What are the most challenges of wireless networksSolutionThe .pdf

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What are the most challenges of wireless networks? Solution The most challenges in wireless networks are: 1. Security: Mobility of users increases the security threats in a wireless network. The present wireless networks utilize authentication and data encryption methods on the interface to provide security to the users. 2. Connectivity issues: The connectivity issues can be addressed in many ways such as, adding access points, dividing networks to sustain proper access, limiting the bandwidth of the guest network and implementing management and policy software. These issues may occur from the addition of applications to the network. 3. power and energy: A mobile device is generally useful, small in size, and committed to carry out a certain set of functions. When a device is permitted to move freely, it would usually be tough to receive a continuous supply of power. To preserve energy, a mobile device should be able to operate in a successful and well-organized manner..

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https://www.ijmst.com/ IJMST Volume 1 Issue 1, Manuscript 4 As the popularity of mobile devices and wireless networks significantly increased over the past years. The wireless adhoc network has now become one of the most vibrant and active fields of communication and networking research. These networks are a new generation of networks offering unrestricted mobility without any underlying infrastructure. As their principle application is in disastrous environments, security is critical. Various challenges are faced in the adhoc environment, mostly due to the resource poorness of these networks. One man confront in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. The solutions for conventional networks are usually not sufficient to provide efficient adhoc operations. Just because of its wireless nature of communication and lack of any security infrastructure raise several security problems and threats. In this paper, we briefly review the threats an adhoc network faces and the security goals to be achieved. Moreover, it also presents existing security schemes used in wireless adhoc networks in order to handle security threats.

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A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or nodes, maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the vicinity of the node. An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built spontaneously as devices connect. Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other. This paper focuses on various issues in cellular, adhoc and sensor network. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas.

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Even in difficult places to reach, the new networking technique allows the easy deployment of sensor networks although these wireless sensor networks confront a lot of constraints. The major constraint is related to the quality of information sent by the network. The wireless sensor networks use different methods to achieve data to the base station. Data aggregation is an important one, used by these wireless sensor networks. But this aggregated data can be subject to several types of attacks and provides security is necessary to resist against malicious attacks, secure communication between severely resource constrained sensor nodes while maintaining the flexibility of the topology changes. Recently, several secure data aggregation schemes have been proposed for wireless sensor networks, it provides better security compared with traditional aggregation. In this paper, we try to focus on giving a brief statement of the various approaches used for the purpose of secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks.

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Briefly discuss the adaptive changes seen in the chordates over the o.pdf

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Argue in favor or against the following statements (include examples, rationale, explanations, etc.): 1. Plants migrate 2. Plants defend themselves 3. Plants are good mothers. 4. Grasses are the most important food for humans. Solution Plant migration The Dispersal of the seeds is continuous process, by which plant species survives and spreads. Migration of plants is a result of the dispersal of the seeds directly to wider areas of earth,also a phenomenon constant in plant kingdom.Angiosperms species covered the whole earth migrating to the different countries along the different routes. Due to global warming,the plants are heading for hills for better survival. A study shows that 171 forest species in the Western Europe, among most of spp are shifting toward their a favourable locations to cooler spots for better survival.Plants are migrate toward higher altitudes only because of the climate change, most of world plant species diversity are found in the tropical areas, a very few studies, have examine either tropical mountain plant species are they affected by change in climate to same extent as the temperate plant species. new study has determined, major changes occurred in last two [2]centuries.If we compare the migration of the plant communities on Chimborazo volcano in the Ecuador with a historical data from the 1802, the Aarhus University researchers found that average upslope shifted more than [> 500 metres].and The entire boundary of vegetation have been moved upwards from the 4,600 metres to the 5,200 metres. The main region for this dramatically shift is only the climate change last 210 years 2.Plants defend themselves Plant can not run away from danger like most of the animal do,so that they have developed there own weapon & aroma & release toxic chemical in order to protect themselves, Plant are able to move anywhere, so that every single cell defend itself against the all attack from the invading pathogens, for example- fungi and bacteria. first line defense in plant The first line of defense in plants is intact & impenetrable barrier that composed of the bark & waxy cuticle. Both are protect plants against the herbivores. And Other adaptations against herbivores are include the, thorns the modified branches of plant, hard shells and the spines.[modified leaves]first line defense occur when the plant cells can detect the presence of the foreign invader like(flagella of the bacteria or chitin which found in fungi cell walls) and they alert the surrounding cells through releasing molecules that give massage to other cells so other cell ready to fight invader their defences. example, the alerted infected plant cells secrete molecules are harmful to invadors or plant cell build up their more cell walls for extra protection form invader. second line of defense is hypersensitive response (HR).infected plant cells around the infection site will kill [itself]themselves to stop pathogen to spreading infection throughout the plant. This pr.

Argue in favor or against the following statements (include examples.pdf

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27. What is a prosthetic group? Identify prosthetic groups in the following conjugated proteins: A prosthetic group is a part of the protein that is not composed of amino acids. Lipoproteins Carbohydrates Hemoproteins Lipids Flavin nucleotides Metalloproteins Glycoproteins Phosphate groups Fe, Ca, Copper, Zinc Phosphoproteins Flavoproteins Heme (iron porphyrin) Solution part-a: Hemoproteins contain hemoglobin, in which \"iron (Fe2+) is the prosthetic group useful to carry oxygen Part-b: Lipoproteins contain lipid moieties with double & triple bonds as prosthetic groups Part-c: Metalloproteins such as cobalamin contain \"cobalt\" as prosthetic groups in their structure of intrinsic factor human digestive system Part-c: Flavoproteins contain flavin as prosthetic group Glycoproteins is conjugate protein that contains \"glycosidic linkage\" as prosthetic groups.

27. What is a prosthetic group Identify prosthetic groups in the fol.pdf

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