We have chenodeoxycholic acid powder sell in bulk and wholesale, if you want to buy it from the best chenodeoxycholic acid powder supplier you can here.
https://www.phcoker.com/product/474-25-9/
info@phcoker.com
Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy: They help fuel your brain, kidneys, heart muscles, and central nervous system. For instance, fiber is a carbohydrate that aids in digestion, helps you feel full, and keeps blood cholesterol levels in check.
Alcohol use is a major health issue as it affects almost all organ systems in the body. It also has significant impact on behaviour and leads to significant social and functional impairment.
This presentation will help you understand the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and its impact on brain and behaviour.
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
Can 7,8 dihydroxyflavone be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases--phcokerphcoker.com
7,8-dihydroxyflavone is a naturally occurring flavone found in Godmania aesculifolia, Tridax procumbens, and primula tree leaves. It has been found to act as a potent and selective small-molecule agonist of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) (Kd ≈ 320 nM), the main signaling receptor of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Tropoflavin is both orally bioavailable and able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier. A prodrug of tropoflavin with greatly improved potency and pharmacokinetics, R13 (and, formerly, R7), is under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Can noopept improve cognitive performance -phcokerphcoker.com
Noopept is a cognitive enhancer, which has anti-anxiety, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prevents neurotoxicity from amyloid excess while also improving blood flow.
Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy: They help fuel your brain, kidneys, heart muscles, and central nervous system. For instance, fiber is a carbohydrate that aids in digestion, helps you feel full, and keeps blood cholesterol levels in check.
Alcohol use is a major health issue as it affects almost all organ systems in the body. It also has significant impact on behaviour and leads to significant social and functional impairment.
This presentation will help you understand the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and its impact on brain and behaviour.
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
Can 7,8 dihydroxyflavone be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases--phcokerphcoker.com
7,8-dihydroxyflavone is a naturally occurring flavone found in Godmania aesculifolia, Tridax procumbens, and primula tree leaves. It has been found to act as a potent and selective small-molecule agonist of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) (Kd ≈ 320 nM), the main signaling receptor of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Tropoflavin is both orally bioavailable and able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier. A prodrug of tropoflavin with greatly improved potency and pharmacokinetics, R13 (and, formerly, R7), is under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Can noopept improve cognitive performance -phcokerphcoker.com
Noopept is a cognitive enhancer, which has anti-anxiety, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prevents neurotoxicity from amyloid excess while also improving blood flow.
Can fasoracetam help us improve memory -phcokerphcoker.com
Fasoracetam is a nootropic compound in the racetam family of nootropics. It can enhance memory,improve sleep,relieve anxiety and depression,and alleviate the symptoms of withdrawal from other drugs. Also,it may effectively treat a specific form of childhood ADHD.
Can magnesium taurate may help prevent migraines?phcoker.com
Magnesium Taurate is a composition and reaction of magnesium oxide and taurine. it can be effective on enhancing cognitive function and protecting against cardiovascular disease, migraines and depression.
Sulforaphane supplements defination, benefits, side effects & food source...phcoker.com
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a compound rich in sulfur that is found in cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, and bok choy. It has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, neuroprotective, and anti-diabetic properties.
What is the role of anandamide for emotional management -phcokerphcoker.com
Anandamide is a brain chemical which is widely known as the “bliss molecule” because of its role in stimulating happiness feelings. As mentioned, is one of the most important neurotransmitters which bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body and brain, bringing a sense of mental wellness and happiness.
Everything you should know about urolithin supplements -phcokerphcoker.com
Urolithin is a human microbial metabolite of ellagic acid derivatives in the diet, such as ellagitannin. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties and neuroprotection. Also, Urolithin can be used for ameliorates metabolic syndrome.
Can alpha gpc improve cognition--phcokerphcoker.com
Alpha-GPC rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of acetylcholine. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries. The FDA determined that intake of no more than 196.2 mg/person/day is considered GRAS. In some European countries, it is regulated as a prescription drug and used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Can nmn really achieve anti aging effects--phcokephcoker.com
Recent research has suggested that NMN may support cardiovascular health, energy production, cognitive health, and well as retinal and bone health. One especially interesting finding of NMN research is that it may promote DNA repair and support the activation of the SIRTUIN genes which are thought to play a role in healthy aging.
Pterostilbene powder benefits as nootropics and anti aging supplements--phcokerphcoker.com
Pterostilbene powder is an antioxidant that primarily exists in blueberries, grapevines and heartwood of red sandalwood. It has chemopreventive, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antidyslipidemic, antiatherosclerotic and neuroprotective effects.
Supplements urolithin a reviews definition, mechanism, benefits & side ef...phcoker.com
Urolithin A has been demonstrated to stimulate mitophagy and improve muscle health in old animals and in preclinical models of aging. Meanwhile, it also has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier, and may have neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s Disease.
https://www.phcoker.com/product/urolithin-a/
info@phcoker.com
Nad+ precursors in aging role of the (nr) nicotinamide riboside chloride fact...phcoker.com
As NAD+ Precursors, Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride has positive effects in Anti-aging. A comprehensive understanding of the chemical properties, efficacy, use and sales channels of NRC is very helpful for you to choose a good anti-aging product.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide or nicotinamide riboside chloride which one is be...phcoker.com
Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B₃ found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication.
As a derivative of Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide and Nicotinamide riboside chloride both have similar effects in many aspects, but have their own unique characteristics.
Palmitoylethanolamide supplement – How does Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) work ...phcoker.com
The synthetic drug, called ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (micro PEA), is believed to act as an anti-inflammatory. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a “a naturally occurring fatty acid” similar to an endocannabinoid, one of a suite of molecules found in cannabis in that targets CB2 receptors. CB2 receptors are thought to modulate both inflammation and pain throughout the human body.
https://www.phcoker.com/palmitoylethanolamide-pea/
info@phcoker.com
Urolithin a powder wholesale buy cas 1143 70-0phcoker.com
Urolithin A is a metabolite compound resulting from the transformation of ellagitannins by the gut bacteria. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzo-coumarins or dibenzo-α-pyrones. Urolithin A has been demonstrated to stimulate mitophagy and improve muscle health in old animals and in preclinical models of aging. Meanwhile, it also has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier, and may have neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s Disease.
https://www.phcoker.com/our-products/urolithin/
info@phcoker.com
Lithium orotate experience: What can you get from taking lithium orotate?phcoker.com
One of the most important lithium orotate benefits is that it protects the brain through the production of new brain cells and protection against the loss of brain cells. It has also shown to reverse dementia, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Animal studies on lithium orotate brain effects showed improvement in strokes and traumatic brain injuries. It can also provide benefits as a protectant against damage of the central nervous system due to Lyme disease
https://www.phcoker.com/lithium-orotate/
info@phcoker.com
Does galantamine hydrobromide supplement good for alzheimer diseasephcoker.com
Galantamine uses in treating the symptoms of dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease occur due to its dual mode of action. it increases the level of acetylcholine, a key enzyme in cognitive enhancement. Galantamine acts as a reversible and competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor thus prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. It also stimulates the nicotinic receptors to release more acetylcholine.
https://www.phcoker.com/galantamine-hydrobromide/
info@phcoker.com
Youth molecule nad + : a coenzyme that plays an important role in human healtphcoker.com
https://www.phcoker.com/product/98319-26-7/
info@phcoker.com
NAD+ has two general sets of reactions in the human body: helping turn nutrients into energy as a key player in metabolism and working as a helper molecule for proteins that regulate other cellular functions. These processes are incredibly important.
Melanotan-II is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer.
https://www.phcoker.com/product/121062-08-6/
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
What does Chenodeoxycholic acid do.pdf
1. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
1
Product Name Chenodeoxycholic acid
Chemical Name (R)-4-((3R,5S,7R,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-1
0,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanth
ren-17-yl)pentanoic acid
Synonym Chenodeoxycholic Acid;
Anthropodeoxycholic acid;
Anthropodesoxycholic acid;
CCRIS 2195;
Chendol;
chenic acid;
Chenix;
Chenodeoxycholic acid;
Chenodesoxycholic acid;
Chenodiol;
Gallodesoxycholic acid;
NSC 657949;
Xenbilox
CAS Number 474-25-9
InChIKey RUDATBOHQWOJDD-BSWAIDMHSA-N
Molecular Formula C24H40O4
Molecular Weight 392.57
Monoisotopic Mass 392.29265975
Melting Point 165-167 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point 437.26°C (rough estimate)
Density 0.9985 (rough estimate)
Color White to off-white
Solubility PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE
Storage Temperature room temp
Application Chenodeoxycholic acid has been used in a study to
assess its effects as a long-term replacement therapy for
cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). It has also been
used in a study to investigate its effects on the
small-intestinal absorption of bile acids in patients with
ileostomies.
Testing Report Available
2. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
2
History
Chenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid synthesized in the liver from cholesterol.
Chenodeoxycholic acid was isolated in 1924 from goose gall by Adolf Windaus and
human gall by Heinrich Wieland.Its complete structural configuation was elucidated
by Hans Lettre at the University of Gottingen.
In 1968, William Admirand and Donald Small at Boston University Medical School
established that it was then found that biliary levels of cholic acid and
chenodeoxycholic acid were lower in patients with cholesterol gallstones than in
normal people. And then the national collaborative study in the United States, which
confirmed the effectiveness of chenodeoxycholic acid in bringing about dissolution of
gallstones in selected patients. However, recent developments such as laparoscopic
cholecystectomy and endoscopic biliary techniques have curtailed the role of
chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholelithiasis.
In 1978, chenodeoxycholic acid was introduced to the European market as the 7α
isomer of ursodeoxycholic acid. From 2010 to 2018, chenodeoxycholic acid was
approved for the treatment of cerebral tendon xanthomatosis.
While many other benefits of chenodeoxycholic acid have yet to be proven by
research, large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated the drug's safety and efficacy.
And it was the first drug to be introduced into the U.S. market for the treatment of
light-transmitting gallstones.
3. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
3
What is Chenodeoxycholic Acid(CDCA) Powder?
Chenodeoxycholic acid powder (3α,7α-dihydroxy-5-β-cholanic acid, CDCA) is one of
the major bile acids synthesized from cholesterol in the liver of humans and animals.
It was originally isolated from the bile of domestic geese, hence the name "cheno". It
was the first drug introduced to the US market for the treatment of light-transmitting
gallstones.
As a hydrophobic primary bile acid naturally occurring in the body, chenodeoxycholic
acid activates nuclear receptors (FXRs) involved in cholesterol metabolism. It dissolves
cholesterol that causes gallstones and inhibits cholesterol production in the liver and
intestinal absorption, which can help reduce gallstone formation. When bile acid
levels are elevated, it can also reduce the amount of other bile acids that are harmful
to liver cells.
Chenodeoxycholic acid is also the epimer of ursodeoxycholic acid (DB01586) and has
similar efficacy to ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of gallstone disease.
Chenodeoxycholic acid has been studied and evaluated as a long-term replacement
therapy for cerebral tendon xanthoma (CTX). It has also been used to study its effect
on the intestinal absorption of bile acids in ileostomy patients.
4. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
4
Where Does The Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder Come From?
Chenodeoxycholic acid is the main organic constituent in the bile of chickens, ducks,
geese and other poultry. It can be extracted from poultry bile by extraction
technology or synthesized from cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, etc. Originally, the
synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) from cholic acid(CA) was the main source
of CDCA.
In Europe, chemical synthesis of CDCA from CA is the main source of CDCA. In the
past 10 years in my country, the extraction of CDCA from chicken bile is the main
source of CDCA. Although the number of chickens and ducks in China is very large,
the extraction of CDCA from chicken and duck gallbladder requires different
techniques due to the large differences in the composition of chicken and duck
gallbladder. The method of extracting CDCA from duck bile is rarely reported in the
literature.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder Mechanism of Action
Chenodeoxycholic acid is a primary bile acid synthesized by the human liver, and it
can inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acid in the liver, gradually replacing
the latter and its metabolite deoxycholic acid in the expanded bile acid pool. These
actions contribute to desaturation of bile cholesterol and progressive dissolution of
radiolucent cholesterol gallstones in the presence of the gallbladder revealed by oral
5. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
5
cholecystography. Bile acids can also bind to the bile acid receptor (FXR), which
regulates bile acid synthesis and transport.
The Benefits & Effects of Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder
Chenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, and it
has significant anti-inflammatory, antitussive, and expectorant effects. In addition,
CDCA powder has the following potential benefits for the human body:
- Can reduce or dissolve cholesterol stones in the body
- Improve the composition of bile
- For the treatment of cerebral tendon xanthomatosis
- Drug therapy for metabolic diseases
- For the treatment of various acute and chronic liver diseases
It is important to note in the treatment of gallstones that chenodeoxycholic acid is
primarily used to dissolve gallstones in people who cannot have gallbladder surgery.
Drug Interactions of Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder
Although chenodeoxycholic acid is effective in treating or preventing cholesterol
stones diseases, it may be a interaction with other drugs (including prescription and
over-the-counter drugs, vitamins and herbal products) when used together. Therefore,
before using chenodeoxycholic acid, tell your doctor about all medicines you are
currently using and any medicines you start or stop using, especially:
6. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
6
- cholestyramine;
- Colestipol;
- cyclosporine and sirolimus
- Phenobarbital
- Birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy;
- Aluminum-containing antacids - Almacone, Gelusil, Maalox, Mag-al Plus, Mylanta,
Rulox, etc.;
- Blood thinners - warfarin, coumarin, yantovin.
The above is just a short list of drugs. Therefore, it is best to check with your doctor or
pharmacist before giving any prescription medicine.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid Powder VS Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder
Both Ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are one of the bile acids in bile,
and chenodeoxycholic acid is also the epimer of Ursodeoxycholic acid. They have
their own unique advantages, but in some ways their efficacy is similar.
(1)Definition
Ursodeoxycholic acid powder
Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA; also known as ursodiol) is a secondary bile acid that is
metabolized by gut bacteria in humans and most other species. It is synthesized in
the liver of some species and was originally found in bear bile, which is where its
7. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
7
name Ursus comes from.
Chenodeoxycholic acid powder
Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA; also known as chenodesoxycholic acid, chenocholic
acid and 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid) is a bile acid. Salts of this carboxylic
acid are called chenodeoxycholates. Chenodeoxycholic acid is one of the main bile
acids. It was first isolated from the bile of the domestic goose, which gives it the
"cheno" portion of its name.
(2)Benefits&functiion
Commonality
Ursodeoxycholic acid powder and chenodeoxycholic acid powder are both bile acids,
both used to treat gallstones in people who cannot have gallbladder surgery. They are
not effective in patients with calcified gallstones or a non-functioning gallbladder.
Difference
Ursodeoxycholic acid powder is a hydrophilic secondary bile acid naturally found in
human bile in small amounts (less than 4% of total bile acids). It was first introduced
in the 1970s to dissolve radiolucent gallstones and is the only drug approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of PBC. UDCA is more
hydrophilic than other bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid.
Its absorption (3-60% after oral administration) occurs primarily in the small intestine,
8. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
8
and its presence reduces cholesterol secretion into bile, possibly reducing its
conversion to bile acids. Collectively, the mechanism of action of UDCA in PBC is
based on alterations in bile acid pools, reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, and
effects on apoptosis and vasoactive mediators.
Chenodeoxycholic acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid, an epimer of UDCA,
synthesized in the liver and present in bile at high concentrations for the dissolution
of cholesterol gallstones. It is most effective for small "floating" gallstones.
Chenodeoxycholic acid was approved in 1983 for patients with light-transmitting
gallstones and is still available, although it has largely been seen as more effective
and well-tolerated Better chenodeoxycholic acid substitution. In addition, it is used to
treat cerebral tendon xanthomatosis. It has been studied as a possible treatment for
constipation and has been shown to speed up colonic transit and improve bowel
function.
The Side effects of Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder
In addition to its desired effects, chenodeoxycholic acid powder may cause some
adverse effects. Although not all of these side effects can occur, if they do occur, they
may require medical attention.
If any of the following side effects occur, consult your doctor immediately:
9. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
9
Serious side effects may include:
- Signs of an allergic reaction (eg hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of the face, lips,
tongue or throat, etc.)
- Worsening or no improvement of gallstone symptoms;
- Severe or persistent diarrhea;
- Liver problems - loss of appetite, upper abdominal pain, tiredness, easy bruising or
bleeding, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes);
Common side effects may include:
- Mild stomach cramps
- Gastrointestinal discomfort
- Diarrhea
- Bloating
- Indigestion
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abnormal blood tests (low white blood cells, high cholesterol or triglycerides)
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed
above, contact your doctor or pharmacist or suppliers.
Where is Chenodeoxycholic Acid Powder Sold?
Chenodeoxycholic acid powder wholesale trades are much more common than retail
10. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
10
sales as it is usually purchased in bulk directly from the Chenodeoxycholic Acid
Powder manufacturer factory. Generally, medications of such private nature are
commonly bought online as it provides patients with discretion and privacy that they
need. And maybe you can find it at your local pharmacy, usually in tablet and capsule
form. But whether you buy it online or pharmacy, you should take care to take the
appropriate dose as recommended by your supplier or doctor, and should not be
missed or overdose.
Reference:
[1] Russell DW (2003). "The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis".
Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72: 137–74. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712.
PMID 12543708.
[2] Bhagavan, N.V.; Ha, Chung-Eun (2015). "Gastrointestinal Digestion and
Absorption". Essentials of Medical Biochemistry. pp. 137–164.
doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416687-5.00011-7. ISBN 9780124166875.
[3] Dawson, PA; Karpen, SJ (June 2015). "Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile
acids". Journal of Lipid Research. 56 (6): 1085–99. doi:10.1194/jlr.R054114. PMC
4442867. PMID 25210150.
[4] Carey MC (December 1975). "Editorial: Cheno and urso: what the goose and the
bear have in common". N. Engl. J. Med. 293 (24): 1255–7.
11. Xuchang shangke Chemical Co., Ltd
Phcoker www.phcoker.com
Email: info@phcoker.com
11
doi:10.1056/NEJM197512112932412. PMID 1186807.
[5] Berginer VM, Salen G, Shefer S (December 1984). "Long-term treatment of
cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with chenodeoxycholic acid". N. Engl. J. Med. 311
(26): 1649–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM198412273112601. PMID 6504105.
[6] Rao, AS; Wong, BS; Camilleri, M; Odunsi-Shiyanbade, ST; McKinzie, S; Ryks, M;
Burton, D; Carlson, P; Lamsam, J; Singh, R; Zinsmeister, AR (November 2010).
"Chenodeoxycholate in females with irritable bowel syndrome-constipation: a
pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic analysis". Gastroenterology. 139 (5):
1549–58, 1558.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.052. PMC 3189402. PMID 20691689.
[7] Thistle JL, Hofmann AF (September 1973). "Efficacy and specificity of
chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones". N. Engl. J. Med. 289 (13):
655–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM197309272891303. PMID 4580472.
[8] Hofmann, AF (September 1989). "Medical dissolution of gallstones by oral bile
acid therapy". American Journal of Surgery. 158 (3): 198–204.
doi:10.1016/0002-9610(89)90252-3. PMID 2672842.