This document provides an overview of a university course on Canadian health policy relating to mental health and addictions. It includes topics that will be covered in an upcoming lecture, potential topics for student briefing notes, and news articles relevant to mental health issues. Briefing note topics focus on policy issues around mental health, addictions, and chronic disease prevention. The lecture will cover trends in mental illness, approaches to mental health care, stigma, trauma, self-medication, principles of recovery and harm reduction.
The document discusses mental health care policy in the United States. It defines mental disability according to Social Security criteria and provides statistics on the prevalence of mental illness in America. Various mental illnesses such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders are examined in terms of typical age of onset and affected populations. The document also covers the impact of mental illness on daily life, societal views and stigma, and the history of key events and policies that have shaped the U.S. approach to mental health care.
Sociology of health and illness wk 22 mental healthAnthony Lawrence
Mental illness is a social construct that is influenced by normative expectations in society. Gender and race impact diagnosis and treatment, as women are more likely to be diagnosed with certain disorders and minorities often receive poorer care. The anti-psychiatry movement critiques psychiatry for medicalizing social problems and coercively targeting marginalized groups.
'If we lose our friends, we're done': mental health and psychosocial wellbein...Ruth Evans
Presentation by Fiona Samuels, Research Fellow, ODI, at workshop "Putting the 'social' back into young people's psychosocial wellbeing, care and support", hosted by ODI and the University of Reading, London 22 November 2016.
The document discusses mental health services in the UK for depression. It provides statistics on depression prevalence and details primary and secondary care systems for mental health. Primary care focuses on diagnosis, management and prevention, while secondary care handles more severe cases, like those involving psychosis or hospitalization. The document critiques gaps in primary care for mental health and outlines guidelines and pathways to improve treatment, such as increasing accessibility and using evidence-based therapies like CBT.
Mental health and integration - Provision for supporting people with mental...Nessa Childers
A research report by The Economist Intelligence Unit sponsored by Janssen, and presented to the European Parliament Mental Health Interest Group on Wednesday19th November, 2014
This document discusses the work of Thomas Szasz and other critics of modern psychiatry. It argues that the concept of "mental illness" is a myth and that behaviors labeled as mental illnesses are often normal reactions to life experiences or social problems. It raises concerns that psychiatric diagnoses are subjective and that psychotropic drugs can have dangerous side effects like increased suicide risk or contributing to acts of violence. The document questions the close relationship between psychiatry and pharmaceutical companies.
This document outlines strategies for challenging mental health stigma. It begins with definitions of stigma and discusses the causes and manifestations of stigma, including ignorance, fear, and negative media portrayals. The document then describes different types of stigma such as self-stigma and enacted stigma. It notes that stigma can lead to discrimination and negative consequences for those with mental illness, including reluctance to seek treatment. The three most effective ways to challenge stigma identified are education to promote facts over misperceptions, contact with those experiencing mental illness, and protest against negative media portrayals.
Ageing & Mental Health : Beyond Dementia - Depressionanne spencer
Professor Agnes Higgins gave a presentation on mental health and wellbeing in older adults. She discussed how depression is a significant problem, with prevalence rates of 10-15% in community settings and even higher in nursing homes. Depression in older adults is often underidentified as it can present differently than in younger populations, with more physical complaints and less reported sadness. A variety of psychological, social, and physical factors can trigger depression. It is important to properly assess older adults for depression using tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale to recognize symptoms. With appropriate treatment like medication, therapy, and social engagement, depression is treatable and people can recover.
The document discusses mental health care policy in the United States. It defines mental disability according to Social Security criteria and provides statistics on the prevalence of mental illness in America. Various mental illnesses such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders are examined in terms of typical age of onset and affected populations. The document also covers the impact of mental illness on daily life, societal views and stigma, and the history of key events and policies that have shaped the U.S. approach to mental health care.
Sociology of health and illness wk 22 mental healthAnthony Lawrence
Mental illness is a social construct that is influenced by normative expectations in society. Gender and race impact diagnosis and treatment, as women are more likely to be diagnosed with certain disorders and minorities often receive poorer care. The anti-psychiatry movement critiques psychiatry for medicalizing social problems and coercively targeting marginalized groups.
'If we lose our friends, we're done': mental health and psychosocial wellbein...Ruth Evans
Presentation by Fiona Samuels, Research Fellow, ODI, at workshop "Putting the 'social' back into young people's psychosocial wellbeing, care and support", hosted by ODI and the University of Reading, London 22 November 2016.
The document discusses mental health services in the UK for depression. It provides statistics on depression prevalence and details primary and secondary care systems for mental health. Primary care focuses on diagnosis, management and prevention, while secondary care handles more severe cases, like those involving psychosis or hospitalization. The document critiques gaps in primary care for mental health and outlines guidelines and pathways to improve treatment, such as increasing accessibility and using evidence-based therapies like CBT.
Mental health and integration - Provision for supporting people with mental...Nessa Childers
A research report by The Economist Intelligence Unit sponsored by Janssen, and presented to the European Parliament Mental Health Interest Group on Wednesday19th November, 2014
This document discusses the work of Thomas Szasz and other critics of modern psychiatry. It argues that the concept of "mental illness" is a myth and that behaviors labeled as mental illnesses are often normal reactions to life experiences or social problems. It raises concerns that psychiatric diagnoses are subjective and that psychotropic drugs can have dangerous side effects like increased suicide risk or contributing to acts of violence. The document questions the close relationship between psychiatry and pharmaceutical companies.
This document outlines strategies for challenging mental health stigma. It begins with definitions of stigma and discusses the causes and manifestations of stigma, including ignorance, fear, and negative media portrayals. The document then describes different types of stigma such as self-stigma and enacted stigma. It notes that stigma can lead to discrimination and negative consequences for those with mental illness, including reluctance to seek treatment. The three most effective ways to challenge stigma identified are education to promote facts over misperceptions, contact with those experiencing mental illness, and protest against negative media portrayals.
Ageing & Mental Health : Beyond Dementia - Depressionanne spencer
Professor Agnes Higgins gave a presentation on mental health and wellbeing in older adults. She discussed how depression is a significant problem, with prevalence rates of 10-15% in community settings and even higher in nursing homes. Depression in older adults is often underidentified as it can present differently than in younger populations, with more physical complaints and less reported sadness. A variety of psychological, social, and physical factors can trigger depression. It is important to properly assess older adults for depression using tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale to recognize symptoms. With appropriate treatment like medication, therapy, and social engagement, depression is treatable and people can recover.
Mental Health Policy - The History of Mental Health Policy in the United StatesDr. James Swartz
These slides are from a lecture that covers the history of mental health policy in the United States over the 20th and into the 21st century. The community mental health movement, begun in the 1960s under the Kennedy administration, is especially highlighted.
Demography and epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderlyRavi Soni
This document discusses the demography and epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly populations. It begins with an introduction to geriatric psychiatry and outlines some key statistics on aging populations globally and in India. Specifically:
- The proportion of those aged 60 and older is projected to increase dramatically in India, from 8% currently to over 20% by 2050.
- Psychiatric morbidity is high in elderly populations, with estimates ranging from 17-43% suffering from mental health problems in various Indian studies.
- Common disorders discussed include dementia, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and others. Dementia prevalence is estimated to be around 3.5 million people currently in India, and this number is expected to rise dramatically with
Mental Health Improvement Master Presentationcdosullivan
The document discusses various perspectives on defining and understanding mental health and well-being. It covers how mental health relates to both the individual and community levels. It also examines how inequality, stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion can influence mental health and discusses bringing a holistic understanding of mental health to the local level.
The document discusses psychiatric emergencies, which are conditions that present with altered behaviors, emotions, or thoughts that require immediate attention and care. Common psychiatric emergencies include suicidal threats, violent or aggressive behavior, panic attacks, catatonic stupor, and hysterical attacks. Organic emergencies include delirium, epileptic furor, acute drug-induced side effects, and drug toxicity. The goals of emergency intervention are to safeguard the patient's life, reduce family anxiety, and enhance others' emotional security. Proper management depends on the specific emergency and may involve sedation, reassurance, monitoring vital signs, treating underlying causes, and preventing injury.
Development of Perceptions of Mental Health in Societymeducationdotnet
This document provides an overview of the history of perceptions of mental health from ancient times to the present. It discusses views in ancient Egypt, Greece, the Middle Ages, the Enlightenment, and modern times. Key points include ancient Egypt viewing mental health through religion, Greece recognizing the brain's role, the Middle Ages often attributing mental illness to demonic possession, the Enlightenment emphasizing humane treatment, and the current biopsychosocial model. The document also examines how perspectives have changed due to scientific revolutions, the role of stigma and media, and efforts to reduce stigma through education.
This document discusses mental health and illness. It defines mental health and lists some of its effects. Mental illness is caused by abnormal brain functioning and can cause thinking, emotional, and sleep problems. Common mental disorders mentioned include depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders. The document also summarizes a study conducted on mental health status of university students in India which found high rates of mood changes, anger, and substance abuse among hostel residents. It concludes by emphasizing that those with mental illness should have their rights and contributions to society respected.
The document discusses mental health and illness, including definitions, causes, symptoms, stigma and discrimination, and the Indian Mental Health Act of 1987. Some key points covered include:
- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress and function productively. Mental illness refers to conditions that affect cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Mental illnesses have biological, psychological, and social causes, and are not due to personal weakness. They can cause suffering, disability, and increased mortality.
- The Indian Mental Health Act of 1987 aimed to safeguard rights of the mentally ill and regulate institutions, but was criticized for not fully reflecting medical considerations or removing criminal stigma.
This document discusses mental health and mental illness. It provides statistics on the global burden of mental disorders, including that 450 million people worldwide have a mental disorder at any time, and over 800,000 die by suicide each year. The text defines mental health and mental illness, and notes that mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. It emphasizes that mental health is closely tied to physical health, and discusses the impact of mental illness on individuals and communities.
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The WHO emphasizes the positive dimension of mental health. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and about half of all mental disorders begin before age 14. Mental health involves realizing one's own potential and being able to cope with stress and contribute productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were seen as possessed, but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Factors like heredity, social environment, life events, and physical health can all impact mental health. Community programs aim to prevent issues through education, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Mental health problem, epidemiology, prevention and controlPreetika Maurya
Mental health refers to a harmonious functioning of the mind and a well-adjusted personality. It is influenced by a person's relationships with their community, society, and social institutions. Common mental disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and others. The causes of mental illness are varied and can include organic factors, heredity, and social/environmental stresses. Prevention involves primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Signs of good mental health include feeling comfortable with oneself, relating well to others, and meeting life's demands, while warning signs of poor mental health include excessive worrying or anger.
Understanding mental health and mental illnessAdrienne Woods
The document discusses mental health and mental illness. It defines mental health as maintaining successful mental activity through daily activities, relationships, and coping with stress. Mental illness occurs when the brain is not functioning properly, disrupting thinking, perception, emotion, behavior, or physical functioning. The causes of mental illness are complex and involve genetics, environment, and brain chemistry. While the causes are complicated, mental illness is a real medical condition that can be treated. The document encourages seeking help from others if experiencing symptoms of mental illness like mood changes, reckless behavior, or substance abuse.
The document discusses mental health promotion and public mental health. It defines key concepts like health, mental health, mental illness, health promotion, and public mental health. It outlines the background and history of mental health promotion. Interventions for promotion include universal, selective, and indicated approaches. Challenges include low literacy, coordination, and engaging psychiatrists in promotion work beyond treatment.
The document discusses mental health and personal wellbeing. It defines mental health as maintaining daily activities, relationships, and ability to cope with stress. Personal wellbeing involves feeling healthy and comfortable through healthy lifestyle, identity, and relationships. The document notes that around 150 million Indians need mental health care but there is a large treatment gap due to stigma, lack of services, and professionals. It outlines the history of mental health initiatives and legislation in India, including the recent Mental Healthcare Act of 2017. The document emphasizes the importance of self-care activities like relaxing, exercise, healthy eating, sleep, and social connections for improving mental health and wellbeing.
1) Mental illness is a widespread problem affecting approximately 10% of the population globally. It includes a wide spectrum of disorders from minor neuroses to major psychoses like schizophrenia.
2) Mental illness has multifactorial causes including genetic, organic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Early diagnosis and treatment as well as rehabilitation services are important for management.
3) Substance abuse disorders like alcohol and drug dependence present a major public health challenge. Prevention through education, legislation, and community programs as well as treatment involving detoxification and rehabilitation are essential strategies to address this problem.
This document discusses mental health and the burden of mental health problems in India. It notes that nearly 150 million Indians suffer from mental health issues, with neurosis and stress disorders affecting twice as many women as men. Less than 2% have severe illnesses like psychosis or bipolar disorder. The document outlines the classification of mental disorders, causes, symptoms, and levels of prevention. It describes India's mental health care system including community-based services, the National Mental Health Program, and the District Mental Health Program.
Definition of mental health
Concept of normalcy, normal mind characteristics of abnormality
Overview of mental health globally
Prevalence of mental health in developing countries
Prevailing misconception about occurrence and treatment of mental illness
Description of measurable indicators of positive well being, good psychological adjustment
Personality development including behavioral, psychodynamic, cognitive, moral and other schools of personality.
Mental health refers to maintaining successful mental functioning including daily activities and relationships. Mental illness occurs when the brain is not working properly, disrupting thinking, emotions, behavior, or physical functioning. Major causes of mental illness include genetics, environment, and brain disorders. While mental illness can significantly impact individuals and families, many people with mental illness live productive lives with treatment. Prevention strategies include creating supportive environments, community education, early detection, and ongoing care for those diagnosed.
The document discusses mental health advocacy and the role of the IWK's Mental Health Advocate, Andy Cox. It provides examples of issues patients, youth, and families face in accessing mental healthcare. These include long wait times, lack of support upon returning from hospitalization, and not feeling heard by clinicians. It then outlines different types of advocacy, such as legal, social, and crisis advocacy. Finally, it lists some IWK mental health programs and notes the Mental Health Commission of Canada as a partner in advocacy efforts.
This program is part of a comprehensive School Mental Health and High School Curriculum Guide.
Find out more about the guide by visiting:
teenmentalhealth.org
This document discusses how culture influences mental health in three main ways:
1) How clients/service users experience and describe symptoms is shaped by culture through culture-bound syndromes, meanings ascribed to illness, family factors, coping styles, treatment-seeking behaviors, and stigma.
2) Professionals are influenced by their training, communication styles, lack of resources, and potential for bias and stereotyping.
3) Mental health services themselves are structured by each society through how they organize, deliver, and pay for services, and this can perpetuate structural racism, discrimination, poverty, and marginalization.
The document provides an overview of research methods used in abnormal psychology. It discusses various methods like naturalistic observation, experimental and correlation methods, epidemiological and survey research, and kinship studies including twin and adoptee studies. The goal of research is to describe, explain, predict and control abnormal behavior through ethical application of the scientific method.
Mental Health Policy - The History of Mental Health Policy in the United StatesDr. James Swartz
These slides are from a lecture that covers the history of mental health policy in the United States over the 20th and into the 21st century. The community mental health movement, begun in the 1960s under the Kennedy administration, is especially highlighted.
Demography and epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderlyRavi Soni
This document discusses the demography and epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in elderly populations. It begins with an introduction to geriatric psychiatry and outlines some key statistics on aging populations globally and in India. Specifically:
- The proportion of those aged 60 and older is projected to increase dramatically in India, from 8% currently to over 20% by 2050.
- Psychiatric morbidity is high in elderly populations, with estimates ranging from 17-43% suffering from mental health problems in various Indian studies.
- Common disorders discussed include dementia, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and others. Dementia prevalence is estimated to be around 3.5 million people currently in India, and this number is expected to rise dramatically with
Mental Health Improvement Master Presentationcdosullivan
The document discusses various perspectives on defining and understanding mental health and well-being. It covers how mental health relates to both the individual and community levels. It also examines how inequality, stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion can influence mental health and discusses bringing a holistic understanding of mental health to the local level.
The document discusses psychiatric emergencies, which are conditions that present with altered behaviors, emotions, or thoughts that require immediate attention and care. Common psychiatric emergencies include suicidal threats, violent or aggressive behavior, panic attacks, catatonic stupor, and hysterical attacks. Organic emergencies include delirium, epileptic furor, acute drug-induced side effects, and drug toxicity. The goals of emergency intervention are to safeguard the patient's life, reduce family anxiety, and enhance others' emotional security. Proper management depends on the specific emergency and may involve sedation, reassurance, monitoring vital signs, treating underlying causes, and preventing injury.
Development of Perceptions of Mental Health in Societymeducationdotnet
This document provides an overview of the history of perceptions of mental health from ancient times to the present. It discusses views in ancient Egypt, Greece, the Middle Ages, the Enlightenment, and modern times. Key points include ancient Egypt viewing mental health through religion, Greece recognizing the brain's role, the Middle Ages often attributing mental illness to demonic possession, the Enlightenment emphasizing humane treatment, and the current biopsychosocial model. The document also examines how perspectives have changed due to scientific revolutions, the role of stigma and media, and efforts to reduce stigma through education.
This document discusses mental health and illness. It defines mental health and lists some of its effects. Mental illness is caused by abnormal brain functioning and can cause thinking, emotional, and sleep problems. Common mental disorders mentioned include depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders. The document also summarizes a study conducted on mental health status of university students in India which found high rates of mood changes, anger, and substance abuse among hostel residents. It concludes by emphasizing that those with mental illness should have their rights and contributions to society respected.
The document discusses mental health and illness, including definitions, causes, symptoms, stigma and discrimination, and the Indian Mental Health Act of 1987. Some key points covered include:
- Mental health is defined as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress and function productively. Mental illness refers to conditions that affect cognition, emotion, or behavior.
- Mental illnesses have biological, psychological, and social causes, and are not due to personal weakness. They can cause suffering, disability, and increased mortality.
- The Indian Mental Health Act of 1987 aimed to safeguard rights of the mentally ill and regulate institutions, but was criticized for not fully reflecting medical considerations or removing criminal stigma.
This document discusses mental health and mental illness. It provides statistics on the global burden of mental disorders, including that 450 million people worldwide have a mental disorder at any time, and over 800,000 die by suicide each year. The text defines mental health and mental illness, and notes that mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. It emphasizes that mental health is closely tied to physical health, and discusses the impact of mental illness on individuals and communities.
Mental health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The WHO emphasizes the positive dimension of mental health. Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and about half of all mental disorders begin before age 14. Mental health involves realizing one's own potential and being able to cope with stress and contribute productively to the community. Historically, the mentally ill were seen as possessed, but psychiatry has advanced scientifically. Factors like heredity, social environment, life events, and physical health can all impact mental health. Community programs aim to prevent issues through education, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Mental health problem, epidemiology, prevention and controlPreetika Maurya
Mental health refers to a harmonious functioning of the mind and a well-adjusted personality. It is influenced by a person's relationships with their community, society, and social institutions. Common mental disorders include depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and others. The causes of mental illness are varied and can include organic factors, heredity, and social/environmental stresses. Prevention involves primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Signs of good mental health include feeling comfortable with oneself, relating well to others, and meeting life's demands, while warning signs of poor mental health include excessive worrying or anger.
Understanding mental health and mental illnessAdrienne Woods
The document discusses mental health and mental illness. It defines mental health as maintaining successful mental activity through daily activities, relationships, and coping with stress. Mental illness occurs when the brain is not functioning properly, disrupting thinking, perception, emotion, behavior, or physical functioning. The causes of mental illness are complex and involve genetics, environment, and brain chemistry. While the causes are complicated, mental illness is a real medical condition that can be treated. The document encourages seeking help from others if experiencing symptoms of mental illness like mood changes, reckless behavior, or substance abuse.
The document discusses mental health promotion and public mental health. It defines key concepts like health, mental health, mental illness, health promotion, and public mental health. It outlines the background and history of mental health promotion. Interventions for promotion include universal, selective, and indicated approaches. Challenges include low literacy, coordination, and engaging psychiatrists in promotion work beyond treatment.
The document discusses mental health and personal wellbeing. It defines mental health as maintaining daily activities, relationships, and ability to cope with stress. Personal wellbeing involves feeling healthy and comfortable through healthy lifestyle, identity, and relationships. The document notes that around 150 million Indians need mental health care but there is a large treatment gap due to stigma, lack of services, and professionals. It outlines the history of mental health initiatives and legislation in India, including the recent Mental Healthcare Act of 2017. The document emphasizes the importance of self-care activities like relaxing, exercise, healthy eating, sleep, and social connections for improving mental health and wellbeing.
1) Mental illness is a widespread problem affecting approximately 10% of the population globally. It includes a wide spectrum of disorders from minor neuroses to major psychoses like schizophrenia.
2) Mental illness has multifactorial causes including genetic, organic, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Early diagnosis and treatment as well as rehabilitation services are important for management.
3) Substance abuse disorders like alcohol and drug dependence present a major public health challenge. Prevention through education, legislation, and community programs as well as treatment involving detoxification and rehabilitation are essential strategies to address this problem.
This document discusses mental health and the burden of mental health problems in India. It notes that nearly 150 million Indians suffer from mental health issues, with neurosis and stress disorders affecting twice as many women as men. Less than 2% have severe illnesses like psychosis or bipolar disorder. The document outlines the classification of mental disorders, causes, symptoms, and levels of prevention. It describes India's mental health care system including community-based services, the National Mental Health Program, and the District Mental Health Program.
Definition of mental health
Concept of normalcy, normal mind characteristics of abnormality
Overview of mental health globally
Prevalence of mental health in developing countries
Prevailing misconception about occurrence and treatment of mental illness
Description of measurable indicators of positive well being, good psychological adjustment
Personality development including behavioral, psychodynamic, cognitive, moral and other schools of personality.
Mental health refers to maintaining successful mental functioning including daily activities and relationships. Mental illness occurs when the brain is not working properly, disrupting thinking, emotions, behavior, or physical functioning. Major causes of mental illness include genetics, environment, and brain disorders. While mental illness can significantly impact individuals and families, many people with mental illness live productive lives with treatment. Prevention strategies include creating supportive environments, community education, early detection, and ongoing care for those diagnosed.
The document discusses mental health advocacy and the role of the IWK's Mental Health Advocate, Andy Cox. It provides examples of issues patients, youth, and families face in accessing mental healthcare. These include long wait times, lack of support upon returning from hospitalization, and not feeling heard by clinicians. It then outlines different types of advocacy, such as legal, social, and crisis advocacy. Finally, it lists some IWK mental health programs and notes the Mental Health Commission of Canada as a partner in advocacy efforts.
This program is part of a comprehensive School Mental Health and High School Curriculum Guide.
Find out more about the guide by visiting:
teenmentalhealth.org
This document discusses how culture influences mental health in three main ways:
1) How clients/service users experience and describe symptoms is shaped by culture through culture-bound syndromes, meanings ascribed to illness, family factors, coping styles, treatment-seeking behaviors, and stigma.
2) Professionals are influenced by their training, communication styles, lack of resources, and potential for bias and stereotyping.
3) Mental health services themselves are structured by each society through how they organize, deliver, and pay for services, and this can perpetuate structural racism, discrimination, poverty, and marginalization.
The document provides an overview of research methods used in abnormal psychology. It discusses various methods like naturalistic observation, experimental and correlation methods, epidemiological and survey research, and kinship studies including twin and adoptee studies. The goal of research is to describe, explain, predict and control abnormal behavior through ethical application of the scientific method.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in defining and classifying abnormal behavior from a psychopathology perspective. It discusses debates around what constitutes normal versus abnormal behavior and outlines some of the challenges in categorization. Elements used to define abnormality are described, including behaviors that are deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, dangerous, unpredictable or violate social norms. Cultural aspects and the influence of attitudes and stigma are also touched on. A brief history of understanding and treating abnormal behavior is given from ancient to modern times.
This document discusses several definitions of abnormality and their strengths and limitations. It examines defining abnormality as a deviation from social norms, but notes that social norms vary by culture and time period. Failure to function adequately is also discussed, but judging functioning is subjective. Lastly, it covers defining abnormality as a deviation from ideal mental health as proposed by Jahoda, but notes that her criteria are difficult to achieve and culturally biased. In summarizing psychiatric perspectives, the document outlines two major classification systems, the ICD and DSM, but notes disagreement between psychiatrists and issues with labeling.
Has extensive training in psychoanalytic theory and
techniques; provides intensive long-term therapy focusing on
unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences
Types of Therapists
38 of 53
Psychotherapy: Treatment of mental disorders through
verbal communication between a trained therapist and a
client
Goal: Help clients gain insight into problems and change
maladaptive behaviors, emotions, and thought patterns
Types of Psychotherapy
39 of 53
Psychoanalysis: Developed by Sigmund Freud; focuses on
unconscious conflicts, early childhood experiences, and
dreams
Long-term, intensive therapy involving free association and
interpretation of transference
Not widely used today due to its length and expense
Psy
This document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal behavior and how it has been defined and treated throughout history. It explores statistical, social, and functional definitions of abnormality. Historically, abnormality was viewed through supernatural lenses and treated with exorcisms or torture. Later, Hippocrates and Galen proposed biological causes, like humoral imbalances. In the 19th century, psychiatry emerged treating mental illness as physical conditions, focusing on hospitalization. Treatments have included shock therapies, brain surgery, and modern psychotropic drugs.
This document provides an overview of the history and foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. It discusses definitions of mental health and mental illness from organizations like the WHO and APA. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) is introduced as the taxonomy used by mental health professionals for diagnosis. The development of institutions and community mental health in response to developments like psychopharmacology is summarized. Current issues like the high prevalence of mental illness and limitations of treatment access are also outlined.
The document discusses perceptions of mental illness across different cultures. It notes that mental illness is viewed more negatively in some Asian cultures where it is seen as a sign of weakness. Expressing mental health symptoms is also viewed differently, with more acceptance of physical symptoms over mental ones. The document outlines some of the challenges faced by those with mental illness, such as social stigma, lack of access to care, and financial impacts. It concludes by suggesting ways to combat negative perceptions through education, advocacy, and promoting understanding of mental health issues.
Worth-it Projects Wellbeing Event PresentationElla Cooper
Presentations from Guest Speakers Dr Christian van Nieuwerburgh and Dr Mike McHugh. Including material from Worth-it Projects Managing Director Liz Robson and Director Maddy Stretton about the Worth-it projects and how the work they do with young people is invaluable, impactful and lasting. They share the integrated approach they have developed to support and improve the mental wellbeing of young people.
The document provides an overview of an advanced mental health training course. The course covers topics such as identifying mental health problems, developing positive mental health, psychosocial intervention, case studies, and practice skills. It includes sessions on stress and psychosis, the ladder of functioning, statistics on prevalence of mental health issues, and decreasing stress tolerance for those with psychosis.
This document outlines goals for transforming the mental health system in the United States. It discusses the large burden of mental illness through lost productivity, high economic costs, and prevalence of disorders. The document proposes 6 goals: 1) increasing understanding of mental health, 2) making the system consumer-driven, 3) eliminating disparities, 4) promoting early screening and treatment, 5) delivering evidence-based care, and 6) using technology to improve access and information. The transformation aims to make mental health services equally accessible and effective as physical health care.
This document provides an overview of mental health and psychiatry. It discusses what constitutes a mental disorder and how psychiatry has evolved from biological to psychological to social models. It also covers the history of psychiatry, classification systems for mental disorders, assessment approaches, the roles of various professionals in mental health teams, and the importance of doctor-patient relationships and confidentiality in mental healthcare.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Health Psychology.pdfAyesha Yaqoob
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in health psychology. It discusses the goals of studying health from multiple perspectives and integrating different approaches. Key terms are defined, including health psychology, health, disease, and illness. The document outlines the historical development of health psychology as a field and how it began to integrate biological, behavioral, and social factors influencing health. Major causes of death are discussed, noting the increasing role of lifestyle behaviors. Theories of attribution, health locus of control, and unrealistic optimism related to health beliefs and behaviors are also introduced. Culture is discussed as an important macro-level influence on concepts of health and disease.
The document discusses various topics related to mental health including:
- 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental disorders at any given time. Depression will become the second leading cause of disease burden globally within 15 years.
- Mental disorders are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors. Poverty, unemployment, conflicts and disasters can increase the risk of mental illness.
- Most middle and low-income countries devote less than 1% of their health budgets to mental health. As a result, policies, services and treatments for mental illness are lacking.
- Conditions like depression, alcohol use disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Early and effective treatment of mental disorders is
Why do some individuals develop addictive disorders while others don’t? The relationship between trauma and addiction can provide valuable insight. The adverse childhood experiences (ACES) study helped define and shape our understanding of this complex issue and research demonstrates that higher ACE scores are linked with higher rates of future substance use. It is critical that the health care workforce understand the impact of trauma on addiction and how this relationship impacts treatment and recovery. Explore what it means to be trauma-informed and how providers can integrate trauma-informed care into recovery services and other work with individuals who experience addictive disorders.
This document discusses discrimination faced by those with mental illness. It begins by defining mental illness and noting that approximately 1 in 5 adults experience a mental health condition. Historically, mental illness was viewed as religious punishment or demonic possession. Today, those with mental illness often face stigma, lack of employment and healthcare opportunities, homelessness, incarceration rather than treatment, and higher suicide risks. The document argues for increasing education and awareness, reducing stigma, and promoting access to psychiatric care and crisis intervention services to improve outcomes for those with mental health conditions.
This document provides an overview of psychiatric mental health nursing. It discusses the roles of various members of the interdisciplinary treatment team, including psychiatrists, nurses, psychologists, social workers and more. It also covers topics like the history of mental illness, cultural issues, rights of patients, and psychosocial rehabilitation approaches.
The document provides an overview of the history of mental health nursing and psychiatric care. It discusses how views of mental illness have changed over time from seeing it as demonic possession to the current biopsychosocial understanding. It outlines factors that influence mental health and illness, including individual, interpersonal, and social factors. The principles of psychiatric nursing are described, such as acceptance, understanding, respect, reassurance, and avoiding unnecessary anxiety. The development of the field of psychiatric nursing is also summarized, from the first trained nurses in the 1800s to the establishment of standards of care.
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. Policy Issues:
Mental Health & Addictions
HLTH 405 / Canadian Health Policy
Winter 2012
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies
Course Instructor:
Alex Mayer, MPA
2. Announcement
• HLTH DSC Bake Sale
o Wednesday, 11AM to 4PM
o In the ARC
Video: Bake Sale Advertisement
3. Announcement
• Briefing Note
o Last week to see me
(office hours: 12pm – 5pm tomorrow, KHS 301A)
o 2 weeks left before due date
• Do you have a topic?
• Have you completed some preliminary research?
4. • Briefing Note Ideas
o How could outcome-based physician incentives be used to
promote chronic disease prevention? (Learning from the
UK experience)
o Incentivizing workplace wellness programs in Ontario
o Banning fast food advertisements targeting children: how
effective is it? (Learning from Quebec)
o Promoting physician-dietitian partnerships in every FHT:
what are the challenges?
o Assessing the merits of health impact assessments in urban
planning: an international survey of current evidence
o Strengthening health promotion partnerships with First
Nations Reserves
o Making Canada’s Food Guidelines reflect the best scientific
evidence: the political and organizational challenges
5. • Briefing Note Ideas
o Promoting healthier food choices among youth
o Reducing prevalence of binge drinking among youth
o Social and health strategies to address the health
challenges of house-insecure populations in a cost-
effective manner
o Primary care strategies to effectively keep low acuity
patients from seeking emergency room care
o Provincial bulk purchasing of pharmaceutical drugs:
Benefits and challenges of instituting a pan-Canadian
purchasing agency
o Programs and regulations to prevent cellphone-
related car accidents
6. • Briefing Note Ideas
o Teaching healthy cooking and grocery shopping
skills: Exploring a new health care role to increase
clinical adherence with lifestyle-based treatment
protocols in high-risk patients
o Exploring a new partnership model with personal
trainers and/or kinesiologists in primary care
o Implementing harm reduction strategies in Ontario
for people with high-risk addictions
o Preventing the spread of communicable diseases in
Canada’s penitentiary system
o Reducing mental health stigma and promoting
careseeking behavior among high school youth
7. In the News
• ‚Canadians to speak out on mental health‛
- Global News (Feb 8th, 2012)
• ‚Unstable Tactics: Recent deaths throw into question
how police confront mental health‛
- National Post (Feb 11th, 2012)
• “In an aging society, dementia may be the new
impaired driving”
- Toronto Star (Feb 11th, 2012)
9. Topics for today’s lecture:
Policy Issue #2: Mental Health & Addictions
• Mental health trends
• Social stigma
• Trauma and Self-medication
• Principles of a recovery approach to mental
health
• Principles of harm reduction
10. Defining a Healthy Mental
Life
• More than merely the absence of physiological
impairments/imbalances (CMHA):
o Striking a fulfilling balance between
social, physical, spiritual, economic and mental activities
o Building a healthy self-concept and sense of self-worth
o Ability to freely give and receive emotional affirmation
o Access to nurturing relationships (e.g. family, friends)
o Managing stress and coping with change effectively
o Feeling a sense of belonging and connectedness to one’s
community
12. Approaches to Mental Health
Different approaches to delivering Mental Health Care
in Canada have evolved over time:
• Reflect shifts in social values and cultural mores
• Reflect shifts in social perceptions of illness (i.e.
myths, prejudices)
• Reflect paradigm shifts in the dominant
view/definitions of mental illness
Let’s travel back in time…
13. Ancient Greece
Individuals with severe mental illnesses thought to be
vessels for angry gods (Prince, 2003).
o Sufferers were abused, humiliated, treated with
contempt
o Early precursor of Western values towards mental
illness (i.e. stigma)
14. Middle Ages (5th to 16th century)
Many European cultures identified mental illness with
supernatural affliction (e.g. demonic
possession, witchcraft).
o Sufferers were often tortured, burnt at the
stake, hanged or decapitated to release demonic
presence (Stein and Santos, 1998)
15. ‘Age of Enlightenment’ (17th to 18th century)
In Europe, dominant view of mental illness as a physical
impairment that results from a ‘excess of passion’.
o Sufferers were poorly treated and often left to linger
in bad living conditions. In some cases, they were
confined to cages or chained to walls.
o Seen as ‚self-inflicted‛ and ‚incurable‛ condition.
16. Late 18th century: ‚Moral Treatment‛
French physician named Dr. Philippe Pinel pioneers the belief
that people who behave ‘strangely’ have a medical illness and
should be cared for; Advent of psychiatry.
o Consequently, the ‘deranged’ are seen as less blameful
than sinners or criminals – they are merely ‘sick’.
o ‘Lunatic asylums’ are replaced with psychiatric
institutions, which promote semi-normal, autonomous
lives and seek to treat patients with respect.
17. 19th and 20th century: Biomedical Model
Advances in mapping out physiological functions of the
brain lead medical scientists to explain mental illness as
resulting from damage to the physical tissues of the
brain, either from trauma, pathogens, or the sequelae of
congenital/hereditary defects.
o Leads to pessimistic view of prospect for
rehabilitation.
18. Early 20th century
Following World War I, the prevalence of ‚shell shock‛
lends credibility to the idea of psychological causes of
mental illness and the notion that everyone has a ‘breaking
point’.
o Birth of modern psychiatry and clinical psychology
19. Late 20th century: Biopsychosocial Model
In 1977, Engel introduces the BPS model of health, which stipulates
that a combination of biological, psychological and social factors
combine to produce disease and disability.
o Social norms, cultural expectations and traditions become
integral ways of understanding what ‘qualifies’ as mental illness
o Social determinants and aggravating environmental factors now
understood to play a large role in mediating mental illness
20. Approaches to Mental Health
in Canada
3 Distinct Periods (like most developed countries)
in the way we as a society have approached mental
illness.
Pre-1900s: Moral/Humanitarian Treatment
• Mental health pioneers move beyond a ‘custodial’ model
of care and seek to provide patients with the benefit of
moral treatment. Few institutions exist, but those that do
have a high staff-patient ratio and report high success
rates.
21. Approaches to Mental Health
in Canada
1900-1960s: Institutionalization
• Following success of moral treatment, institutions appear all
over the country.
• Patients spend most of their lives in psychiatric institutions.
• Paternalistic relationship between staff and their patients.
• Introduction of paid work through occupational therapy.
• Government and CMHA began to concern themselves with
reducing stigma:
o Inauguration of ‘Mental Health Week’ (1951)
o Push to eliminate terms like ‘imbecile’, ‘idiot’, ‘lunatic’
from existing statutes and the public vernacular
22. Approaches to Mental Health
in Canada
1960s-present: De-institutionalization
• By 1960s, institutions are overcrowded.
• New research exposes the long-term developmental
harms of mental institutions.
• Health advocates argue that mental health should not be
treated any differently than physical health
(episodically, in hospitals).
• Unfortunately, deinstitutionalization was not coupled
with increased investments in mental health supports.
24. Very Prevalent
• 1 in 5 Canadians will experience a severe mental
illness or drug misuse disorder during their
lifetimes. The remaining 4 will know someone
who does.
• Has overtaken cardiovascular disease as the
leading cause of disability claims in Canada.
26. Who is Affected?
• 70% of mental health issues have their onset during
childhood or adolescence.
• Young people (15 - 24yr.) are the most likely to
experience a mental health issue or substance use
disorder.
• The prevalence of age-related mental illness (e.g.
dementia) is on the rise due to demographic aging. By
age 80, 1 in 3 Ontarians will experience dementia.
27. Who is Affected?
• Low-income Canadians are 3-4X more likely than those
in high-income group to report ‘fair’ to ‘poor’ mental
health.
• Males are more likely to be high-risk drinkers (25%) than
females (9%), and to experience a substance dependence
(2.6X more likely).
• Women are 1.5X more likely to experience a mood or
anxiety disorder than men.
28.
29.
30. Underutilization of
Mental Health Services
Only a third of those who need mental health services
actually receive them.
• Individuals with Several Mental Illness:
o 40-61% receive services
• Individuals with Moderately Severe Mental Illness:
o 24-40% receive services
• Individuals with Mildly Severe Mental Illness:
o 13-27% receive services
33. Cost of Mental Illness in Canada
• Number one cause of disability in
Canada, accounting for 30% of disability claims
and 70% of total disability costs.
• $51 Billion/year in lost productivity in
Canada, including $34 Billion/year in Ontario
alone.
o On average, short-term disability leave for mental health
reasons costs employers twice as much as leaves due to
physical illness
34. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), depression will be the single biggest
medical burden on human health by 2020.
35. The Policy Challenge
• Defeat mental health stigma.
• Prevent the onset of mental illness among young, in
the workplace, and among older Canadians.
• Provide more integrated, effective and patient-
centered primary care, social and health
services, and community supports for people with a
mental illness.
36. Social Stigma
Why is social stigma a health problem rather than
merely a social problem?
37. Social Stigma
• Both a proximate and distal cause of
employment inequity, housing
insecurity, poverty, lack of access to health
services and poor support networks for people
with a mental illness.
• Main barrier to seeking care.
• Aggravating factor in mediating the frequency
and severity of a mental illness.
38. Ontario’s 10-Year Strategy
• Dispel myths and misperceptions about mental
illness.
• Employ people with lived experience as
spokespeople on behalf of people with a mental
illness.
• Work with CMHA to produce an anti-stigma
campaign targeting children, youth and health
care practitioners.
39. Ontario’s 10-Year Strategy
• Provide anti-stigma training to first responders (e.g.
health, legal, emergency teams) to improve perceptions
of the service system.
• Provide anti-stigma training for employers and
landlords to make them aware of their legal
responsibilities under the Ontario Human Rights Code
and Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act.
• Develop policies and mechanisms to better enforce
regulations on behalf of people with a mental illness.
40. Prevention of Mental Illness
through Continuous Care
• Mental health & addictions are often the result of
modifiable risk factors such as stress, anxiety, poor
response to major life events/changes, lack of social
support, lack of self-esteem, or the feeling that life is out
of one’s control.
• There are known ways of promoting coping skills in
youth and adults, and delaying the onset of degenerative
brain disease (e.g. Alzheimer’s) in older adults.
• Services exist but continue to be offered in a
disjointed, inefficient and provider-centric manner. A
patient-centered model of care is needed to promote
accessible, continuous care.
41. Ontario’s 10-Year Strategy
• Healthy development approach: Work with parents and
their children to promote healthy coping skills, through
school-based and community-based programs.
• Cross-sector training (schools, primary care, social
services, first responders, etc.) for early identification
and support of people with a mental illness.
• Target programs to reach high-risk groups:
o Children, college and university students, elderly, First
Nations, unemployed and low-income groups, victims of
domestic violence, newcomers, LGBT
42. Ontario’s 10-Year Strategy
• Be aware of and promote mental health in all aspects of the
delivery of government services.
• Work with communities and private sector (e.g. Bell’s ‘Let’s
Talk’ Campaign) to deliver education/awareness programs
about mental health.
• Provide wellness and mental health supports for seniors in
community settings (e.g. recreational programing and seniors’
centres).
• Bolster the role of primary care providers by targeting
incentives, developing screening and brief intervention
tools, and ensuring that FHTs coordinate with mental health
and addictions treatment providers.
43. Given the recessionary economic
climate,
Should Ontario be investing
more money in mental health
services?
Or should we try to get more
value for what we already spend?
45. Medication, and
Addictions
• 3 out of 10 people with a mental illness will be
dependent on alcohol or illicit drugs.
• Substance use disorders develop when people with a
mental illness, and underlying self-regulatory
vulnerabilities, discover that the specific action or effect
of a drug changes or relieves a painful affect state.
• Given prevalence of stigma around mental illness, the
prevalence of substance use suggests a desire to treat
painful symptoms while avoiding diagnosis.
46. Medication, and
Addictions
• Dube et al. (2003) measured the effect of adverse
childhood events (ACEs) on the subsequent
development of illicit drug use and drug addiction.
o ACEs included abuse (sexual, physical, emotional), neglect
(physical or emotional), growing up with household substance
abuse, criminality of household members, and parental discord.
• A child with exposure to 5 ACEs was ~11 times more
likely than a child with no exposure to report illicit drug
use.
47. Recovery Approach to
Mental Health Care
• Considering the whole person, including her lived
experience, to generate an individualized wellness plan
that draws from a variety of community resources.
• Emphasis on positive self-concepts, the patient’s
autonomy, and turning attention towards her strengths
and life goals (rather than her illness).
• Provide evidence-based pharmacotherapy, as needed.
48. Harm Reduction Approach
• In some cases, however, the history of trauma and the
seriousness of substance use disorder may be such that
there is a very low prospect that someone will overcome
an addiction.
• Fortunately, most harms associated with drug use are a
result of bad policy. Undo the bad policies, and we undo
most of the harm.
50. Black market caffeine
• Caffeine has just been banned in Canada, following
xenophobic political discourse linking coffee
consumption to the arrival of new immigrant
groups, who are avid coffee drinkers.
• Accompanied by sensationalist (i.e. unproven)
government claims about the health effects of caffeine on
the human body -- tremors, psychosis, criminal
behavior, immoral thoughts.
• Workers (e.g. transport drivers, doctors, university
professors) who rely on caffeine for work are forced to
buy unregulated products from the black market.
51. Black market caffeine
• Coffee in beverage form is too conspicuous, so dealers
trade in caffeine pills and caffeine injections.
• Due to the growing price of coffee beans, caffeine
products are often cut with chemical fillers and other
substances.
• Many workers are caught consuming caffeine, stripped
of their licenses, and burdened with a criminal record
that all but eliminates their job prospects. Due to the
stigma of addictions from employers, most become
welfare recipients.
52. Black market caffeine
• Traumatized by their dramatic socioeconomic decline
and social isolation, many former caffeine users become
depressed and turn to more powerful drugs for
emotional relief.
• The prejudice of some social service providers towards
‘addicts’ causes some individuals to lose their benefits.
Without the needed resources to pursue legal avenues,
some caffeine users listlessly accept their fate – to be
homeless and sick.
53. Principles of
Harm Reduction
• Compassionate approach to understanding and working
with people who use illicit drugs.
• A therapeutic relationship based on respect, acceptance
and community inclusion of society’s most abused and
marginalized individuals.
• Does not seek to impose naive treatment options (e.g.
detox) for ideological (e.g. ‘moral’) reasons.
• Rather, it focuses on safer drug use practices, celebrating
small victories, and empowering clients to prevent
harms to which they are routinely exposed.
54. Examples of
Harm Reduction
• Needle exchange programs.
• Supervised injection facilities.
• Distribution of safer crack smoking kits.
• Distribution of free or subsidized condoms in high
schools and universities.
Other examples?
56. Vancouver’s Supervised
Injection Site (‘InSite’)
• First opened in 2003.
• Response to dual epidemic of overdose-related deaths
and HIV infections in the Vancouver Downtown East
Side.
• Distributes safe injection kits, supervises
injections, provides medical interventions as
needed, offers primary care and access to counseling and
detox programs (on a strictly voluntary basis).
• Receives about $2M in annual funding from Health
Canada and B.C. Ministry of Health.
57. Vancouver’s Supervised
Injection Site (‘InSite’)
Very effective
• In 2009 alone, 484 overdoses were reported at Insite. Not
one resulted in a fatality, thanks to medical supervision.
• Overdose-related deaths in the Insite area have dropped
by 35% since the opening of the site.
• Prevents 35 cases of HIV and 3 AIDS-related deaths per
year, for a net-social benefit of over $6M per annum.
• Has resulted in increased referrals to detox programs.
58. Vancouver’s Supervised
Injection Site (‘InSite’)
Challenges
• Though a majority of public opinion is now in favor of harm
reduction sites such as Insite, some ‘law and order’ attitudes
still hold back the public health gains that could be gleaned
from wider adoption.
• The RCMP, a critical stakeholder, has been lukewarm to the
harm reduction approach.
• Legal challenges from the Harper Government have thrown
the future of Insite into question. However, the 2011 Supreme
Court Decision that closing the site is unconstitutional was a
sound victory for harm reduction advocates.
59. ‚Nothing worth doing is completed in
our lifetime;
Therefore we must be saved by hope.‛
- Reinhold Niebuhr