WEEK 5 LECTURE NOTES
Analysis of Financial Statements & Other Reporting Issues
This week we will conclude with the following specific financial reporting topics:
· Inflation - accounting for changing prices.
· Business combinations and consolidated financials.
· Segment reporting.
Historical cost accounting in a period of inflation understates asset values (and related expenses) and overstates income. It ignores the gains and losses in purchasing power caused by inflation that arise from holding monetary assets and liabilities.
Methods of accounting for inflation are
· general purchasing power (GPP) accounting, and
· current cost (CC) accounting.
General Purchasing Power Accounting
· Nonmonetary assets and stockholders’ equity accounts are restated for changes in the general price level.
· Cost of goods sold and depreciation/amortization are based on restated asset values and the net purchasing power gain/loss on the net monetary liability/asset position is included in income.
· Income is the amount that can be paid as a dividend while maintaining the purchasing power of capital.
Current Cost Accounting
· Nonmonetary assets are revalued to current cost.
· Cost of goods sold and depreciation/amortization are based on revalued amounts.
· Income is the amount that can be paid as a dividend while maintaining physical capital.
IAS 29
Deloitte: IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies applies where an entity's functional currency is that of a hyperinflationary economy. The standard does not prescribe when hyperinflation arises but requires the financial statements (and corresponding figures for previous periods) of an entity with a functional currency that is hyperinflationary to be restated for the changes in the general pricing power of the functional currency.
IAS 29 was issued in July 1989 and is operative for periods beginning on or after 1 January 1990.
IAS 21
Deloitte: IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates outlines how to account for foreign currency transactions and operations in financial statements, and also how to translate financial statements into a presentation currency. An entity is required to determine a functional currency (for each of its operations if necessary) based on the primary economic environment in which it operates and generally records foreign currency transactions using the spot conversion rate to that functional currency on the date of the transaction.
IAS 21 was reissued in December 2003 and applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.
IAS 29 requires the use of GPP accounting by firms that report in the currency of a hyperinflationary economy.
IAS 21 requires the financial statements of a foreign operation located in a hyperinflationary economy to first be adjusted for inflation in accordance with IAS 29 before translation into the parent company’s reporting currency.
IFRS 3
Deloitte: IFRS 3 Business Combinations outlines the acco.
Annual update deliver by Paul Rhodes to the IFRS staff group at Crowe Soberman LLP.
Topics covered were estimation and judgment calls for functional currency; strategic investments; business combinations; impairments and going concern
Financial statements of a Company are the introductory and formal periodic reports through which the commercial operation communicates fiscal information to its possessors and colourful other external parties which include investors, duty authorities, government, workers, etc. These typically relate to (a) the balance distance ( position statement) at the end of the counting period, and (b) the statement of profit and loss of a. company. Nowadays, the cash inflow statement is also taken as an integral element of the financial statements of a company.
Annual update deliver by Paul Rhodes to the IFRS staff group at Crowe Soberman LLP.
Topics covered were estimation and judgment calls for functional currency; strategic investments; business combinations; impairments and going concern
Financial statements of a Company are the introductory and formal periodic reports through which the commercial operation communicates fiscal information to its possessors and colourful other external parties which include investors, duty authorities, government, workers, etc. These typically relate to (a) the balance distance ( position statement) at the end of the counting period, and (b) the statement of profit and loss of a. company. Nowadays, the cash inflow statement is also taken as an integral element of the financial statements of a company.
at least 2 references in each peer responses! I noticed .docxcockekeshia
at least 2 references in each peer responses!
I noticed that there are many proposed policies on the agenda that are related to healthcare. Some of them are specific to the nursing practice. This creates the opportunity for the nurse to advocate for policies that impact nursing and healthcare directly by providing first-hand accounts and professional opinions supported by research. Nurses have insight on issues, such as patient safety and satisfaction, health disparities, access to care, and promoting positive outcomes (Abood, 2016).
The problem is that some nurses are unable to navigate through the politics of regulation and policy (Abood, 2016). This can create a challenge and become discouraging for nurses looking to make an impact or promote an agenda (Abood, 2016). Nurses can overcome this difficulty by participating in internships and workshops that provide the opportunity for a nurse to learn about the legislative process and the current issues being discussed (Abood, 2016). Understanding the political process is an essential method for effectively advocate for an issue. Nurses have to learn to play the game to promote change or obtain the scarcely rationed funding available.
According to Milstead and Short (2019), key opportunities to advocate for policy lies in knowledge and perception. Being knowledgeable on an issue can increase your influence as an advocate. Perception is a significant key in politics. Being perceived as a valuable collaborator or obtaining the support of a mentor that is respected can help push your agenda (Milstead & Short, 2019). Networking plays a significant role in politics. being introduced respected mentor or partner can help a nurse gain influence with rallying for support of a proposed agenda (Milstead & Short, 2019).
Probably the most significant opportunity for a nurse to advocate for a policy comes with becoming a member of a nursing association. Nurses associations like the American Nurses Association (ANA) are set up with the mission of influencing policy and advocating for the nurses and patients (ANA, 2019). The strength lies in numbers with the nursing association. Many of these organizations have built relationships with politicians and political parties to gain influence to support their agendas. For example, the ANA tends to favor and support democratic candidates (Milstead & Short, 2019). Nurses associations have enough members to get the attention of lawmakers. However, the nurse still has to task of advocating within the association to gain support from its members.
.
At least 2 pages longMarilyn Lysohir, an internationally celebra.docxcockekeshia
At least 2 pages long
Marilyn Lysohir, an internationally celebrated ceramic artist, started Cowgirl Chocolates to provide some funding support for a yearly published arts magazine, High Ground, that she and her husband, Ross Coates, started in 1995. Her love of chocolates and hot and spicy foods spurred the idea of making hot and spicy chocolates to be sold in creative, artistic tins and packaging, which she labeled Cowgirl Chocolates. Her small business, begun in 1997, had won a number of awards in fiery food competitions. While Cowgirl Chocolates had grown steadily over its four years in business, it still had only generated $30,000 in sales revenue in 2000, which was not enough to cover expenses. Marilyn had drained much of her personal savings to keep Cowgirl Chocolates in business. Her cash accounting methods and record keeping were not very sophisticated although she seemed to have a good sense of her costs in production and raw materials and the packaging. However, Marilyn had taken a shotgun approach to most of her marketing efforts and had tried a number of activities to increase product demand. She allowed herself to make one risky financial move each year in her pursuit of profitability and increased sales. She had just made her one risky move for year 2001: She had taken out a full-page ad in Chile Pepper magazine for $3,000.
Questions
1. The suggested retail price and wholesale prices of Cowgirl Chocolates products are displayed in Exhibit 2 (p. 491) along with the product and packaging costs. Based on this information, discuss the relative merits of using a cost-based, demand-based, and competition-based pricing method. (50 points)
2. What are four (4) options that Cowgirl Chocolates may consider as far as pricing? What would you recommend? (50 points)
.
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at least 2 references in each peer responses! I noticed .docxcockekeshia
at least 2 references in each peer responses!
I noticed that there are many proposed policies on the agenda that are related to healthcare. Some of them are specific to the nursing practice. This creates the opportunity for the nurse to advocate for policies that impact nursing and healthcare directly by providing first-hand accounts and professional opinions supported by research. Nurses have insight on issues, such as patient safety and satisfaction, health disparities, access to care, and promoting positive outcomes (Abood, 2016).
The problem is that some nurses are unable to navigate through the politics of regulation and policy (Abood, 2016). This can create a challenge and become discouraging for nurses looking to make an impact or promote an agenda (Abood, 2016). Nurses can overcome this difficulty by participating in internships and workshops that provide the opportunity for a nurse to learn about the legislative process and the current issues being discussed (Abood, 2016). Understanding the political process is an essential method for effectively advocate for an issue. Nurses have to learn to play the game to promote change or obtain the scarcely rationed funding available.
According to Milstead and Short (2019), key opportunities to advocate for policy lies in knowledge and perception. Being knowledgeable on an issue can increase your influence as an advocate. Perception is a significant key in politics. Being perceived as a valuable collaborator or obtaining the support of a mentor that is respected can help push your agenda (Milstead & Short, 2019). Networking plays a significant role in politics. being introduced respected mentor or partner can help a nurse gain influence with rallying for support of a proposed agenda (Milstead & Short, 2019).
Probably the most significant opportunity for a nurse to advocate for a policy comes with becoming a member of a nursing association. Nurses associations like the American Nurses Association (ANA) are set up with the mission of influencing policy and advocating for the nurses and patients (ANA, 2019). The strength lies in numbers with the nursing association. Many of these organizations have built relationships with politicians and political parties to gain influence to support their agendas. For example, the ANA tends to favor and support democratic candidates (Milstead & Short, 2019). Nurses associations have enough members to get the attention of lawmakers. However, the nurse still has to task of advocating within the association to gain support from its members.
.
At least 2 pages longMarilyn Lysohir, an internationally celebra.docxcockekeshia
At least 2 pages long
Marilyn Lysohir, an internationally celebrated ceramic artist, started Cowgirl Chocolates to provide some funding support for a yearly published arts magazine, High Ground, that she and her husband, Ross Coates, started in 1995. Her love of chocolates and hot and spicy foods spurred the idea of making hot and spicy chocolates to be sold in creative, artistic tins and packaging, which she labeled Cowgirl Chocolates. Her small business, begun in 1997, had won a number of awards in fiery food competitions. While Cowgirl Chocolates had grown steadily over its four years in business, it still had only generated $30,000 in sales revenue in 2000, which was not enough to cover expenses. Marilyn had drained much of her personal savings to keep Cowgirl Chocolates in business. Her cash accounting methods and record keeping were not very sophisticated although she seemed to have a good sense of her costs in production and raw materials and the packaging. However, Marilyn had taken a shotgun approach to most of her marketing efforts and had tried a number of activities to increase product demand. She allowed herself to make one risky financial move each year in her pursuit of profitability and increased sales. She had just made her one risky move for year 2001: She had taken out a full-page ad in Chile Pepper magazine for $3,000.
Questions
1. The suggested retail price and wholesale prices of Cowgirl Chocolates products are displayed in Exhibit 2 (p. 491) along with the product and packaging costs. Based on this information, discuss the relative merits of using a cost-based, demand-based, and competition-based pricing method. (50 points)
2. What are four (4) options that Cowgirl Chocolates may consider as far as pricing? What would you recommend? (50 points)
.
At least 2 citations. APA 7TH EditionResponse 1. TITop.docxcockekeshia
At least 2 citations. APA 7TH Edition
Response 1. TI
Top of Form
Dr. Joubert and colleagues, the study of leadership has developed, giving forth new theories and structures that explore the description of what it means to be a leader, and how to carry out the same effect. It would be pragmatic to note that one is not made a leader by a job title but through practical impact in. The situational theory is one such theory that can be effective in the medical field. This theory, often referred to as the Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory, suggests that no single leadership theory style is the best. However, Researchers and developers of leadership theories have not agreed on the leadership theories (Duggan et al., 2015)
.
Nursing leadership is a multidimensional concept. The nursing profession involves role model leaders that can transform their environment and leading their teams to succeed by overcoming obstacles. Situational leadership requires the leader to transform their leadership style to meet the followers' leadership needs (Marshall & Broome, 2017). Developing a single satisfying leadership theory has become problematic due to these phenomena. Leadership style has a direct impact on the quality of care administered by the nurse team. The leadership style defines the quality of the relationship between the leader and the followers and sets the tone and mood of the work environment (Laureate Education, 2018).
Our director of nursing practice a contingency leadership style. Aware of the different dispositions on our team, she treats each nurse based on their abilities and needs. At times, she exercises Laissez-fair leadership, dictatorial, transformational, democratic, and other transformational styles. I was amazed by the approach. It helped to manage the team. For instance, the recalcitrant nurse received warnings, punishment for mistakes, and reward for an excellent performance. These restrained her actions and caused her to develop positive behaviors and care towards patients.
In Addition to the application of situational leadership style, she had leadership characteristics such as charisma, honesty, communication skills, creativity, innovativeness, decision-making, and integrity. Combination of the style and the qualities facilitated leading our team initiatives. to create a leader that we were all revered. According to Calderon-Mafud and Pando-Moreno (2018), organizations experience cultures of flexibility, social support, innovation, an also increased personal confidence, and openness to change. Furthermore, the implementation of an authentic leadership style mostly behaved as a middleman in the organization as it increased work productivity, helped implement staff engagement, and improving job satisfaction.
References
Calderon-Mafud, J. L., & Pando-Moreno, M. (2018). Role of authentic leadership in
organizational socialization and work engagement among workers.
Psychology
, 9, 46-62. doi:10.4236/psych.2018.91.
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selec.docxcockekeshia
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.
.
At an elevation of nearly four thousand metres above sea.docxcockekeshia
A
t an elevation of nearly four thousand metres above sea
level, Comitancillo, a province in northwestern Guate
mala, was a formidable place to farm. The air was thin
and cold. I followed Rosa towards her home along a
well-trodden path on the side of the mountain. My lungs were
crying for oxygen, overworking like moth wings. Maya-Mam
communities had lived on these barren slopes in northwestern
Guatemala for nearly five hundred years. Before the arrival
of the Spanish in the 1500s, the Mam splintered off from the
Mayan Empire, which had chased them off the lush green flats
and up into the Sierra Madre. Looking down the mountainside,
I witnessed how the Mam adapted to live on their mountain
fortress: they'd carved steps into the mountainside, thousands
of terraces that cascaded down to the bottom of the valley. I
was awestruck by such architecture. "We've been cultivating la
milpa for hundreds of years," said Rosa. Milpa was a Spanish
word that summed up the three crops that had sustained the
Mam for centuries: maize, beans, and squash. Planting all three
crops together formed a sacrosanct principle of Mam farming.
The Mam were one of twenty-four indigenous cultures in
Guatemala, a country where nearly 50 per cent of the popu
lation were indigenous people, most of whom dwelled in rural
areas and depended on subsistence and small-scale agricul
ture for survival. Despite having a near majority of indigenous
people comprising its population, the country had never elected
an indigenous president. The mestizo elite owned politics and
power in Guatemala, while the Mam formed only a minus
cule fraction of the country's population. Marginalized to the
mountains in the northwest, they survived on growing food and
grazing livestock. Traditionally, men played a larger role in farm
management while women were responsible for grazing sheep,
grinding maize, cooking, cleaning, and nurturing the family.
The dusty husks of the harvest and the season past dried in
the slanted fields on the mountainsides. The bright sun caught
and illuminated their yellow leftovers into gold. Nothing
would be wasted on the mountains. Rosa would harvest the
dried crops for pig and sheep feed.
GUATEMALA 31
"Our seeds are hardy and meant for these mountains. The
seeds people try to sell us don't do well in Comitancillo. They
grow and the wind breaks them."
Years of living on the mountains had also ground Rosa into a
hardy woman. The fifty-year-old woman barely reached five feet.
She wore a striking turquoise blue huipil, a traditional blouse,
embroidered with magenta flowers. She parted her long black
hair in the middle and braided it down her back in a single
rope. Rosa was a widow. Her husband had died twelve years
earlier after falling from the rickety scaffolding on a construc
tion site and quickly dying of his injuries. He'd been working
as a migrant labourer in Xela, a city situated in one of the valley
flats, nearly th.
At a minimum, your outline should include the followingIntroducti.docxcockekeshia
At a minimum, your outline should include the following:
Introduction
Identify the topic
What makes this a global ethical dilemma
Why we should care about this
Thesis statement
Rationale for one side of dilemma
Evidence based support #1 (reason and resource)
Evidence based support #2 (reason and resource)
Evidence based support #3 (reason and resource)
Rationale for the OTHER side of the dilemma (at least three points)
Evidence based support #1 (reason and resource)
Evidence based support #2 (reason and resource)
Evidence based support #3 (reason and resource)
Compare this issue in different countries
Identify country #1 and how they view/experience this issue
Identify country #2 and how they view/experience this issue
Identify country #3 and how they view/experience this issue
Conclusion
References
Compose your work in a .doc or .docx file
.
At least 500 wordsPay attention to the required length of these.docxcockekeshia
At least 500 words
Pay attention to the required length of these assignments. These assignments consist of reading a newspaper article about a designated region of the world--specific for each assignment--and writing an essay about it.
Primary sources are documents or other materials such as photographs, art work, coins, tapestries, etc. produced at the time period under consideration. https://library.uncw.edu/guides/finding_primary_sources is a website that gives information on what a primary source is and how historians [or anyone writing about history] use them. Look at the attached file for questions to ask of any source that you would consider a primary source.
For these newspaper article and extra credit assignments you are to find a substantive newspaper article [most newspapers are available online--it must be from a newspaper, not a website only or cablenews organization--NOT yahoonews, not cnn.com, not foxnews, not msnbc--only a published newspaper.] about the region designated for that assignment. If the article you choose is too short you will have trouble doing the assignment. Also, note that if an article is about birds, or insects or any non-human source that is not connected to humanity, it is not appropriate for this assignment. Any good newspaper article is based on sources, which historians would designate as primary sources. So an important part of these assignments is to identify the primary sources used by the author of the article you choose. Primary sources are the building blocks of history. You can think of them like eyewitness accounts or physical evidence produced at the time of an incident or crime being considered in a courtroom proceeding or trial. Without evidence a jury couldn’t make a fair decision in a case. In the same way, without primary sources, history cannot be written--and good newspaper articles cannot be written. So part of this assignment is asking you to decide if the reporter writing the article you select has actually used good primary sources. Does he or she have real evidence and enough of it to write the article? Does the reporter have a particular viewpoint or bias? Could you imagine the article being used as a primary source by a historian in the future for writing history about this time period? How useful would the document be and does it have any weaknesses or drawbacks as a piece of evidence? What else might a historian need, besides the article you are analyzing, to give a more complete or balanced discussion of the topic?
Your assignments will be graded on:
Formatting: 1 inch margins; your name, course number & assignment number [first, second or third] on top of first page. No other information is needed for a heading, and no repeat headers allowed. Following this formatting, cite the author(s) of the article, the title of the article, the name of the newspaper in which it appears [the title of the newspaper should be underlined] and the date of its publi.
At a generic level, innovation is a core business process concerned .docxcockekeshia
At a generic level, innovation is a core business process concerned with renewing what the
organization offers the world and the ways in which it creates and delivers that offering. And
to do this they all need to carry out these activities:
• Searching – scanning the environment (internal and external) for, and processing relevant signals about, threats and opportunities for change.
• Selecting – deciding (on the basis of a strategic view of how the enterprise can best
• develop) which of these signals to respond to
• Implementing – translating the potential in the trigger idea into something new and launching it in an internal or external market. Making this happen is not a single event but requires attention to:
Acquiring the knowledge resources to enable the innovation (for example, by creating something new through R&D, market research, etc., acquiring knowledge from elsewhere via technology transfer, strategic alliance, etc.).
Executing the project under conditions of uncertainty which require extensive problem-solving.
Launching the innovation and managing the process of initial adoption
Sustaining adoption and use in the long-term – or revisiting the original idea and modifying it – reinnovation.
Learning – enterprises have (but may not always take) the opportunity to learn from progressing through this cycle so that they can build their knowledge base and can improve the ways in which the process is managed.
But they differ widely in the ways in which this is done and the importance of different elements.
In this exercise pick a sector – e.g. food retailing, airlines, chemicals, public administration – and draw a map of their particular version of this process. How does it work out in practice? Where are they likely to need or to place most emphasis?
.
Asymmetric Cryptography•Description of each algorithm•Types•Encrypt.docxcockekeshia
Asymmetric Cryptography•Description of each algorithm•Types:•Encryption•Digital Signature•Hashing Function•Key Distribution•Strengths/weaknesses of each algorithm•Relevant examples of modern applications/industry that utilize each algorithm•Public Key Infrastructure•Define•Discuss the components•How is it used with asymmetric cryptography
.
Astronomy HWIn 250-300 words,What was Aristarchus idea of the.docxcockekeshia
Astronomy HW/
In 250-300 words,
What was Aristarchus idea of the phases of Venus, and at that time when he presented his information was it rejected/ was it a big issue/ or did the issue never come up?
This has to be 100% original. I will check for plagirium. Furthermore, when after answering you can put your own input on why was it a big issue, or why do you think the issue never came up when Aristarchus present the idea of the phases of Venus.
If you cite something/someone, you have to make a reference page. And do the cited in MLA format.
.
Astronomy ASTA01The Sun and PlanetsDepartment of Physic.docxcockekeshia
Astronomy ASTA01:
The Sun and Planets
Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences,
UTSC
Fall 2018
Problem Set 3
DUE: Tuesday November 13, 2018
Where: Hand in your solutions in the mailbox marked for your tutorial,
on the 5th floor corridor of the Science Wing, near office SW506C in the
Physics & Astrophysics section.
Reminder: Write your name on your solutions. Also make sure you
carefully read the entire problem set policy that was distributed on
Quercus. It will help you avoid standard mistakes and score higher. We will
assume that you have read this policy document by the time you return your
solution.
How to write your solutions: Be precise and clear. Explain what you
are calculating. The method of calculation you adopt and your reasoning are
the most important. In case of a computational mistake, you will still get
credits if your method is right, so explain it clearly.
1
1. If the Solar System had formed right after the Big Bang, it would
have lacked oxygen (O), and therefore water (H2O). Using the solar
nebula theory, describe what would have been most different about
the planet formation process and the planets formed in this alternative
Solar System. [NO MORE than 15 sentences].
2. Halley’s comet is the only-naked eye comet that might appear twice in
a human lifetime (since it comes back every 76 years).
(a) Based on this comet’s orbital period, would you say that it is more
likely to have originated from the Kuiper belt or from the Oort
cloud? [A quantitative answer is expected to justify your choice]
(b) What other orbital feature, besides the comet’s orbital period,
could be used to distinguish its origin [NO MORE than 5 sen-
tences]
3. (a) Collect data on the mass and radius of Earth (made of rock) &
Jupiter (made of gas) and calculate the overall average density of
each planet, expressed in g/cm3.
(b) The density of water that we drink is about 1 g/cm3. Use your
everyday experience to describe the difference in density between
rock, air, and water. [State your answers in terms of “much
more/much less” or “a little more/a little less”].
(c) Is the mean density of Earth consistent with our everyday experi-
ence of similar composition material? What about Jupiter (same
question)?
(d) Propose a physical mechanism that might explain the discrepancy
between the mean density of a planet and the density of similar
composition material as we experience it in our everyday life.
4. Mean-motion resonances with Jupiter shape the Kirkwood gaps in the
main asteroid belt. A resonance written as “5:2” refers to the inner
body completing exactly 5 orbital revolutions when the outer body
completes exactly 2.
(a) Using Kepler law, find the orbital radius in AU of the following
important resonances for the Kirkwood gaps: 2:1, 3:1 and 5:2.
Compare your values to those shown in the diagram on Kirkwood
gaps in the class lectures (see lecture 12 slides).
(b) High-value mean-motion resonances, such as 2001:1000, are usu-
ally co.
Astronomers have been reflecting laser beams off the Moon since refl.docxcockekeshia
Astronomers have been reflecting laser beams off the Moon since reflectors were left there by Apollo astronauts. This has resulted in the conclusion that the Moon is moving away from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 cm per year. Discuss the specific cause of what is making the Moon recede, the likely end result for the Earth-Moon system, and what you think this might mean for life on Earth.
.
A strategic plan to inform emerging fashion retailers
about social media research and best practices.
2
Proposal Overview
Social media can take the form of various outlets, including, but not limited to: Instagram,
Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, etc. Each social media platform has its specific use and
benefits, with a wide range of active users. It is important to note that successful retailers are
using these online strategies to penetrate new markets, to champion for social media
movements, and to effectively develop connections with consumers.
In this social media blueprint, we suggest using Instagram as our company’s main social media
platform. Our primary research examines H&M, Topshop, and Uniqlo’s Instagram accounts and
revealed the importance of using models, creating effective hashtags, and providing customer
service. The secondary research presents the best practices of social media and how the public
and specific individuals view social media. To conclude the proposal, we will provide a
comprehensive strategy that includes a detailed plan with suggestions for a stellar social media
presence.
Primary Research Summary & Key Takeaways
We have compiled the following key takeaways using Instagram. Our primary research includes
a variety of retailers who specialize in different products and promote to diverse markets.
These three key findings will provide an all-encompassing approach which will ultimately tie
into our strategic recommendations going forward.
#1: Using models to showcase the retailer's products increases follower satisfactions. Each one
of our retailers uses this form of posting. The following three pictures are example images used
by retailers to promote their products through outfit modeling. Our retailers provide
consumers with the option to directly purchase clothing, accessories, and shoes via online
portals. These types of posts provide followers with a visualization of how the products will look
once worn, which is part of the purchasing decision many consumers take into account. In
addition, these types of images also provide outfit inspirations when consumers are in need of
assistance with outfit coordination.
(Uniqlo) (H&M) (Topshop)
3
#2: The use of hashtags connects posts to a broader conversation and trend. Our retailers use
various hashtags that either connected their post to an on-going product line, style, event, or
motto and “catchphrase”. For example, Uniqlo wants to be known for their fashionable, yet
simple clothing. Their hashtag, #simplemadebetter, allows Uniqlo to actively promote the
company’s business strategy of revamping basic clothing to make it ‘better’ quality and more
fashion forward. London Fashion Week is one of the most prominent events in the fashion
industry, known to set the latest fashion trends. The #LFW (London Fashion Week) establishes
Topshop as a brand that is compatible against the haute couture f.
Asthma, Sleep, and Sun-SafetyPercentage of High School S.docxcockekeshia
Asthma, Sleep, and Sun-Safety
Percentage of High School Students Who Had Ever Been Told by a Doctor or Nurse That They Had Asthma, by Sex, Grade, and Race/Ethnicity,* 2017
*B > H, B > W (Based on t-test analysis, p < 0.05.)
All Hispanic students are included in the Hispanic category. All other races are non-Hispanic.
Note: This graph contains weighted results.
National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2017
Data for this slide are from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. This slide shows percentages of high school students who had ever been told by a doctor or nurse that they had asthma.
The percentage for all students is 22.5. The percentage for Male students is 22.4. The percentage for Female students is 22.5. The percentage for 9th grade students is 22.9. The percentage for 10th grade students is 22.9. The percentage for 11th grade students is 21.2. The percentage for 12th grade students is 23.0. The percentage for Black students is 29.8. The percentage for Hispanic students is 21.1. The percentage for White students is 20.9. All Hispanic students are included in the Hispanic category. All other races are non-Hispanic. Note: This graph contains weighted results.
For this behavior, the prevalence for Black students is higher than for Hispanic students. The prevalence for Black students is higher than for White students. (Based on t-test analysis, p < 0.05.)
2
Series 1
Total Male Female 9th 10th 11th 12th Black Hispanic White 22.5 22.4 22.5 22.9 22.9 21.2 23 29.8 21.1 20.9
Percent
Range and Median Percentage of High School Students Who Had Ever Been Told by a Doctor or Nurse That They Had Asthma, Across 29 States and 20 Cities, 2017
State and Local Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 2017
These are results from the state and local Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 2017. This slide shows the range and median percentages of 29 states and 20 cities for high school students who had ever been told by a doctor or nurse that they had asthma.
The range across states was 19.3% to 33.4%. The median across states was 24.3%. The range across cites was 17.4% to 33.4%. The median across cities was 23.9%.
3
Min
States Cities 19.3 17.399999999999999 Max
States Cities 33.4 33.4 Med
States Cities 24.3 23.9
Percent
No Data
19.3% - 21.6%
21.7% - 24.2%
24.3% - 25.9%
26.0% - 33.4%
Percentage of High School Students Who Had Ever Been Told by a Doctor or Nurse That They Had Asthma
State Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 2017
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Idea Presentation Form
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The attached content supports to navigate towards the core objectives of completing this paper
Text book :
Title:
The Disaster Recovery Handbook
Subtitle: **PLEASE SEE BOOKSTORE LINK BELOW TO PURCHASE REQUIRED MATERIALS
Authors: Michael WALLACE, Lawrence WEBBER
Publisher: AMACOM
Publication Date: 2017-12-28
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how might Nietzsche react to your argument?
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WEEK 5 LECTURE NOTESAnalysis of Financial Statements & Other R.docx
1. WEEK 5 LECTURE NOTES
Analysis of Financial Statements & Other Reporting Issues
This week we will conclude with the following specific
financial reporting topics:
· Inflation - accounting for changing prices.
· Business combinations and consolidated financials.
· Segment reporting.
Historical cost accounting in a period of inflation understates
asset values (and related expenses) and overstates income. It
ignores the gains and losses in purchasing power caused by
inflation that arise from holding monetary assets and liabilities.
Methods of accounting for inflation are
· general purchasing power (GPP) accounting, and
· current cost (CC) accounting.
General Purchasing Power Accounting
· Nonmonetary assets and stockholders’ equity accounts are
restated for changes in the general price level.
· Cost of goods sold and depreciation/amortization are based on
restated asset values and the net purchasing power gain/loss on
the net monetary liability/asset position is included in income.
· Income is the amount that can be paid as a dividend while
maintaining the purchasing power of capital.
Current Cost Accounting
· Nonmonetary assets are revalued to current cost.
2. · Cost of goods sold and depreciation/amortization are based on
revalued amounts.
· Income is the amount that can be paid as a dividend while
maintaining physical capital.
IAS 29
Deloitte: IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary
Economies applies where an entity's functional currency is that
of a hyperinflationary economy. The standard does not prescribe
when hyperinflation arises but requires the financial statements
(and corresponding figures for previous periods) of an entity
with a functional currency that is hyperinflationary to be
restated for the changes in the general pricing power of the
functional currency.
IAS 29 was issued in July 1989 and is operative for periods
beginning on or after 1 January 1990.
IAS 21
Deloitte: IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange
Rates outlines how to account for foreign currency transactions
and operations in financial statements, and also how to translate
financial statements into a presentation currency. An entity is
required to determine a functional currency (for each of its
operations if necessary) based on the primary economic
environment in which it operates and generally records foreign
currency transactions using the spot conversion rate to that
functional currency on the date of the transaction.
IAS 21 was reissued in December 2003 and applies to annual
periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005.
IAS 29 requires the use of GPP accounting by firms that report
in the currency of a hyperinflationary economy.
IAS 21 requires the financial statements of a foreign operation
located in a hyperinflationary economy to first be adjusted for
inflation in accordance with IAS 29 before translation into the
3. parent company’s reporting currency.
IFRS 3
Deloitte: IFRS 3 Business Combinations outlines the
accounting when an acquirer obtains control of a business (e.g.
an acquisition or merger). Such business combinations are
accounted for using the 'acquisition method', which generally
requires assets acquired and liabilities assumed to be measured
at their fair values at the acquisition date.
A revised version of IFRS 3 was issued in January 2008 and
applies to business combinations occurring in an entity's first
annual period beginning on or after 1 July 2009.
Issues that must be resolved in accounting for a business
combination:
A. Selection of an appropriate method
IFRS 3 and US GAAP both require the purchase method in
accounting for business combinations; the pooling of interests
method is not allowed.
B. Recognition and measurement of goodwill
Goodwill is recognized on the consolidated balance sheet as an
asset and tested annually for impairment under both IFRS 3 and
U.S. GAAP.
C. Measurement of minority interest.
When less than 100% of a company is acquired, IFRS 3 requires
the acquired assets and liabilities to be recorded at full fair
value and minority interest is initially measured at the minority
shareholders’ percentage ownership in the fair value of the
acquired company’s net assets. This is known as the economic
unit or entity concept.
Note:
In addition to the economic unit or entity concept, U.S. GAAP
also allows use of the parent company concept in which the
4. acquired assets and liabilities are initially measured at book
value plus the parent’s ownership percentage in the difference
between fair value and book value.
Under this approach, minority interest is initially measured at
the minority shareholders’ percentage ownership in the book
value of the subsidiary’s net assets.
IAS 28
Deloitte: IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint
Ventures (as amended in 2011) outlines how to apply, with
certain limited exceptions, the equity method to investments in
associates and joint ventures. The standard also defines an
associate by reference to the concept of "significant influence",
which requires power to participate in financial and operating
policy decisions of an investee (but not joint control or control
of those polices).
IAS 28 was reissued in May 2011 and applies to annual periods
beginning on or after 1 January 2013.
IAS 28 and US. GAAP require use of the equity method when
an investor has the ability to exert significant influence over an
investee; significant influence is presumed when the investor
owns 20% or more of the investee’s voting shares.
IAS 31
Deloitte: AS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures sets out the
accounting for an entity's interests in various forms of joint
ventures: jointly controlled operations, jointly controlled assets,
and jointly controlled entities. The standard permits jointly
controlled entities to be accounted for using either the equity
method or by proportionate consolidation.
IAS 31 was reissued in December 2003, applies to annual
periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005, and is superseded
by IFRS 11Joint Arrangements and IFRS 12Disclosure of
5. Interests in Other Entities with effect from annual periods
beginning on or after 1 January 2013.
In accounting for an investment in a joint venture, IAS 31
prefers the use of proportionate consolidation, but also allows
the equity method. The equity method is required under U.S.
GAAP.
Questions arise as to (a) when an investee should be considered
a subsidiary and (b) which subsidiaries should be consolidated
when a parent company prepares consolidated financial
statements.
IAS 27
Deloitte: IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements (as amended in
2011) outlines the accounting and disclosure requirements for
'separate financial statements', which are financial statements
prepared by a parent, or an investor in a joint venture or
associate, where those investments are accounted for either at
cost or in accordance with IAS 39Financial Instruments:
Recognition and Measurement or IFRS 9Financial Instruments.
The standard also outlines the accounting requirements for
dividends and contains numerous disclosure requirements.
IAS 27 was reissued in May 2011 and applies to annual periods
beginning on or after 1 January 2013,
superseding IAS 27Consolidated and Separate Financial
Statements from that date.
IAS 27 defines a subsidiary as an enterprise controlled by
another enterprise known as the parent.
Control is defined as the power to govern the financial and
operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its
activities. Control can exist without owning a majority of
shares of stock, for example, when one company has power over
more than half of the voting rights through agreements with
other shareholders.
6. Historically, U.S. companies have relied on majority stock
ownership as evidence of control.
IAS 27 requires a parent to consolidate all subsidiaries unless
(a) the subsidiary was acquired with the intent to dispose of it
within 12 months, and
(b) management is actively seeking a buyer.
U.S. GAAP requires all subsidiaries to be consolidated unless
the parent has lost control due to bankruptcy or severe
restrictions imposed by a foreign government.
The aggregation of all of a company’s activities into
consolidated totals masks the differences in risk and potential
existing across different lines of business and in different parts
of the world. To provide information that can be used to
evaluate these risks and potentials, companies disaggregate
consolidated totals and provide disclosures on a segment basis.
IFRS 8
Deloitte: IFRS 8 Operating Segments requires particular classes
of entities (essentially those with publicly traded securities) to
disclose information about their operating segments, products
and services, the geographical areas in which they operate, and
their major customers. Information is based on internal
management reports, both in the identification of operating
segments and measurement of disclosed segment information.
IFRS 8 was issued in November 2006 and applies to annual
periods beginning on or after 1 January 2009.
IFRS 8 was issued in 2006 to converge with U.S. GAAP. Both
IFRS and U.S. GAAP follow the so-called management
approach in determining operating segments, which are
components of a business that:
7. · Engage in activities from which they earn revenues and incurs
expenses.
· Are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker
to assess performance and make resource allocation decisions.
· Have discrete financial information available.
IFRS and U.S. GAAP also require enterprise-wide disclosures
related to:
I.
Major customers – any customer from which the enterprise
generates 10% or more of revenues.
The existence of major customers must be disclosed along with
the operating segment generating the revenues, but the identity
of the customer need not be revealed.
II.
Products and services – if operating segments are not organized
along these lines.
External revenues derived from each major product or service
line must be disclosed when the company has only one
operating segment or operating segments are based on
something other than products/services.
III.
Geographic areas – if operating segments are not organized
geographically.
If operating segments are not based on geography, revenues and
8. long-lived assets must be disclosed for (a) the domestic country,
(b) all foreign countries in total, and (c) for each foreign
country in which a material amount of revenues or long-lived
assets are located. A quantitative threshold for determining
materiality is not specified.
Analysis of Foreign Financial Statements
Reasons to analyze financials whether the company is US based
or foreign are for the most part the same:
· Portfolio investment decisions
· Merger and acquisition decisions
· Credit decisions about foreign customers
· Evaluation of suppliers
· Benchmarking against competitors
Potential problems or differences when analyzing US-based vs
foreign companies’ financials:
· finding and obtaining financial information about a foreign
company (data accessibility),
· understanding the language in which the financial statements
are presented,
· the currency used in presenting monetary amounts,
· terminology differences that result in uncertainty as to the
information provided,
· differences in format that lead to confusion and missing
information,
· lack of adequate disclosures,
9. · financial statements are not made available on a timely basis
(timeliness),
· accounting differences that hinder cross-country comparisons,
and
· differences in business environments that might make ratio
comparisons or analysis meaningless even if accounting
differences are eliminated.
Solution
s:
· Some of the potential problems can be removed by companies
through their preparation of convenience translations in which
language, currency, and perhaps even accounting principles
have been restated for the convenience of foreign readers
OR
· The analyst can restate foreign financials in terms of a
preferred GAAP through the use of a reconciliation worksheet
in which debit/credit entries summarizing the differences in
GAAP are used to adjust the original reported amounts.
· All income differences also affect stockholders’ equity
through retained earnings.
· In addition to adjustments resulting from differences in
10. GAAP, an adjustment also will be needed for the deferred tax
effect of the aggregate difference in pre-tax income.
Another Perspective on the Challenges and Opportunities in
Cross-Border Analysis
Cross border analysis involves multiple jurisdictions.
Challenges
Nations vary dramatically in …..
· Accounting practices
· Disclosure quality
· Legal and regulatory systems
· Nature and extent of business risk
· Modes of conducting business
· Providing credible information
· Vast differences in financial reporting
11. · Government continuing to publish highly suspect information
Positives
· Accounting harmonization of standards allows for
comparability
· Companies worldwide are disclosing more information
· Improving availability and quality of that information
· Impact of the worldwide web and accessibility to information
· Globalization of capital markets
· Increased competition
· Inter-dependencies are growing
Business Analysis Framework
Four stages of analysis….
1. business strategy analysis
2. accounting analysis
12. 3. financial analysis (ratio and cash flow)
4. prospective analysis
1.
Business Strategy Analysis
Provides a qualitative understanding of a company and its
competitors
in relation to its economic environment.
Ensures analysis is performed using a holistic perspective.
By identifying key profit drivers and business risks, forecasts
are realistic.
2.
Accounting Analysis
The purpose is to assess the extent to which a firm’s report
13. results reflect economic reality.
Need: evaluate the firm’s accounting policies and estimates, and
Assess the nature and extent of a firm’s accounting flexibility
Six Steps in Accounting Analysis
>
Identify key accounting policies
>
Assess accounting flexibility
>
Evaluate accounting strategy
14. >
Evaluate the quality of disclosure
>
Identify potential red flags
>
Adjust for accounting distortions
3.
International Financial Analysis
Goal:
evaluate a firm’s current and past performance, and
to judge whether its performance can be sustained.
Ratio and cash flow analysis are important tools.
15. Ratio analysis
1st – do cross-country differences in accounting principles
cause significant variation in financial statement amounts of
companies from different countries?
2nd – how do differences in local culture and economic and
competitive conditions affect the interpretation of accounting
measures in financial ratios, even if account measurements from
different countries are restated to achieve “accounting
comparability”?
Cash flow analysis
Cash-flow related measures are especially useful in
international analysis because they are less affected by
accounting principle differences than are earnings-based
measures.
16. 4.
International Prospective Analysis
Two steps:
1. Forecasting – analysts make explicit forecasts of a firm’s
prospects based on its business strategy.
2. Valuation – analysts convert quantitative forecasts into an
estimate of a firm’s value.
All four stages of business analysis (business strategy,
accounting, financial and prospective analysis may be affected
by the following:
· Information access
· More widely available due to the world wide web
· Timeliness of information
· Varies dramatically by country
17. · In the U.S. quarterly financial reporting is generally accepted;
this is seldom the case elsewhere.
· Financial reporting lags can also be estimated by comparing a
company’s fiscal year end with its audit report date, an
indication of when financial information becomes public.
· Language and terminology barriers
· Language and accounting terminology differences can cause
difficulty.
· Foreign currency issues
· Reader convenience; i.e., financials presented in dollars vs
foreign currency
· Information content
· Differences in types and formats of financial statements
· Balance sheet and income statement format varies from
country to country
· Classification differences abound internationally.
18. Homework Assignment:
The week’s discussion covered the following International
Accounting Standards (IAS):
#21
The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
#27
Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
#28
Investments in Associates
#29
Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
#31
Interests in Joint Ventures
and
IFRS 8 Operating Segments
Research your MNC and report which, if any, of these standards
are applicable for your MNC. Then select one that is applicable
19. and explain how your MNC handles it.
Part II of the homework assignment, you are required to read at
least one other posting and make a substantive comment.
Part III of the homework….
Question: What companies might your MNC include in a
benchmarking study and in which countries are those companies
located. Your answer should include, at least, four other
companies for the comparison. As an example of the response
for this assignment, consider Ford Motor Company.
Ford might want to include the following companies in a
benchmarking study:
U.S. – General Motors, Chrysler
Japan – Honda, Toyota, Subaru
Germany – BMW, Volkswagen, Audi
Korea – Hyundai, Kia
20. France – Renault, Peugeot
Homework is to be posted in this week’s discussion.