The document summarizes the major literary movements between 1865-1912 in America and how they responded to social forces during that period. It discusses realism and naturalism as two dominant styles that emerged after the Civil War to present realistic depictions of everyday life. Realist authors like Howells and James sought to portray American society objectively and show the effects of rapid industrialization and immigration. Their works commented on and critiqued the moral difficulties of a changing culture. Naturalism further developed realism's objective style to interpret perspectives on how heredity and environment influence people. The document also outlines other movements like symbolism, stream of consciousness, and modernism that emerged during this time period.