This document discusses the history and types of robots. It notes that the term "robotics" was first used by Karel Capek in the 1920s to describe artificial workers. Isaac Asimov later proposed three laws of robotics to ensure robots do not harm humans. The first industrial robot was Unimate, which was installed in a GM plant in the 1960s to perform dangerous jobs. The document then describes the main components of industrial robots like sensors, effectors, actuators, controllers, and arms. It also discusses different types of robots including mobile, stationary, autonomous, and virtual robots.

2. Robotics
Robotics
History
Robotics
Technology
Types of
Robots

3. First use of work “Robotics”
Three law of Robotics
The First Robot “ Ultimate”

4. The acclaimed Czech
playwright Karel Capek (1890-
1938) made the first use of the
word ‘robot’, from the Czech
word for forced labor or serf.
Capek was reportedly several
times a candidate for the Nobel
prize for his works and very
influential and prolific as a
writer and playwright.

5. Asimov also proposed his three "Laws of
Robotics", and he later added a 'zeroth law'.
Law Zero: A robot may not injure
humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity
to come to harm.
Law One: A robot may not injure a human
being, or, through inaction, allow a human being
to come to harm, unless this would violate a
higher order law.
Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by
human beings, except where such orders would
conflict with a higher order law.
Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence
as long as such protection does not conflict with a
higher order law.

6. The first Unimate was installed at a
General Motors plant to work with heated
die-casting machines. In fact most
Unimates were sold to extract die castings
from die casting machines and to perform
spot welding on auto bodies, both tasks
being particularly hateful jobs for people.
Both applications were commercially
successful, i.e., the robots worked reliably
and saved money by replacing people
Unimation is still in production today, with
robots for sale.

8. Robotics Technology
Most industrial robots have at least the following five parts:

9. Most robots of today are nearly deaf
and blind. Sensors can provide some
limited feedback to the robot so it can
do its job.
The sensor sends information, in the
form of electronic signals back to the
controller. Sensors also give the robot
controller information about its
surroundings and lets it know the
exact position of the arm, or the state
of the world around it.

10. An effector is any device that
affects the environment.
Robots control their
effectors, which are also
known as end effectors.
Effectors include
legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wi
ngs and fins. Controllers cause
the effectors to produce
desired effects on the
environment.

11. Actuators, also known as drives, are
mechanisms for getting robots to
move. Most actuators are powered by
pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics
(fluid pressure), or motors (electric
current). Most actuation uses
electromagnetic motors and gears but
there have been frequent uses of other
forms of actuation including
NiTinOL"muscle-wires" and
inexpensive Radio Control servos.

12. The robot connects to a
computer, which keeps the
pieces of the arm working
together. This computer is the
controller. The controller
functions as the "brain" of the
robot. The controller can also
network to other systems, so
that the robot may work
together with other machines,
processes, or robots

13. The robot arm comes in all shapes
and sizes and is the single most
important part in robotic
architecture. The arm is the part
of the robot that positions the
End Effector and Sensors to do
their pre-programmed business.
Many (but not all) resemble
human arms, and have
shoulders, elbows, wrists, even
fingers. This gives the robot a lot
of ways to position itself in its

15. Mobile robots are able to
move, usually they perform task
such as search areas. A prime
example is the Mars
Explorer, specifically designed to
roam the mars surface . Mobile
robots are a great help to such
collapsed building for survivors
Mobile robots are used for task
where people cannot go. Either
because it is too dangerous of
because people cannot reach the
area that needs to be searched.

16. Rolling robots have wheels
to move around. These are
the type of robots that can
quickly and easily search
move around. However
they are only useful in flat
areas, rocky terrains give
them a hard time. Flat
terrains are their territory.

17. Robots on legs are usually
brought in when the terrain is
rocky and difficult to enter with
wheels. Robots have a hard
time shifting balance and keep
them from tumbling. That’s
why most robots with have at
least 4 of them, usually they
have 6 legs or more.

18. Robots are not only used to
explore areas or imitate a
human being. Most robots
perform repeating tasks
without ever moving an
inch. Most robots are
‘working’ in industry
settings and are stationary

19. Autonomous robots are self
supporting or in other words
self contained. In a way they
rely on their own ‘brains’.
Autonomous robots run a
program that give them the
opportunity to decide on the
action to perform depending
on their surroundings. At
times these robots even learn
new behavior.

20. An autonomous robot is despite its
autonomous not a very clever or
intelligent unit. The memory and
brain capacity is usually limited, an
autonomous robot can be compared
to an insect in that respect . In case a
robot needs to perform more
complicated yet undetermined tasks
an autonomous robot is not the right
choice.

21. Virtual robots don’t exits in
real life. Virtual robots are just
programs, building blocks of
software inside a computer. A
virtual robot can simulate a
real robot or just perform a
repeating task. A special kind
of robot is a robot that
searches the world wide web.

22. BEAM is short for
Biology, Electronics, Aes
thetics and Mechanics.
BEAM robots are made
by hobbyists. BEAM
robots can be simple
and very suitable for
starters.