machine tools, wind turbines, industrial
vehicles, etc., have a large number of sensors themselves, and provide a centralized data
interface, only a small number of old equipment, or have special data requirements scenarios,
need to be separate Install sensors and data acquisition devices.
In terms of data transmission, the equipment in the factory has a complicated environment.
Generally, the machine tool is connected to the centralized data processing device by using the
network cable, and then connected to the cloud platform through 4G or fixed network;
equipment outside the factory, such as industrial vehicles, Data acquisition and transmission are
completed by a terminal with a built-in 4G communication module.
The difficulty of the data collection service is that the device data protocol is adapted and
compatible when faced with a large number of different types of industrial equipment. The final
data visualization is the core requirement of the customer. The state of the network device can
be monitored through a unified platform, which facilitates timely understanding of device
abnormal information and improves management efficiency.
Basic data analysis and management
Based on the device data collected by the cloud platform, basic data analysis is performed, and
some SaaS applications are generated, such as alarms for abnormal device performance
indicators, fault code query, and correlation analysis of fault causes.
This layer of data analysis also favors the stage of general analysis tools and does not involve data
analysis based on vertical domain knowledge. Based on the results of these data analysis, there
will be some general device management functions, such as device switching, adjustment Status,
remote lock and unlock, etc. These management applications vary according to the specific needs
of the field.
Deep data analysis and application
In-depth data analysis involves industry knowledge in specific areas and requires industry experts
in specific fields to implement data analysis models based on the domain and characteristics of
the equipment.
At present, many applications are in the field of fault prediction. Fault prediction of large-scale
industrial equipment has always been difficult to solve. For example, machine tools, fans, etc.,
once a large fault occurs, the impact and subsequent repair costs are enormous. Collecting data
in real time and predicting equipment failures can significantly reduce the impact of equipment
failures.
On the basis of a large amount of data, using machine learning, combined with the knowledge of
industry experts, can produce deep industrial applications, such as improving manufacturing
processes, optimizing manufacturing processes, etc., can improve the efficiency of industrial
equipment use.
industrial control
The purpose of the Industrial Internet of Things is to enable precise control of industrial
processes.
Based on the process of collecting, displaying, modeling, analyzing, and applying the
aforementioned sensor data, the decision is formed in the cloud and converted into control

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commands that can be understood by the industrial equipment, and the industrial equipment is
operated to realize accurate information between the industrial equipment resources. Interaction
and efficient collaboration.
The industrial control systems of most current scenarios also need to be deployed locally, limited
by communication technology and processing power. The industrial cloud platform involves
insufficient depth of industrial control. 5G technology can meet the requirements of industrial
systems for communication capabilities and achieve industrial control goals.
Industrial IoT Application Case
I. Discrete manufacturing industry - CNC machine tool networking platform
According to the characteristics of the manufacturing process of its products, the manufacturing
industry can be divided into discrete manufacturing and process manufacturing.
Discrete manufacturing products are often assembled from multiple discrete processes, such as
3C products, automobiles, machinery, etc., and the production process is discrete. The process
manufacturing industry is based on a fixed process, through a series of equipment and
equipment processing to form a product, the production process is highly automated, such as
petroleum, chemical, natural gas, paper and so on.
The entire production chain involved in discrete manufacturing is very long, and the various links
in the production chain are independent of each other, and the production capacity is very
different. This will cause problems in the connection between various links and affect the
production of the final product. For example, in the field of mobile phone manufacturing,
sometimes the capacity of the new machine cannot be kept up after the release, which may be
caused by the low yield of a certain component in the production chain. Therefore, in the field of
discrete manufacturing, it is very meaningful to provide a unified IoT platform and connect all
aspects of production from the information level.
Specific to the manufacturing process, most of the equipment involved are machine tools. At
present, there are some companies in China that explore the direction of machine tool
information networking, which is a typical application in the industrial Internet of Things.
By collecting and managing information on CNC machine tools and related sensors, you can
achieve two values:
Equipment level
Obtaining the data of the device performance can help the second-hand pricing behind the
device. In addition, the device fault information code can be obtained, and the device fault
condition can be known in time to facilitate subsequent maintenance.
Management level
The operator of the workshop can be connected with the production process to facilitate the
management of personnel. This bottom-up data can solve the problem of relying on the on-site
management of the workshop.
Through the application of the SaaS level, on the one hand, the status information of the
equipment can be clearly displayed. On the other hand, some management and control
applications can be developed to improve the productivity of the machine tool and the factory.
After all the links in the discrete manufacturing chain are connected through the unified Internet
of Things platform, it is more convenient to manage the overall manufacturing process from a

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global perspective.
Second, construction machinery - equipment networking platform
The field of construction machinery is also an industrial application of the industrial Internet of
Things. After installing the IoT access terminal, the engineering machinery equipment can obtain
the location and status information of the equipment in time to improve the equipment usage
and management efficiency. Internet of Things access services generally consist of two parts, the
first part is to provide IoT access terminals, and the second part is industrial IoT big data
platform.
The Internet of Things access terminal mainly includes a positioning module and a
communication module and generally adopts a GPRS or 4G access mode. Its main function is to
obtain the location information of the device, deploy it to the engineering machinery device, and
also obtain some state information of the device, and transmit the information to the cloud
platform in time.
The Internet of the Things cloud platform can query the parameters and working condition
information of each mechanical equipment in real time and accurately, monitor the production
operation data of the equipment in real time, and push the warning information when the
equipment parameters are abnormal, so as to achieve accurate monitoring of the equipment. At
the same time, the platform can also diagnose and analyze vehicle faults and find fault solutions
to assist after-sales personnel to rush to the site for repairs and improve service quality.
In addition, the Internet of Things platform can also analyze the online quantity distribution of
equipment, equipment operating rate, average working hours of equipment, and working heat of
equipment area. It can predict and analyze the after-sales service spare parts market to optimize
production planning and inventory.
The above two are just typical application cases. There are many companies in the market with
industrial IoT platforms, focusing on various segments. Most of the business is concentrated on
the data collection and display layer, and some of them involve the second layer. According to the
customer's industry characteristics, some basic data analysis and management will be done, but
there are very few third and fourth layers.
5G's possible impact on the Industrial Internet of Things
5G technical features
5G is not a system designed for a "killer application", but for many application scenarios that are
still unknown. The 5G system is designed with a top-down approach. It defines the future
application scenarios, then abstracts the technical requirements from the scenarios, and then
finds solutions based on each specific requirement and develops specific solutions.
Because the requirements of the system are very extensive, the technology of the past
generations of communication systems is not suitable for the needs of 5G. Among the many
preset scenarios of 5G, the technical requirements of 5G are summarized into three major
aspects by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union):

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(1) Ultra high data rate (enhanced mobile bandwidth, eMBB)
Provides extremely high data transfer rates and extreme signal coverage
(2) Large connection capacity (large-scale machine type communication, mMTC)
Providing data connection capabilities for massive devices is the basic requirement of the
Internet of Things
(3) Ultra-low latency (ultra-reliable low-latency communication, uRLLC)
Provides ultra-reliable, low-latency communication connectivity services that require extreme
availability and reliability with extremely low latency
Industrial Internet of Things
For the industrial sector, a highly reliable and low-latency communication system can be said to
be crucial.
The application of industrial Internet of Things has always been stuck in the surface data
collection and display and some management functions extended from it. It is difficult to refer to
the core areas of industrial system control, in which the stability and delay of the communication
system are not up to Requirements are the main constraints.
The investment in equipment in the industrial field is huge. Whether it is machine tools,
production lines or mechanical equipment, the shutdown caused by failures in the production
process often affects the entire production line and even the entire product delivery cycle.
To ensure stability, the industrial control system is still local, deploying a large number of
hardware and software systems. In this respect, the entire control system is very complicated and
has a huge investment. On the other hand, it also limits the flexibility and scalability of the
system. Today, as consumer demand is changing rapidly, changes in production systems can't
keep up with changes in consumer demand, which can lead to missed many new opportunities.
The current application of mobile communication systems in the field of industrial IoT is not deep,
although 4G has greatly improved the speed of the network, which can meet the needs of users
to watch video at any time, but the reliability and delay of the network are still A lot of room for
improvement does not meet the requirements of industrial scenes.
The application of 4G in industrial scenarios is more of a way to upload data to the cloud in

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scenarios where real-time requirements are not high. For example, the machine tool in the
factory collects data every 5-10 seconds. The data summary is generally collected into a unified
terminal, which is sent by the terminal to the cloud platform through 4G.
In order to ensure the stability of data transmission of machine tools, in the factory, the
connection between each machine tool and the unified terminal is generally wired. This type of
connection is still relatively heavy, and a large number of cables will also lead to a complicated
internal structure of the factory. When the performance of the mobile network system is
upgraded to replace the cable, the internal structure complexity of the factory is also reduced,
making it easier to manage.
In the industrial field, these requirements for communication systems, 5G technical standards can
be well met, extremely low delay, ensuring real-time monitoring and control requirements in the
industrial field; high-reliability network quality ensures the stability of industrial systems
Requirements; large bandwidth can achieve high-definition 3D video, and even AR transmission,
greatly improving the operation accuracy in the field of remote control.
5G application in the industrial internet of things
At the World Mobile Congress held in Shanghai in June 2018, CCTV Financial reporters
experienced the demonstration of 5G smart industrial application scene brought by China
Mobile:
An excavator on the site of Shijiazhuang is connected to the cab located in the field through 5G
technology, which can not only work in harsh environments but also can be built without
artificial.
Visitors can take real-life driving in the on-site cab, synchronously control the excavator in
Shijiazhuang, and perform excavator front and rear, rotary motion and boom, arm, bucket, and
excavation loading. The large screen opposite the console passes through the scene. Real-time
HD video synchronization delivers real-world scenes and panoramic video effects.
Although this is just a scene demonstration, it represents the potential application value of 5G in
the industrial field and the direction of future applications. At present, 5G commercialization has
not yet officially started, and there are no mature 5G application scenarios. However, many
research institutions focusing on 5G fields are exploring the specific application scenarios of 5G in
the industrial field, and what kind of application can be brought about. commercial value.
Ericsson shared two specific research cases for us, showing us the application of 5G technology,
improving industrial efficiency and enhancing business value and social value.
I. Aeroengine leaf disc manufacturing
Ericsson and the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology (Fraunhofer IPT) work together
to develop new methods to improve industrial control processes and detect defects in the
manufacturing process in real time. One of the areas of application is the production of leaf discs,
which are an important part of turbines in jet aero-engines. They consist of a wheel and a
number of blades around the edge of the wheel. Leaf disc manufacturing is a typical application
for metalworking.
Ensuring the high quality of the leaf disc is essential, and the high-quality leaf disc is the
guarantee of the safety of the aero engine. The leaf disc is processed by a milling machine, and
many problems are encountered in the processing. The most critical problem is that the

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processing process is difficult to monitor, which is a common problem in the metal processing
field.
This means that the operator can't know the result before the milling process is finished, and a
milling process can last for 1 day or even 100 hours. Due to the processing defects, the rework
rate of the final processed product is often as high as 25%. Prolonged the overall production
cycle.
There are many reasons for machining defects, but the main reason is the vibration of the milling
cutter or the machine itself, which affects the machining results. This vibration can be found by
monitoring the machining process in real time, and the machining process can be optimized in
real time through data feedback. Ultimately reduce the rework rate. Failure to find problems in
the processing process in a timely manner is a phenomenon that exists in the entire
manufacturing industry.
Although the leaf disc processing is only a specific case, the vibration problem in the processing
process is widespread in the machine tool processing field. The leaf discs that will be
manufactured in the future will move in a thinner direction, and the processing results will be
more susceptible to vibration.
Fraunhofer IPT's solution to this problem is divided into two parts, real-time monitoring, and
real-time control -
real-time monitoring
The sensor is attached to the blade part, and the communication module is added to the wheel
part, so that the result of the leaf disk processing can be monitored in real time, and if there is a
processing defect, the further processing of the defective component is stopped in time, or the
defect is started to start to rework;
Real-time control
A data model is established for the machining process, and the machining process in operation is
adjusted in real time according to the data of the machining result, such as changing the rotation
speed of the milling cutter to avoid the occurrence of machining defects.
Source: Ericsson 5G Research
The ultimate vision is to build a fully automated factory that connects all the devices and
integrates and manages them through a unified system.
However, current communication technologies are not well supported by this solution, and 5G is

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the key to this solution. In this case, the biggest advantage of 5G is that it can provide extremely
low latency and stable network. In order to achieve real-time control, the sensor information
needs to be responded to and processed within 1 millisecond. 5G ensures real-time control by
providing extremely low latency, thus ensuring that it can be applied in the process of leaf disk
production.
Fraunhofer also measured the economic value of introducing 5G improved production technology.
The traditional leaf disc processing rework rate is as high as 25%, which means that one out of
every four leaf discs needs to be reworked. This cost is very high, and reducing the rework rate
can produce great economic value.
If automation is achieved by introducing 5G and IoT technology, the rework rate can be reduced
by 10%, which is equivalent to reducing the processing time per unit of product. In terms of
machine cost, the cost of a single-leaf disc can be reduced by 3,600 euros, and the global
production of leaf discs is about 100,000 a year. This means that real-time monitoring through 5G
technology can save 360 million euros a year.
Second, the mining industry
Mining is the basic industry for global economic activities. The market is huge. The total annual
income of the top 40 mining companies in the world exceeds 500 billion US dollars.
Improving the profitability of the mining industry requires unremitting efforts in mining efficiency,
transportation and metal extraction technologies to optimize the flow efficiency of the ore.
However, the increased investment in these areas is facing the problem of diminishing marginal
effects. Automation is becoming a new opportunity and focuses on the mining industry. A
prerequisite for automation is that the mine has a relatively complete network coverage and
connectivity, and the environment in the mining area is harsh. Deploying a mobile
communication network is a better solution.
Sweden's Boliden is one of the world's top mining companies with eight mines around the world,
and the Aitik mine in northern Sweden is Europe's largest open-pit mine. Boliden and Ericsson
jointly formed a research team to explore how 5G technology can help the mining industry
improve efficiency and economic value.
Aitik is a rapidly expanding mine that must transfer large amounts of rock in order to obtain
copper ore. The amount of stones transported back and forth in the mine every year is increasing.
Depending on the location of the ore, the rock toe ratio is different. On average, one ton of rock
is moved for every ton of copper ore. Aitik's current annual production is 36 million tons of ore
and is expected to grow to 45 million tons soon, so the amount of rock that needs to move will
increase accordingly.
The complexity and volatility of the mines are very high, adding giant equipment to remove rocks
and keeping the utilization of this new equipment is not a simple matter.
In addition, the ore is obtained by drilling and blasting. Each blasting will produce toxic gas. Only
when these toxic gases are dispersed, can humans enter the mining area for excavation
operations, which are factors affecting mining efficiency?
A better solution for these problems is automation and remote control equipment.
The automated drilling rig can automatically move from one drill hole to the next target hole
according to a preset path, and the task can be automatically repeated. Traditionally, it is

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necessary to manually operate the equipment on site to move the rig. If a task or moving path is
not pre-set, the operator can remotely control their movement with the camera equipped on the
rig.
In most cases, automation has been able to do most of the work, but only a few people can make
assessment decisions, such as the assessment of rock conditions, or the need to manually
participate in remote or even on-site assessments.
Aitik transformed five traditional rigs into rigs with automation and remote control functions,
installed cameras for these traditional rigs, upgraded the control system, and added
communication modules, but only supported medium-quality video due to current network
bandwidth. The transmission, which limits the ability of remote control.
The retrofitted rigs can increase the number of working hours per year from 5,000 hours to 7,000
hours, which is equivalent to the work that Boliden used to complete seven or more rigs with five
improved rigs.
In addition, automation also reduces the need for personnel, service stations, parking areas, and
reduces the pressure on busy transportation routes in the mining area. Because of the reduction
in personnel and the risk of personal safety in the mine, Boliden can increase the amount of
blasting while maintaining the same amount of equipment and the number of employees. After
calculation, drilling and blasting with automation technology can save the Aitik mine by 2.5
million euros per year.
To achieve complete automation, remote control devices and high-performance communication
systems are a must. At present, the communication technology used in the mining industry is still
Wi-Fi. It can be accepted through careful optimization of coverage and performance, but it can
only deal with simple and repetitive tasks in automation, such as adjusting the form of drilling.
Boliden has previously deployed a Wi-Fi communication system at the Aitik mine to meet the
needs of controlling the rig. Although this has increased the level of productivity, there are still
many deficiencies in Wi-Fi performance. After all, Wi-Fi is not designed for outdoor large area
coverage, and Aitik's open pit mine is such a scene. The limited Wi-Fi connectivity also limits the
possibility of adding new automated machines.
As large as the entire mining industry, as small as Boliden, the performance of the Wi-Fi
communication system severely limits the further development of automation, such as the
realization of complex drilling, auto-driving mine cars, automatic planning, and scheduling
systems, etc., must have high-performance Communication systems can meet these needs. The
5G is the most suitable communication system, which can handle the transmission of 3D
high-definition video, greatly improving the precision of remote control, thus enabling remote
management of highly complex tasks.

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Source: Ericsson 5G Research
To achieve the goal of mine automation, Boliden's communication systems need to meet the
following requirements:
First, to ensure remote monitoring, this requires the large bandwidth and low latency of the
communication system;
Second, the system in the mine should be able to adapt to other automation and remote control
equipment, including different brands and different control systems;
In addition, full coverage is required to cover all corners of the mine to ensure that all machines
and personnel can be connected and positioned;
Finally, in the complex and ever-changing environment of the mine, the system is guaranteed to
operate stably.
The 5G communication system can meet Boliden's highest demands, including bandwidth,
network quality of service, latency and positioning. By introducing a high-performance
communication network, the mine becomes safer and more efficient. Although some
applications need to transmit a small amount of data, applications such as remote real-time
control machines can only be realized by 5G communication systems. With the empowerment of
5G, the mining industry will become one of the innovation fields. Generate new applications and
business models.
5G empowerment, there is a long way to go
Solving the problem of delay and stability, the constraints of a large number of equipment
networking in the industrial field are eliminated. This huge market has not been touched by the
Internet before. It is like the emergence of 4G and smartphones, opening the door of the mobile
Internet. 5G may face a greater chance than the mobile Internet.
Because the number of 5G connections, the value provided, and the ability to pay, are not
comparable to the mobile Internet. Therefore, many people believe that the biggest opportunity
for 5G lies in the industrial Internet.
Although 5G technology is still immature, there is still a long way to go for large-scale deployment
and application, but C&T RF Antennas Inc believes that the direction of the 5G enabling industry
is clear and the future is expected.