What are the advantages for proteins to form three-dimensional structures using non-covalent
(weak) interactions?
Solution
PROTEIN FOLDING MODELS:
1. Frame work model:
In this the protein local elements which are stretches of amino acids liked by one another by
covalently with peptide bonds. The region of the primary amino acids sequence in peptide bonds
makes different domains. In these domains some of regions are making with Alfa helix and some
are beta sheet domains. These primary elements form secondary structure independently of
tertiary structure (kim and baldwin).these elements can diffuse un till they collided, successfully
adhering and coalescing to give the tertiary structure (diffuse-collision model),(karplus and
weaven).
2. The classic nucleation model:
It postulates that some neighboring residues in the sequence would form native secondary
structure that would act as a nucleus form which the native structure would propagate in a step
wise manner. Thus the tertiary structure would form as necessary consequence of the secondary
structure (wetlaufer).
3. Hydrophobic collapse model:
It is hypothesized that a protein would collapse rapidly around its hydrophobic side chain and
then arrange from restricted conformational space occupied by the intermediate. Here the
secondary structure would be directed by native like tertiary structure (ptitsyn & kwajima).
Leviathan’s paradox:
It is formulated by Cyrus Leviathan. There are vast too many different possible conformations
for a protein to fold by a random search.
Structural organization of protein:
1. Primary Structure: It refers the sequence of amino acids along with the disulphide bonds.
2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE:
Alfa- Helices and Beta-Pleated sheets are most frequently occurring in secondary structure in
polypeptides. Both of these can case local folding of protein.
the Alfa - Helices in polypeptide made up of L Alfa amino acids are right handed, the - Helices is
stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen and amide hydrogen’s of peptide bonds
that are a part of linear sequence.
Beta-Pleated sheets: 2 types
A. Parallel: in this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by cross over
connection [Right handed].
B. Anti-Parallel: In this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by HAIRPIN
turns or reverse turn [Left Handed].
3. Tertiary structure:
It is arisen because of the folding of poly peptides upon itself.
4. Quaternary structure:
Some proteins are made up of 2 or more polypeptides chains, the interaction between different
poly peptide are subunits gives rise to the quaternary structure.
Non-covalent (weak) interactions advantages in proteins:
In proteins mainly 4 types of non-covalent interactions are present.
1. Hydrophobic region R-CH3 ------- H 3 C-R
2. H-bonding between R-group G-OH ------ N=R
3. Salt bridge R-COO------ NH 3 -R
4. Van der Waals force
The non-covalent bonds, which are present between the peptides, can forms interactions between
indivi.
Proteins fold. How WhySolutionANSProtein folding Protein.pdfsuhshbhosale
Proteins fold. How? Why?
Solution
ANS:
Protein folding: Proteins are the molecules in the body which carries out many important
functions, such as enzymes and antibodies.
Before proteins carry out their function, they must first assemble themselves or fold.
PROTEIN FOLDING MODELS:
1. Frame work model:
In this the protein local elements which are stretches of amino acids liked by one another by
covalently with peptide bonds. The region of the primary amino acids sequence in peptide bonds
make different domains.in this domains some of regions are made with Alfa - helix and some are
beta sheet domains.
These primary elements form secondary structure independently of tertiary structure (kim and
baldwin).these elements can diffuse until they collided, successfully adhering and coalescing to
give the tertiary structure (diffus-collision model), (karplus and weaven).
2. The classic nucleation model:
It postulates that some neighboring residues in the sequence would form native secondary
structure that would act as a nucleus form which the native structure would propagate in a step
wise manner. Thus the tertiary structure would form as necessary consequence of the secondary
structure (wetlaufer).
3. Hydrophobic collapse model:
It is hypothesized that a protein would collapse rapidly around its hydrophobic side chain and
then arrange from restricted conformational space occupied by the intermediate. Here the
secondary structure would be directed by native like tertiary structure (ptitsyn & kwajima).
Leviathal’s paradox:
It is formulated by Cyrus Leviathal. It explains, there are vast too many different possible
conformations for a protein to fold by a random search.
Structural organization of protein:
1. Primary Structure: the sequence of amino acids along with the di sulphide bonds.
2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE:
Alfa Helices and Beta- Pleated sheets are most frequently occur in secondary structure in
polypeptides. Both of these can case local folding of protein.
The Alfa Helices in polypeptide made up of L- Alfa amino acids are right handed, the Alfa -
Helices is stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen and amide hydrogen’s of
peptide bonds that are a part of linear sequence.
Beta- Pleated sheets: 2 types
A. Parallel: in this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by cross over
connection [Right handed].
B. Anti-Parallel: In this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by HAIRPIN
turns or reverse turn [Left Handed].
3. Tertiary structure: It is arisen because of the folding of poly peptides upon itself.
4. Quaternary structure:
Some proteins are made up of 2 or more polypeptides chains, the interaction between different
poly peptide are subunits gives rise to the quaternary structure..
Proteins fold. How WhySolutionANSProtein folding Protein.pdfsuhshbhosale
Proteins fold. How? Why?
Solution
ANS:
Protein folding: Proteins are the molecules in the body which carries out many important
functions, such as enzymes and antibodies.
Before proteins carry out their function, they must first assemble themselves or fold.
PROTEIN FOLDING MODELS:
1. Frame work model:
In this the protein local elements which are stretches of amino acids liked by one another by
covalently with peptide bonds. The region of the primary amino acids sequence in peptide bonds
make different domains.in this domains some of regions are made with Alfa - helix and some are
beta sheet domains.
These primary elements form secondary structure independently of tertiary structure (kim and
baldwin).these elements can diffuse until they collided, successfully adhering and coalescing to
give the tertiary structure (diffus-collision model), (karplus and weaven).
2. The classic nucleation model:
It postulates that some neighboring residues in the sequence would form native secondary
structure that would act as a nucleus form which the native structure would propagate in a step
wise manner. Thus the tertiary structure would form as necessary consequence of the secondary
structure (wetlaufer).
3. Hydrophobic collapse model:
It is hypothesized that a protein would collapse rapidly around its hydrophobic side chain and
then arrange from restricted conformational space occupied by the intermediate. Here the
secondary structure would be directed by native like tertiary structure (ptitsyn & kwajima).
Leviathal’s paradox:
It is formulated by Cyrus Leviathal. It explains, there are vast too many different possible
conformations for a protein to fold by a random search.
Structural organization of protein:
1. Primary Structure: the sequence of amino acids along with the di sulphide bonds.
2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE:
Alfa Helices and Beta- Pleated sheets are most frequently occur in secondary structure in
polypeptides. Both of these can case local folding of protein.
The Alfa Helices in polypeptide made up of L- Alfa amino acids are right handed, the Alfa -
Helices is stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen and amide hydrogen’s of
peptide bonds that are a part of linear sequence.
Beta- Pleated sheets: 2 types
A. Parallel: in this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by cross over
connection [Right handed].
B. Anti-Parallel: In this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by HAIRPIN
turns or reverse turn [Left Handed].
3. Tertiary structure: It is arisen because of the folding of poly peptides upon itself.
4. Quaternary structure:
Some proteins are made up of 2 or more polypeptides chains, the interaction between different
poly peptide are subunits gives rise to the quaternary structure..
This is my second presentation upload on secondary structures of Proteins. Hope this is helpful! This is very informative ,colourful & crisp presentation!
This is a powerPoint presentation on Levels of Protein Structure.
The transfer of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to Protein is known as central dogma.
The Proteins are central to all biological activity.
In the process of transcription the individual amino acids are joined together by different RNAs to form an chain of polypeptides. this chain in its native form is not functional. The polypeptide chain must be folded into a three dimensional structure to be functional.
This presentation describes the the different levels of protein structure formed while folding pf protein.
This includes
1)Primary structure: Which is basically the chain of amino acids.
2)Secondary structure: Which includes alpha helix and beta plated sheets.
3)Tertiary structure:
Describing the different types of bonds that exists in the tertiary structure.
4)Quaternary structure: Describes the three dimensional functional structure of a protein.
the topic introduction of protein cover their target their primary structure , secondary structure and tertiary structure and their bonding interaction
the cell membrane is one of the most important aspects of any human development. Yoga is also a great process for developing the human body. we try to connect various types of research during this project.
Proteins are polypeptide structures made up of one or more extended chains of residues from the amino acid. They provide a wide range of organism tasks, including as DNA replication, molecule transport, metabolic process catalysis, and cell structural support.
The albumins seen in vast quantities in egg whites typically have a distinct 3D structure as a result of bonds that form between the protein’s various amino acids. These bonds are broken by heating, exposing the hydrophobic (water-hating) amino acids that are typically maintained on the inside of the protein 1, 1 comma, 2 end superscript, 2, start superscript. In an effort to escape the water that surrounds them in the egg white, the hydrophobic amino acids will bind to one another, creating a protein network that gives the egg white structure and makes it white and opaque. Ta-da! Protein denaturation, thank you for another wonderful breakfast
Guided notes covering material from Topics 2.4 and 7.3 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
A protein is an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in the proteins of living organisms. Small proteins may contain just a few hundred amino acids, whereas large proteins may contain thousands of amino acids
Describe the movement of yeast cells once ingested by a paramecium &.pdfnitinarora01
Describe the movement of yeast cells once ingested by a paramecium & what is this movement
due to?
Solution
The movement of yeast cells once ingested by a paramecium is mainly slow propelling &
paramecium is a unicellular, macronucleated, motile, ciliated fresh water organism that
predominantly survives in freshwater habitats by feeding on the small bacteria, yeasts etc. The
type of movement exerted by the Paramecia after eating yeasts is “slow propelling movement by
whiplashing cilia”. However, sometimes it may lead to cessation of propelling movement on
heavy yeast consumption. This type of movement is due to Chemosensory Signal Transduction.
Chapter 2 problems.1. (Problem 1) Of the following, whi.pdfnitinarora01
Chapter 2 problems.
1. (Problem 1) Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas
prokaryotes have no nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have only
one.
C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA.
D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not.
E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some
genes for prokaryotes.
2. (Problem 3) Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell
reproduction?
A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied.
B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another.
C. The cell must divide.
D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction.
3. (Problem 4 part 1): What are three essential structural elements of a functional
eukaryotic chromosome?
A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres
B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores
C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication
D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores
E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids
4. (Problem 4 part 2 ) The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for
spindle fibers are the _____________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
5. (Problem 4 part 3) The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize
the ends of the chromosomes are the ______________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
6. (Problem 6, part 1) _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle
where the cell growth and protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take
place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
15. (Problem 10) Why are the two cells produced by the cell cycle genetically identical?
A. An exact copy of each DNA molecule was created in S phase giving rise to the two
identical sister chromatids.
B. Chromosomal replication in prophase ensures two identical copies of each
chromosome for the two cells.
C. Mitosis ensures that each cell receives one copy of the two identical sister
chromatids created during S phase.
D. Both A and B are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical.
E. Both A and C are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical.
16. (Problem 11, part 1) For the stages of meiosis I below, which is incorrectly matched to a
major event that takes place during that stage?
A. Prophase I—synapsis
B. Metaphase I—homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane of
the metaphase plate
C. Anaphase I—separation of sister chromatids
D. Telophase I—separated chromosomes reach spindle poles at opposite ends of the
cell
.
More Related Content
Similar to What are the advantages for proteins to form three-dimensional struc.pdf
This is my second presentation upload on secondary structures of Proteins. Hope this is helpful! This is very informative ,colourful & crisp presentation!
This is a powerPoint presentation on Levels of Protein Structure.
The transfer of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to Protein is known as central dogma.
The Proteins are central to all biological activity.
In the process of transcription the individual amino acids are joined together by different RNAs to form an chain of polypeptides. this chain in its native form is not functional. The polypeptide chain must be folded into a three dimensional structure to be functional.
This presentation describes the the different levels of protein structure formed while folding pf protein.
This includes
1)Primary structure: Which is basically the chain of amino acids.
2)Secondary structure: Which includes alpha helix and beta plated sheets.
3)Tertiary structure:
Describing the different types of bonds that exists in the tertiary structure.
4)Quaternary structure: Describes the three dimensional functional structure of a protein.
the topic introduction of protein cover their target their primary structure , secondary structure and tertiary structure and their bonding interaction
the cell membrane is one of the most important aspects of any human development. Yoga is also a great process for developing the human body. we try to connect various types of research during this project.
Proteins are polypeptide structures made up of one or more extended chains of residues from the amino acid. They provide a wide range of organism tasks, including as DNA replication, molecule transport, metabolic process catalysis, and cell structural support.
The albumins seen in vast quantities in egg whites typically have a distinct 3D structure as a result of bonds that form between the protein’s various amino acids. These bonds are broken by heating, exposing the hydrophobic (water-hating) amino acids that are typically maintained on the inside of the protein 1, 1 comma, 2 end superscript, 2, start superscript. In an effort to escape the water that surrounds them in the egg white, the hydrophobic amino acids will bind to one another, creating a protein network that gives the egg white structure and makes it white and opaque. Ta-da! Protein denaturation, thank you for another wonderful breakfast
Guided notes covering material from Topics 2.4 and 7.3 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
A protein is an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in the proteins of living organisms. Small proteins may contain just a few hundred amino acids, whereas large proteins may contain thousands of amino acids
Similar to What are the advantages for proteins to form three-dimensional struc.pdf (20)
Describe the movement of yeast cells once ingested by a paramecium &.pdfnitinarora01
Describe the movement of yeast cells once ingested by a paramecium & what is this movement
due to?
Solution
The movement of yeast cells once ingested by a paramecium is mainly slow propelling &
paramecium is a unicellular, macronucleated, motile, ciliated fresh water organism that
predominantly survives in freshwater habitats by feeding on the small bacteria, yeasts etc. The
type of movement exerted by the Paramecia after eating yeasts is “slow propelling movement by
whiplashing cilia”. However, sometimes it may lead to cessation of propelling movement on
heavy yeast consumption. This type of movement is due to Chemosensory Signal Transduction.
Chapter 2 problems.1. (Problem 1) Of the following, whi.pdfnitinarora01
Chapter 2 problems.
1. (Problem 1) Of the following, which is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a nuclear envelope surrounding the genetic material, whereas
prokaryotes have no nucleus.
B. Prokaryotic cells have multiple paired chromosomes, but eukaryotic cells have only
one.
C. Prokaryotic cells have linear DNA, whereas eukaryotes have circular DNA.
D. Eukaryotes have histone proteins, whereas prokaryotes do not.
E. Plasmids contain some genes for eukaryotes, whereas organelles contain some
genes for prokaryotes.
2. (Problem 3) Which of the following are fundamental events that must take place in cell
reproduction?
A. A cell\'s genetic information must be copied.
B. The copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another.
C. The cell must divide.
D. All of the above are fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction.
3. (Problem 4 part 1): What are three essential structural elements of a functional
eukaryotic chromosome?
A. Histone proteins, spindle fibers, and a pair of telomeres
B. Origins of replication, chromatids, and kinetochores
C. A centromere, a pair of telomeres, and origins of replication
D. A centromere, chromatids, and kinetochores
E. Spindle fibers, kinetochores, and chromatids
4. (Problem 4 part 2 ) The chromosomal structures that serve as the attachment point for
spindle fibers are the _____________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
5. (Problem 4 part 3) The natural ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to stabilize
the ends of the chromosomes are the ______________________.
A. telomeres
B. origins of replication
C. centromeres
D. kinetochore proteins
E. histone proteins
6. (Problem 6, part 1) _______________ is the part of interphase within the cell cycle
where the cell growth and protein synthesis necessary for cell division and DNA replication take
place.
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
E. Telophase
15. (Problem 10) Why are the two cells produced by the cell cycle genetically identical?
A. An exact copy of each DNA molecule was created in S phase giving rise to the two
identical sister chromatids.
B. Chromosomal replication in prophase ensures two identical copies of each
chromosome for the two cells.
C. Mitosis ensures that each cell receives one copy of the two identical sister
chromatids created during S phase.
D. Both A and B are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical.
E. Both A and C are reasons that the two cells produced by the cell cycle are identical.
16. (Problem 11, part 1) For the stages of meiosis I below, which is incorrectly matched to a
major event that takes place during that stage?
A. Prophase I—synapsis
B. Metaphase I—homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane of
the metaphase plate
C. Anaphase I—separation of sister chromatids
D. Telophase I—separated chromosomes reach spindle poles at opposite ends of the
cell
.
By equity . Party A owns a factory that emits large quantities of f.pdfnitinarora01
By equity . Party A owns a factory that emits large quantities of foul-smelling smoke. People in
a nearby housing devel opment are annoyed by the odors whenever the wind shifts to a certain
direction. Party B, a resident in the housing development, has lodged a complaint against A for
public nuisance. What kind of remedy would Party B seek? de nei aut a
Solution
The factory of party A producing air pollution
Because of factory it would produce foul smelling on large scale so no devices are able to control
that and it may have harmful effect on peoples life other than smelling.
So factory should out of near the residential houses..
An Overview of Transport Mechanisms In Plants. Relate the structure .pdfnitinarora01
An Overview of Transport Mechanisms In Plants. Relate the structure of sieve-tube cells, vessel
cells, and tracheids to their functions in bulk flow, Define the terms flaccid, plasmolyze, turgor
pressure, and turgid. Explain how aquaporins affect the rate of water transport across
membranes. Name the three major compartments in vacuolated plant cells. Distinguish between
the symplast and the apoplast. Describe three routes available for lateral transport in plants.
Define bulk flow and describe the forces that generate pressure in the vascular tissue of plants.
Absorption of Water and Minerals by Roots Explain what routes are available to water and
minerals moving into the vascular cylinder of the root. Explain how the endodermis functions as
a selective barrier between the root cortex and vascular cylinder. Transport of Xylem Sap
Describe the potential and limits of root pressure to move xylem sap. Define the terms
transpiration and guttation. Explain how transpiration pull moves xylem sap up from the root
tips to the leaves. The Control of Transpiration Describe the role of guard cells in
photosynthesis-transpiration. Explain how and when stomata open and close. Describe the cues
that trigger stomatal opening at dawn. Translocation of Phloem Sap Define and describe the
process of translocation. Trace the path of phloem sap from a primary sugar source to a sugar
sink. Describe the process of sugar loading and unloading.
Solution
4. Bulk flow transport in plants:
Sieve tube cells: These are elongated cells in the phloem structure which helps in sugar conduit.
Vessel cells: These are long dead xylem cells which help in transporting water around the cells.
Tracheids: These are also water-conducting cells of the xylem which also transports mineral
salts.
5. These terms are related to the conditions of the cell when placed in solutions having different
osmotic concentrations:
Flaccid: It is the condition when the cell contents have shrunken and reduced in size, upon
placing the cell in hypertonic solution.
Plasmolyze: When the cells are subjected to or undergo the process of plasmolysis, they are said
to be plasmolysed. This occurs when water flows out of the cells due to the presence of high
solute concentration outside the cell.
Turgor pressure: It is the pressure created when water moves inside the cell from a region of low
solute concentration, through the cell membrane.
Turgid: It is the condition when the cells are fully distended and increased in size due to the
inward flow of water.
6. Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins which act as water channels for the movement of
water across the cell membrane. These proteins are made of beta-barrel structures.
Due to the presence of aquaporins, the rate of water transport increases.
7. The three major compartments of the vacuolated plant cells are the cell wall, cytosol or
cytoplasm and vacuole..
amazon.com & pinterest.com -- Web 2.0 ApplicationsAddress how eac.pdfnitinarora01
amazon.com & pinterest.com --> Web 2.0 Applications
Address how each site incorporates the five features/characteristics (A culture of participation,
The web as a platform for running applications, A database-backed web, Softwareaccessible on
many devices, and Rich user experience) of Web 2.0 applications, paying particular attention to
the culture of participation. List the evidence you found of participatory culture, and the value
this provides the user.
Suggest additional participatory functionality/features that might enhance the user experience on
each site. Note the additional user value for each of your ideas.
Solution
A Web 2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue
as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community.Web 2.0 include social networking
sites and social mediasites e.g., Facebook, blogs,video sharing sites (e.g., YouTube),hosted
services, Web applications.
This all gives the user a functionality to relate himself/herself with those and give well defined
user experience. A growing number of marketers are using Web 2.0 tools to collaborate with
consumers on product development, customer service enhancement, product or service
improvement and promotion.
Evidence found of participatory culture are maximum population is now doing online shopping
and the value this provides the user are most significant as now a days whole world is using
internet services to explore each and everything ..
All organelles (check all that apply) Are membrane bound Contain th.pdfnitinarora01
All organelles (check all that apply) Are membrane bound Contain their own DNA function
independently off the cell have a specialized function are found only in prokaryotic cells are
found only in eukaryotic cells
Solution
Answer:
An organell is a specialised sub unit within a cell that has a particular function.
a) All organells are not membrane bound.
Ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles are those organells that do not have membranes
But there are many oraganells that possesses membranes, may be single membrane or double
membrane
single membrane containing organells: Lysosome,Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
Vacuole etc
Double membrane containing organells: Mitochondria, Chloroplast, nucleus etc.
b) All organells do not contain their own DNA
Only nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast contain their own DNA
c) All organells are not function independently off the cell
All organells are of specific functions and work integrately not independently
d) Yes, All organells have specific functions that may be membranous or non-membranous
For example: Chloroplast- main function is photosynthesis
Flagellum- main function is locomotion and sensory
e) No, found both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotic organells:- flagellum, chlorosome, ribosome (70s) etc
f) Eukaryotic organells:- nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast etc.
A study designed to evaluate the effect of the herbal remedy Echinac.pdfnitinarora01
A study designed to evaluate the effect of the herbal remedy Echinacea purpurea randomly
assigned healthy children 2 to 11 years old to receive either Echinacea or a placebo. Each time a
child had an upper respiratory infection treatment with Echinacea or the placebo was given for
the duration of the infection. Parental assessment of the illness severity was measured. The
following are the counts from the study:
Group
Parental assessment
Echinacea
Placebo
Mild
153
170
Moderate
128
157
Severe
48
40
Calculate the x2 statistic
Determine whether the results are significant at the alpha=o.oo5 level.
Would you advocate for the use of Echinacea in order to reduce the severity of upper respiratory
infections? Why or why not?
Group
Parental assessment
Echinacea
Placebo
Mild
153
170
Moderate
128
157
Severe
48
40
Solution.
37. If the material below the sandstone of problem 26 is a shale with.pdfnitinarora01
37. If the material below the sandstone of problem 26 is a shale with E=31.2 x 109 N/m,
Poisson\'s Ratio 0.3, and a density of 2650 kg/m3, what is the reflection coefficient of the
interface between the shale and sandstone?? a. 0.078 b. -0.225 c. -0.311 d. 0.179 e. None of the
above 38. What is the most common well type used to produce natural gas from the Barnett
Shale at DFW Airport? a. Vertical wells b. Disposal wells c. Individual horizontal wells d.
Multiple horizontal wells from a single drilling pad e. None of the above 39. Why is fracking
necessary to produce natural gas from the Barnett Shale in the DFW area? a. b. c. d. e. Fracturing
breaks the Barnett Shale seal providing access to sandstone reservoir Fracturing reduces the
permeability of the Barnett Shale Fracturing increases the permeability of the Barnett Shale
Fracturing permits the natural gas to be absorbed in the fracking fluids None of the above 40.
What is the source rock in the East Texas Oil Field? a. b. c. d. e. Barnett Shale Morrison
Formation Eagle Ford Shale Woodbine Sandstone None of the above 41. Which of the following
describes processes that formed Guadalupe Peak in West Texas? a. b. c. d. Formed by deposition
of sediments rich in calcite Tectonic activity has been minimal in the area during the past 20 my
The limestone was precipitated from sea water by marine organisms None of the above
Solution
40.EAGLE FORD SHALE:
The Eagle Ford is a geological formation directly beneath the Austin Chalk. It is considered to be
the \"source rock\", or the original source of hydrocarbons that are contained in the Austin Chalk
above it. The formation was penetrated many times as operators targeted the Edwards Limestone
formation along the Edwards Reef Trend.
The formation is best known for producing variable amounts of dry gas, wet gas, NGLs,
condensate and oil. The most active area lies above the Edwards Reef Trend where the formation
yields a gas-condensate production stream. Unlike many other shale plays, it does not exhibit
natural fracturing within the formation.
41.d
The Permian period of geologic time occurred from 251 to 299 million years ago. The earth had
already seen life diversify from simple, primitive forms such as algae and fungi to amphibians,
fishes, and insects. The earth\'s surface had also been evolving and shifting. Thin plates of crust
moved constantly over the softer material below, steadily changing the position of the continents.
Through much of the early and middle Permian all of the continents were joined together,
forming the supercontinent of Pangea. Much of modern-day New Mexico and Texas occupied
the western edge of this enormous landmass near the equator. A vast ocean surrounded Pangea,
but a narrow inlet, the Hovey Channel, connected the ocean with the Permian Basin, an inland
sea which covered parts of what is now northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.
The Permian Basin had three arms: the Marfa, Delaware, and Midland Basins. The .
Why didnt implementation of robots in the 1980s continue to increas.pdfnitinarora01
Why didn\'t implementation of robots in the 1980s continue to increase as experienced in the
late 1970s and early 1980s? (Choose all that apply.) Soaring cost of human labor (due to double
digit inflation). Development of the microprocessor provided an inexpensive control means.
Greater emphasis placed on development of integrated production systems. The first
microprocessors lacked versatility found in current machines. Human labor costs leveled off and
stabilized the rush to robotize.
Solution
d. The first microprocessors lacked versatility found in current machines.
e. Human labor costs leveled off and stabilized the rush to robotize..
Which property of life (e.g. homeostasis) is illustrated by each of .pdfnitinarora01
Which property of life (e.g. homeostasis) is illustrated by each of the following examples:
The Venus flytrap’s ability to close its trap rapidly after detecting the presence of an insect.
__________________
A puffin eating fish and using the energy for swimming. __________________
The formation of tissue from cells and organs from tissues. _______________
The evolution of camouflage coloration in the katydid. ___________________
Thermoregulation in a polar bear. _______________________
Biologists study life at many different levels. Which level of life (e.g. population) is illustrated
by:
All the organisms living in Roosevelt Lake. __________________
All the Largemouth Bass living in Roosevelt Lake. ________________
Roosevelt Lake. __________________
One Largemouth Bass. ________________
An important aspect of any biological study is to communicate ideas clearly. Identify the
following statements as observations (O), hypotheses (H), or predictions (P).
_____ Tropical rain forests have high species diversity
_____ Mesquite trees have thick, dry bark to prevent water loss in the desert.
______Large-billed parrots will eat large seeds and small-billed parrots will eat small seeds.
______ Social insects will help their relatives raise offspring rather than produce their own
because they actually achieve higher indirect fitness by helping.
______ Many species of birds inhabit a single tree.
Solution
Venus fly trap :property of life : response to stimulus as the plant cannot absorb nitrogen from
soil it depends on insects for nitrogen requirement and hence has sensitive hairs that detect the
insect and close to trap the insect.
A puffin eating fish and using the energy for swimming: Energy utilization or expenditure,
organisms use the energy absorbed by them toperform various activities of life.
Roosevelt Lake. _ lake ecosystem , where different organisms and their interactions can be
studied.
One Largemouth Bass. represents an organism in the ecosystem..
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding microbial mats.pdfnitinarora01
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding microbial mats?
Question 3 options:
they contain oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
they only contain bacteria
sunlight does not reach microbial mat levels inhabited chiefly by chemoautotrophs
they contain anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteriaa
they contain oxygenic photosynthetic bacteriab
they only contain bacteriac
sunlight does not reach microbial mat levels inhabited chiefly by chemoautotrophsd
they contain anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Solution
Second statement is wrong about Microbial mats because it can make by bacteria, fungi,
archaeabacteria and protozoans. They grow mostly on moist surface and can survive in different
temperature zones (-400C to 1200C)..
What roles do membranes play in a cellWhat are cell membranes com.pdfnitinarora01
What roles do membranes play in a cell?
What are cell membranes composed of?
What is a lipid? What are some examples of lipids? What does amphipathic mean?
What are the structure properties of triacylglycerols and steroids?
What are the structural properties of phospholipid and detergents? What arrangements do
phospholipids, detergents, and a combination of phospholipids and detergents tend to take in
solution?
What type of movements phospholipids undergo in a membrane? What type of movements do
they not do?
What determines membrane fluidity?
Where are membranes formed in the cell? How is membrane asymmetry created and
maintained? What are flippases and scramblases? Where do they function?
What is the spatial arrangement of a membrane during transport?
What are the different classifications of membrane proteins and what secondary structures are
commonly found in transmembrane proteins?
What is the cell cortex?
What are membrane domains? What are different ways of establishing them?
What is FRAP? How does it work?
What is the carbohydrate layer? What are its functions? What is a lectin?
Solution
What roles do membranes play in a cell?
function of the cell membranes:
selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules.
regulates the exchange of substances (movement of substances in and out of cells)
Communicate with other cells (embedded proteins act as receptors, and channels)
protect the cell from its surroundings
What are cell membranes composed of?
cell membranes are composed double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins
What is a lipid? What are some examples of lipids? What does amphipathic mean?
Lipids are a class of biomolecules which include fatty acids or their derivatives.
Examples of lipids are : natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Lipids are amphipathic : amphipathic means having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
For example: Fatty acid has a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain and hydrophilic carboxyl
group..
26. The gecko is a reptile that has the amazing ability to climb smo.pdfnitinarora01
26. The gecko is a reptile that has the amazing ability to climb smooth surfaces--even glass!
Recent discoveries indicate that geckos stick to smooth surfaces via van der Waals interactions
between septae on their feet and the smooth surface. How is this method of stickiness
advantageous to the gecko over covalent interactions?
Solution
Answer
Geckos are lizardsfound in warm climates throughout the world
They belong to the infraorder Gekkota
Since Van der Waals interactions are relatively weak compared to covalent bonds
Therefore, Van der Waals interactions would stick the gecko to the surface reversibly.
What is soft trend vs. hard trend Analyze a specific software engin.pdfnitinarora01
What is soft trend vs. hard trend? Analyze a specific software engineering technology, the soft
trends and hard trends it relates or led to its emergence and development.
Solution
To highlight the difference in simple words \"Hard Trend is something that will happen in future
and Soft Trend is something that might happen in future\".Hard Trends calculations and
projections are based on some facts which are measurable, events or some objects but soft trends
calculation and projections are based on facts that appears to be some events, measurable.
In respect to Software engineering technology soft trends would be the broad characteristics of
new system that is built like emergent requirement, autonomy of actions, the sociological
characteristics of new people that practice software engineering and Hard trends would be the
techincal aspects used in the building the system, the techincal directions which software
engineering processes, method will take..
what does it mean to be a social scientistSolutionSocial .pdfnitinarora01
what does it mean to be a \"social scientist?\"
Solution
Social scientist deals with the study of how people live and behave in groups. Economics,
history, politics anthropology, sociology are examples of social sciences. Person who deals with
the study of theses social sciences are social scientist. Economist studies the economy of a
community; Geographer is a social scientist who studies natural and constructed features of
Earth\'s. Political Scientist A social scientist that studies government..
Weather List the types of materials used to create a concrete sidewal.pdfnitinarora01
Weather List the types of materials used to create a concrete sidewalk. Material 1 Material 2
Material3 Material 4 reavel 2. What material from the list above would you remove to create a
porous sidewalk? Porous Concrete Ideal Mix Material :1 Material 2 Material 3 Wider Amount
(volume/ratio) of vavel Amount (volume/ratio) of Material 1 Amount (volume/ratio) of Material
2 terial 3 Observe Does Mix stick together?_ks Is the Mix Porous?Ne Infiltration Testing
Infiltration Rate Infiltration Rate: Use water to test and keep track of the time it takes for the
water to filter through your porous sampler Volume of water (ml) Time to drain (sec) Infiltration
rate (ml/sec Infiltration rate (ml/sec) Sample
Solution
Answer
1) yes basic materials used is cement, sand, balast, water, water proofing agent
2) Since sand is porous, thus used it for Porous side walk
3) Over the concrete sample if the water is dump, it will required for curing. During the service
period if it dump, then seepage problems started and detoriate the concrete
4) Generally concrete 1 :2:4 i.e one part of cement 2 part of sand and 4 part of balast of size
20mm is recommended.
The OSI Reference Model layers, in order from top to bottom, areA.pdfnitinarora01
The OSI Reference Model layers, in order from top to bottom, are:
A. Application, Physical, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Presentation
B. Application, Presentation, Network, Session, Transport, Data Link, Physical
C. Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
D. Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical
Solution
D is correct. From Layer 7 to Layer 1, the order is Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data Link, and Physical.
A, B, and C are incorrect. They do not have the order correct..
Please need help on following program using c++ language. Please inc.pdfnitinarora01
Please need help on following program using c++ language. Please include all header files and
main file with their own title.
Extend the class linkedListType by adding the following operations:
Write a function that returns the info of the kth element of the linked list. If no such element
exists, terminate the program.
Write a function that deletes the kth element of the linked list. If no such element exists,
terminate the program.
Provide the definitions of these functions in the class linkedListType. Also, write a program to
test these functions. (Use either the class unorderedLinkedList or the
class orderedLinkedList to test your function.)
Solution
C++ Code for the given problem is below.....
.....................................................
/*
* C++ Program to Implement Singly Linked List
*/
#include
#include
#include
//using namespace std;
/*
* Node Declaration
*/
typedef struct nodetype
{
int info;
nodetype *next ;
} node;
/*
* Class Declaration
*/
class linkedListType
{
public:
void insfrombeg( node **head, int);
void delfromkth(node **head,int);
void findthekthnode(node *head,int);
void traverse(node *head);
int item,ch,kth;
node *ptr,*head,*temp;
};
/*
* Main :contains menu
*/
void main()
{
int item,ch,kth;
node *ptr,*head,*temp;
linkedListType s1;
clrscr();
while (1)
{
while(1)
{
cout<<\"PRESS (1) FOR INSERT INTO LIST\"<>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<\"ENTER THE VALUE \"<>item;
s1.insfrombeg(&head,item);
break;
case 2:
s1.traverse(head);
break;
case 3:
cout<<\"ENTER THE Kth Element which you want\'s to delete\"<>kth;
s1.delfromkth(&head,kth);
break;
case 4:
cout<<\"ENTER THE Kth Element which you want\'s to search \ \"<>kth;
s1.findthekthnode(head,kth);
break;
case 5:
exit(1);
}
}
// getch();
}
}
/*
* Inserting element in beginning
*/
void linkedListType::insfrombeg(node **head,int item)
{
temp= ( node * ) malloc (sizeof( node ));
temp->info= item;
temp->next= NULL;
if(*head == NULL)
{
temp->next= *head;
*head= temp;
}
else
{
temp->next= *head;
*head= temp;
}
}
/*
* Delete element at a given position
*/
void linkedListType::delfromkth(node **head,int kth)
{ node* temp1=*head,*temp2;
if(*head ==NULL)
{
cout<<\"LINK LIST IS EMPTY\ \"<next;
free(temp);
}
else
for(int j=0;jnext;
temp2= temp1->next;
temp1->next=temp2->next;
free(temp2);
}
/*
* Searching an element
*/
void linkedListType::findthekthnode(node *head,int kth)
{
ptr=head;
int i=1;
while((ptr!=NULL))
{
if(i==kth)
{
cout<<\"\ The Element at\"<< kth<< \"position with value is \\t
\"<info<info<next;
i++;
}
}
}
/*
* Traverse Link List
*/
void linkedListType::traverse(node *head)
{
ptr = head;
while((ptr->next)->next!=NULL)
{
cout<info<<\"\\t\";
ptr=ptr->next;
}
cout<
#include
#include
typedef struct nodetype
{
int info;
nodetype *next ;
} node;
int item,ch,kth,total=1;
node *ptr,*head,*temp;
void insfrombeg( node **head, int);
void delfromkth(node **head,int);
void findthekthnode(node *head,int);
void traverse(node *head);
void main()
{
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf(\"PRESS .
Question 1 (1 point)Tjhe pH of blood is __________ and when the .pdfnitinarora01
Question 1 (1 point)
Tjhe pH of blood is __________ and when the pH values go above the norm, the condition is
called ________.
Question 1 options:
7.35-7.45.......acidosis
7...alkalosis
7.35-7.45...alkalosis
7....acidosis
Save
Question 2 (1 point)
Choose the correct sentence about proteins and their structure.
Question 2 options:
Hydrogen bonding rarely occurs in proteins
Most proteins are made from a short chain of amino acids
A denatured protein is equally effective as the protein in its original shape
A protein\'s conformation determines its function.
Save
Question 3 (1 point)
Whenever a partially charged H from one water molecule comes near a partially charged O from
another water molecule, a _____ bond is formed.
Question 3 options:
ionic
hydrogen
non-polar covalent
polar covalent
Save
Question 4 (1 point)
Denaturation is always reversible.
Question 4 options:
Save
Question 5 (1 point)
Which of the following is incorrect about the neutron?
Question 5 options:
is represented by symbol \"n\"
has 1 amu
has no charge
is orbiting the nucleus
Save
Question 6 (1 point)
Which of the following is NOT true?
Question 6 options:
solutions are transparent
water is an important body lubricant
a base accepts H+
In hydrolysis reactions a water molecule is removed
Save
Question 7 (1 point)
Which does not belong?
Question 7 options:
fatty acids
lipids
cholesterol
adenine
source of energy
Save
Question 8 (1 point)
Which of the following is not true of covalent bonds?
Question 8 options:
can be hydrophobic
electrons can be shared equally
electrons can be shared unequally
NaCl is an example of covalent bonding
Save
Question 9 (1 point)
The atomic mass number tells us the number of protons in an atom.
Question 9 options:
Save
Question 10 (1 point)
If solution A has a pH of 5 and solution B has 10,000 times less the Hydrogen ion concentration,
what is the pH of solution B?
Question 10 options:
1
3
9
10
Save
Question 11 (1 point)
The single most important energy source for the body is
Question 11 options:
starch
glucose
cholesterol
phospholipids
Save
Question 12 (1 point)
If an atom has3 valence electrons, it is more likely to accept additional electrons.
Question 12 options:
True
False
Save
Question 13 (1 point)
A group of two or more atoms of same type held together by a bond is called
Question 13 options:
a molecule
a compound
an isotope
an element
Save
Question 14 (1 point)
Which of the following is a physiological buffer?
Question 14 options:
digestive system
circulatory system
nervous system
urinary system
Save
Question 15 (1 point)
If a polymer is formed of aminoacids as monomers, its correct name is ____________.
Question 15 options:
glycogen
protein
DNA
phospholipid
Save
Question 16 (1 point)
The __________ system houses the body\'s disease fighting cells.
Question 16 options:
integumentary
circulatory
lymphatic
digestive
Save
Question 17 (1 point)
A _______ section divides the body into right and left portions.
Question 17 options:
frontal
transverse.
Q1)What kind of chemical bonds determine the properties of polyethyl.pdfnitinarora01
Q1)What kind of chemical bonds determine the properties of polyethylene (a polymer material)?
Secondary bonds
Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Metallic bonds
.........
Q2)What kinds of chemical bonds are present in polyethylene (a polymer material)?
Metallic bonds
Ionic bonds
both secondary and covalent bonds
secondary bonds
Covalent bondsa.
Secondary bonds
Solution
(1) secondary bonds determine the properties of polyethylene.
,(2) in polyethylene covalent bond hold the atom together and secondary bond hold the chain
together to make polymer.
So the answer is both secondary and covalent bonds..
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
What are the advantages for proteins to form three-dimensional struc.pdf
1. What are the advantages for proteins to form three-dimensional structures using non-covalent
(weak) interactions?
Solution
PROTEIN FOLDING MODELS:
1. Frame work model:
In this the protein local elements which are stretches of amino acids liked by one another by
covalently with peptide bonds. The region of the primary amino acids sequence in peptide bonds
makes different domains. In these domains some of regions are making with Alfa helix and some
are beta sheet domains. These primary elements form secondary structure independently of
tertiary structure (kim and baldwin).these elements can diffuse un till they collided, successfully
adhering and coalescing to give the tertiary structure (diffuse-collision model),(karplus and
weaven).
2. The classic nucleation model:
It postulates that some neighboring residues in the sequence would form native secondary
structure that would act as a nucleus form which the native structure would propagate in a step
wise manner. Thus the tertiary structure would form as necessary consequence of the secondary
structure (wetlaufer).
3. Hydrophobic collapse model:
It is hypothesized that a protein would collapse rapidly around its hydrophobic side chain and
then arrange from restricted conformational space occupied by the intermediate. Here the
secondary structure would be directed by native like tertiary structure (ptitsyn & kwajima).
Leviathan’s paradox:
It is formulated by Cyrus Leviathan. There are vast too many different possible conformations
for a protein to fold by a random search.
Structural organization of protein:
1. Primary Structure: It refers the sequence of amino acids along with the disulphide bonds.
2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE:
Alfa- Helices and Beta-Pleated sheets are most frequently occurring in secondary structure in
polypeptides. Both of these can case local folding of protein.
the Alfa - Helices in polypeptide made up of L Alfa amino acids are right handed, the - Helices is
stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen and amide hydrogen’s of peptide bonds
that are a part of linear sequence.
Beta-Pleated sheets: 2 types
2. A. Parallel: in this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by cross over
connection [Right handed].
B. Anti-Parallel: In this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by HAIRPIN
turns or reverse turn [Left Handed].
3. Tertiary structure:
It is arisen because of the folding of poly peptides upon itself.
4. Quaternary structure:
Some proteins are made up of 2 or more polypeptides chains, the interaction between different
poly peptide are subunits gives rise to the quaternary structure.
Non-covalent (weak) interactions advantages in proteins:
In proteins mainly 4 types of non-covalent interactions are present.
1. Hydrophobic region R-CH3 ------- H 3 C-R
2. H-bonding between R-group G-OH ------ N=R
3. Salt bridge R-COO------ NH 3 -R
4. Van der Waals force
The non-covalent bonds, which are present between the peptides, can forms interactions between
individual polypeptide chains.
In the binding site of non-covalent bonds, the protein molecules interact with one another.
The sub units of the proteins are held together by non-covalent bonds.
Some prosthetic groups (Metals or vitamins) attaches to proteins by non-covalent bonds.
![A. Parallel: in this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by cross over
connection [Right handed].
B. Anti-Parallel: In this the adjacent hydrogen bonding segments are connected by HAIRPIN
turns or reverse turn [Left Handed].
3. Tertiary structure:
It is arisen because of the folding of poly peptides upon itself.
4. Quaternary structure:
Some proteins are made up of 2 or more polypeptides chains, the interaction between different
poly peptide are subunits gives rise to the quaternary structure.
Non-covalent (weak) interactions advantages in proteins:
In proteins mainly 4 types of non-covalent interactions are present.
1. Hydrophobic region R-CH3 ------- H 3 C-R
2. H-bonding between R-group G-OH ------ N=R
3. Salt bridge R-COO------ NH 3 -R
4. Van der Waals force
The non-covalent bonds, which are present between the peptides, can forms interactions between
individual polypeptide chains.
In the binding site of non-covalent bonds, the protein molecules interact with one another.
The sub units of the proteins are held together by non-covalent bonds.
Some prosthetic groups (Metals or vitamins) attaches to proteins by non-covalent bonds.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)