The document assesses the water supply and demand in Bonwire, Ghana. It identifies four rivers and two boreholes as the water sources for the town. Discharge measurements found the total river flow to be 14,153 m3/day, while the boreholes supply 86 m3/day. The current population of 7,099 people demands 274 m3/day, exceeding the borehole supply by 188 m3/day. Water quality testing revealed the rivers exceed standards for coliform bacteria, nitrates, sulfates and hardness, rendering them unpotable. It was concluded there is a water deficit as only the groundwater meets drinking standards but the supply is insufficient. Recommendations included controlling river pollution, drilling additional
IGI grant applications made to finance alley improvements to improve stormwater runoff to 7+ alley’s across Berwyn. Submitted: December 2013. (Status: Known).
IGI grant applications made to finance alley improvements to improve stormwater runoff to 7+ alley’s across Berwyn. Submitted: December 2013. (Status: Known).
IWMI researcher Robyn Johnston presented on Afromaison at the Workshop Bridging Land-Water-Ecosystem Divides September 4 2013 at World Water Week in Stockholm
We conducted a survey on the condition of Lakes in Bengaluru and here are our findings. Do take a look and take part in our Wake The Lake Campaign for helping out in improving the condition of the Lakes in our City. :)
Team United Way Bengaluru.
The EPA Catchments Unit held its 2018 annual Catchment Management Network Meeting on 14 November. All our local authorities and many other public bodies are invited to this meeting to talk about how to protect and improve Ireland's waters.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
The presentation is focussed on lack of the water resources challenges of the largest geographic province of Pakistan, Balochistan. Furthermore, this presentation discusses the ongoing IWRM project in Balochistan.
IWMI researcher Robyn Johnston presented on Afromaison at the Workshop Bridging Land-Water-Ecosystem Divides September 4 2013 at World Water Week in Stockholm
We conducted a survey on the condition of Lakes in Bengaluru and here are our findings. Do take a look and take part in our Wake The Lake Campaign for helping out in improving the condition of the Lakes in our City. :)
Team United Way Bengaluru.
The EPA Catchments Unit held its 2018 annual Catchment Management Network Meeting on 14 November. All our local authorities and many other public bodies are invited to this meeting to talk about how to protect and improve Ireland's waters.
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
The presentation is focussed on lack of the water resources challenges of the largest geographic province of Pakistan, Balochistan. Furthermore, this presentation discusses the ongoing IWRM project in Balochistan.
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
conservation, water use and reuse, ground water recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. To meet with the
challenge of under ground water shortage, lowering level of water table, efforts are being made to recharge the
aquifer system by the Rain Water Harvesting (R.W.H.). This noble act needs serious thought and follow up to
achieve the aim of recharging ground water free from pollutants like pesticide, bacteria and seepage causing
infection and pollution of the existing pure source of potable water. A study has therefore undertaken to assess
the possible bacterial intrusion through the rain water penetration at the deeper water bearing aquifers.
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cam...ijtsrd
This study carried out in BarombiKotto was aimed at assessing ecosystem services provided by Lake BarombiKotto and its riparian vegetation and to determine the level of awareness of this community to threats to degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation. Two hundred semi structured questionnaires were administered to the inhabitants of BarombiKotto village using the purposive sampling method. The Likert rating method was used to derive quantitative data that was further analysed using SPSS version 17. Results revealed that, respondents depended on the lake and vegetation for the provision of water for drinking, domestic purposes, irrigation, transport, recreational and cultural activities and also on forest benefits like wood for fuel, construction and medicinal plants. Significant associations were found between age group, level of education and respondentsawareness about the threats to water quality and sustainable practices. Agriculture, harvest of wood for construction, high fishing rates, increasing abundance of aquatic weeds were identified as major threats to Lake BarombiKotto and its surrounding vegetation. Water quality attributes like reduced transparency, lake depth, and other parameters such as aquatic weeds and fish stocks have changed in Lake BarombiKotto. The absence of conventional waste management facilities in BarombiKotto community and poor sanitary conditions of toilets could be responsible for the contamination of this lake and hence the high prevalence of typhoid, dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections among respondents. Awo Miranda Egbe | Beatrice Ambo Fonge | Pascal Tabi Tabot ""Ecosystem Services and Perception of Water Quality of Lake Barombi Kotto, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23529.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/ecology/23529/ecosystem-services-and-perception-of-water-quality-of-lake-barombi-kotto-cameroon/awo-miranda-egbe
Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in Makueni County, Kenyainventy
Rainwater harvesting has been in existence for many years and has positively impacted life, agriculture and economy. Despite these known benefits of rainwater harvesting, Makueni County's population is slowly adopting rainwater harvesting technologies. Water scarcity still remains a major constraint to life and economic development in the County. The aim of this paper is to evaluate rainwater harvesting technologies and the factors contributing to adoption of the technologies in the ASAL areas with Makueni County being the case study. The study was conducted in Wanzauni and Itetani locations in Tulimani division, Mbooni West district, Makueni County within Kenya's Eastern Region which lies within the arid and semi arid ecological zones of Kenya. A total of 160 household questionnaires were administered, focus group discussions and key informants interviews done during data collection exercise. The data was analyzed using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Various rainwater harvesting technologies (RWHTs) are used within Makueni County including macro-catchment (earth dams, sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop catchment being the most commonly used technique. However, adoption of these RWHTs in Makueni County is slow irrespective of their potential to improve livelihoods. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict factors affecting adoption of RWHTs within 160 households in Makueni County. Some of the factors found to have statistically-significant positive effect on the adoption of RWHT are gender, literacy levels, social and economic status and technological know-how on RWHT. Ways of promoting the adoption of RWHTs such as capacity building and training, poverty alleviation through enhancement of income generation activities, enhanced formation of community groups aimed at water development activities, and improved designs incorporating mechanized technologies in favour of women and children, are recommended.
Availability and trends of water supply Network in sub-Sahara BotswanaIJCMESJOURNAL
Water is an essential requirement for individuals and is one of the major keys of any financial improvement of the world social orders and a manageable utilization of this asset is of most extreme significance. Water shortage can have extraordinary effects with respect to the economy, advancement and national security of a nation and it is imperative to get a handle on the reason for the issue keeping in mind the end goal to explain it in the most productive way. By breaking down information time arrangement for temperature, precipitation and utilization and additionally playing out a spatial investigation over the catchment range it was conceivable to distinguish the progressions that have happened in the catchment territory, the atmosphere and the household utilization throughout the most recent decade. Poor information determination and an absence of factual noteworthiness imply that no solid conclusions can be drawn. The paper depends on various reports to demonstrate the accessibility patterns of water in the nation on the premise of interest and supply design.
Challenges of Water Supply and its Effect on Economic Production: A Case Stud...Premier Publishers
In recent years, Ussa has faced various challenges in water supply which has been a major concern to law makers and the government of Taraba state. This study therefore is aimed at examining the various problems and prospect of water supply in Ussa Local Government. The specific objectives were to identify the existing sources of water supply in Ussa Local Government of Taraba state, to examine the problems and prospect associated with each source in the study area, and to proffer alternative measure to appropriate quarters. Data were collected from 150 respondent of the study area. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage statistics. The results revealed that 87.1% of the respondents agreed that there is water shortage in the area which as a result has led to increase charges by the suppliers, 51.3% said the water was good. More than 60% of the respondent claimed that the population of the study area usually consumes the water directly without any method of purification, and that the water is mostly used for domestic purposes. The study also reveals that 68.1% problem of water supply problem is seasonality and distance to source. Finally, the research shows that there are 28 boreholes existing in the study area while only 15 of the boreholes are functioning at the time when the research was conducted. The study recommends government at all levels to increase investment in providing water to the residents of the study area.
Forms of Water Supply, Conservation and use in Banigbe District, Municipality...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rural populations in underdeveloped countries like Benin have difficult access to safe drinking water. This research aims to study the forms of water supply, conservation and use in Banigbé district. The methodological approach revolves around data collection through documentary research; data processing and results analysis. It appears that 88.75% of the 80 households selected for the survey in Banigbé, use at-risk sources (rivers; Private PEA; traditional wells). Only 11.25% have access to water from conventional sources such as the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) and the Drilling of Human Motric Pumps (FPM). 88.75% of those selected for the survey also said that they do not treat drinking water at any source. It is therefore necessary to improve the quality of the water to which the populations of Banigbé have access to, and this through the disinfection of water from at risk sources and the proliferation of village hydraulic equipment in the district of Banigbé.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF WATER RESOURCES - AN OVERVIEW, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is life sustaining liquid. It is one of the most important natural resources which is essential for the existence of living organisms and things including humans and wildlife, food production, food security, sustainable development and alleviate the poverty of the country. Despite of having blessed with enormous water resources (e.g., Mt. Himalaya’s originated Holy River Ganges, and its several tributaries from the north, Kaveri River in the south, ever rain forests [e.g., Mousinram near Cherrapunji], world’s tastiest waters of the Siruvani River in Coimbatore, Western Ghats Basin, network of fresh water resources etc.,), “water problem” is huge ‘a big threat and cross cut problem in India’. Water is most essential and widely distributed key resource to meet the basic need for livelihoods,
Aptitude of Ground waters for Irrigation in the South-East Coastal Region of ...inventionjournals
Development of agricultural areas pressures on the availability of water resources in the South-East coastal region of Côte d'Ivoire (from Abidjan to Aboisso) require farmers to use groundwater for irrigation food and industrial crops. The objective of this study is to assess the aptitude of groundwater for irrigation in this region by using methods that take into account the Sodium Adsorption Report (SAR) and the Permeability Index (PI). The different results show that the SAR values range from 0.03 to 9.90 with an average of 1.83 while the PIs range from 5.11 to 210.77 with an average of 91.40. The C1S1 and C2S1 classes, corresponding to the water suitable for irrigation, represent 95% of the water sampled. In general, therefore, the sampled waters quality is suitable for irrigation except the boreholes waters of Memni (No. 59) and Palmafrique (No. 64).
Defining Vernacular Architecture through Traditional Water Structures- Case S...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Water and architecture remain largly intertwined integrated and inter-connected. If Water is known as elixir of life, holding key to human living and ensuring quality of life on this planet, water is said to have added value to cities ,architecture and built environment. More than one billion people globally are facing water crisis. Situation remains alarming in the rain deficient areas. Inadequacy in meeting water demand and water resource management have emerged the as greatest ecological, economic, and social challenges of 21st century. Limited availability of potable water on this planet and its rampant misuse calls for evolving appropriate strategies to manage water resource becomes critical. Architecture has been used extensively in India in general and water stressed states of Rajasthan , Gujrat, Maharashtra etc. in particular, to preserve, protect and conserve water for human and animal consumption in both rural and urban areas. Traditional water management structures created in the water deficient areas are known to have contributed extensively to the growth of new vocabulary of architecture besides promoting effective conservation. Over the years these architectural marvels have been misused, abused and neglected by the communities which needs to be leveraged to ensure availability of adequate quantity of quality water for meeting the basic needs of the human beings/ communities/ settlements. Study and evaluation of the water management structures created in the water deficient city of Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) has revealed the different typologies of structures used in the city to conserve effectively and efficiently water through the involvement of communities. Perpetual neglect and misuse of these water structures, led by urbanization and alternate source of municipal water supply has marginalized these important water resources, which needs to be revived, rehabilitated and put to use to make cities self-reliant in water, based on the earlier wisdom.
Regional Scale Modelling of Solid Waste Flow in Storm Drains of Urban Cities:...IJERA Editor
Floods are phenomena that become more frequent and more intense due to anthropogenic activities such as poor land use, improper waste management, uncontrolled urbanization, industrialization … In developing countries, the drainage systems are most often limited (if not absent), inadequate or not adapted. Most of the storm drains are regularly filled with solid materials that are collected from the environment and conveyed by runoff. Waste management in developing countries is very poor and important fractions of the wastes produced are abandoned in nature thereby impacting severely on the environment. The Abiergué watershed was targeted to study the process of the hydrological transformation of rainfall into runoff that conveys solid waste within a drainage system. The aim of this research was to develop a model that will enable the simulation of waste flow with respect to a specific rainfall pattern. It will permit to quantify the total solid wastes in circulation in a drainage system and as such provide appropriate and significant information on the role played by these wastes which can be used for engineering new adapted systems in developing countries. It was found that the solid domestic wastes and soil sediments evolved following a linear and a quadratic pattern respectively with respect to runoffs.
Running head: LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 1
LAKE CHAD CASESTUDY 4
Lake Chad Casestudy
Name:
Institution:
Lake Chad Casestudy
Lake Chad is one of Africa’s fresh water bodies. This water resource is shared by Chad,Nigeria,Niger and Cameroon. This important ecosystem has been experiencing degradation because of natural factors and human activities. This research focuses on the role of human factors in the degradation and the management plans that have been put in place to manage the resource.The unfortunate situation at the lake has been called an ecological catastrophe by the Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO. Some of the human factors that have contributed towards the degradation include damming and irrigation. These two human activities have contributed to the shrinkage of the lake. The growing number of irrigation projects have diverted water sources from the lake, hence the massive degradation. A series of dams constructed across rivers in Nigeria and Chad have also affected the lake because they have interruption the natural flow of water that originally drained in Lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Livestock staging, and overgrazing, has been witnessed in the surrounding areas. There is a lot of competition for greener pastures in the area. It is this competition for resources from the surrounding herders (e.g. to keep them fed and healthy) and current occupants struggling to keep their livelihood alive, that has made the lake vulnerable to further degradation. Human factors have indirectly contributed to drastic climatic changes that have resulted in droughts and high rates of evaporation at the lake (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
The increasing human population has put pressure on this natural resource. The growing population has contributed to unsustainable exploitation and pollution of the Lake. Over 30 million people live within the water catchment area around lake Chad (Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012). With this size population, the water resource is being thwarted into extinction if conservation measures are not implemented. The population has also resorted to intensive fishing in the lake for survival. This overfishing is a major threat to the ecological biodiversity within Lake Chad itself Kolawole,Omali&Daniel, 2012).
Ecological Principles Ignored In The Degradation
Disturbance Principle
According to the disturbance ecological principle, the extent and type of disturbance, determines the characteristics of the ecosystem. In the case of lake Chad, human activities were carried out in total disregard of the potential effects they had on the ecosystem. The population around the lake, exploited resources and disturbed the water balance in the area, therefore furthering the rate of the lake’s deterioration.
The landscape ecological principle was also ignored. The human activitie.
Inadequacy of Safe Domestic Water Supply in Small Urban Centre’s in Kenya: A ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Urbanization and subsequent creation of urban sprawl have become a major concern to many countries worldwide and particularly, developing countries that experience a rapid rate of urbanization. This situation is pronounced more in Africa where the annual growth rate were 4.7% and 4.6% between 1960 - 1980 and 1980 - 2000 respectively. (UN 1969). In Kenya the big numbers of small urban centres such as Ahero indicate the trend where urbanization is spreading. This influx of people into specific settlements creates high demand for water. This situation implies that no provision of safe water for domestic use can be expected. In Ahero town, the provision of adequate supply of safe water for domestic use is lacking. This has led to other environmental problems including high health risks for the inhabitants. This study examines the state of and the adequacy of supply of safe domestic water in Ahero town. A survey was conducted that made use of the existing physical development plan for Ahero town. A still camera was used to capture the state of the subject of study and 199 close ended questionnaires. Discussions were held with key informants and non-governmental organizations in relation to water supply in the town. The data collected was analyzed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The study established that there is one water point constructed by the Catholic Mission church. The facility is situated in the mission compound and run by the same church that supplies water at a fee. Other sources include wells and nearby River Nyando. The study concludes that environmental problems relating to poor and inadequate supply of safe domestic water exists in Ahero town. It recommends that proper strategy and planning for provision of these essential services is made.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
Water source and water demand needs assessments for bonwire
1. Civil and Environmental Research
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.3, No.12, 2013
www.iiste.org
Water Source and Water Demand Needs Assessments for Bonwire.
Prodeo Yao Agbotui*1, Mark Brookman-Amissah1, Boateng Cyril2, Innocent Zonyrah3, Michael Ntim4.
1. Accra Polytechnic, Barnes Road, Opposite Novotel Hotel, Tudu Accra Ghana. P.O. Box GP 561,
Accra- Ghana.
2. Kumasi Polytechnic, P.O. Box 854. Kumasi- Ghana.
3. Siksons Limited, P.O. Box 1094, Sakumono Estates, Tema- Ghana.
4. Core Construction Limited, P.O. Box MP 163, Mamprobi, Accra – Ghana.
*Contact of Corresponding Author: +233-545507014, agbotuiprodeo@yahoo.com.
Abstract
This work assessed the water supply source and water demand of Bonwire, a town in the Ashanti Region of
Ghana. The work was done to solve an identified water threat in Bonwire. The assessment was done via the
identification and discharge quantification of water sources; the physicochemical and biological assessments of
the source(s); estimation of water needs and a comparison of the supply and demand in Bonwire, and to
recommend this assessment to the local government and Donor Agencies. The methodology for the work was
site reconnaissance and desk studies, water discharge measurement via area-velocity method, field sampling and
laboratory testing. The ions were analysed by ICP-AES and IC. The current water demand was estimated as 274
m3d-1.The two sources of water identified for Bonwire were four (4) rivers and groundwater from two (2)
boreholes. The discharge measurements and borehole yields indicated that the total discharge for Bonwire is
14,239 m3d-1 of which rivers contribute about 99%. Inspite of the large river discharges, the physicochemical
properties finger the river waters as unpotable, because the rivers are contaminated with contaminants (nitrates,
sulphates, coliform) and hardness. The groundwater source which is the only potable source has a daily
discharge of 86 m3d-1, which is in a deficit of 188 m3d-1 for the current water demand. It was concluded that there
was a water threat in Bonwire. It was therefore recommended that contamination of the rivers should be
controlled; a hydrogeological assessment for additional borehole drilling should be conducted, and the
possibility of treating the rivers for supplying water to Bonwire and the Municipality should be considered.
Keywords: Water Supply, Water Demand, Water Threat, Contaminants, Coliform, Water Hardness,
Hydrogeological Assessment
1. Introduction
A lot of work has been done to improve rural water coverage in Ghana in the last few years, and records indicate
that Rural water coverage increased from 58% (2000) to 74 % (2008) (Joint Monitoring Programme of the
WHO/UNICEF, 2010). This is to ensure that Ghana meets the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 1, 3 and
7.
However, according to the Rural Supply Network (2010), there still exists a water supply deficit in rural areas.
This water supply deficit is due to the unavailability of funds, system breakdowns, poor post-construction
maintenance and servicing (Nyarko et al., 2010) and, government inaction and inadequate water sources within
the rural areas.
Water deficit occurs when the sources of water available to a locality are unsuitable in quality and quantity in
comparison with the water demands of the locality (Gleick, 1996). The assessment of a supply source is done
with a thorough understanding of the hydrology and physicochemical properties of the source. The water
demand is estimated using demographic properties and makeup, water use requirements and the variation in
water usage (Punmia et al, 2005). The condition for the existence of water deficit means that a locality could
have water sources that have discharges meeting demand, but still have a deficit if the source does not meet
established chemical and biological standards. Bonwire is a very prominent town in the Ashanti Region of Ghana,
but it has a severe water supply problem. With a population of 5,085 in 2000 projected to increase to 7,099 in
2013 (Ghana Statistical Service, 2005), the town has only two hand pump boreholes which are continually under
pressure (Site Reconnaisance, April 2013). To reduce the pressure on the borehole, the townsfolk use the often
polluted streams as a source of water supply. The dearth of water and the commuting distances by inhabitants to
search for water disrupts economic activities and causes water borne diseases like guinea worm, trachoma,
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bilharzias which militate against the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). This work therefore aims at
assessing the water needs of Bonwire, via the identification and discharge quantification of water sources; the
physicochemical and biological assessments of the source(s); estimation of water needs and a comparison of the
supply and demand in Bonwire, and to recommend the assessment to the local government and Donor Agencies
about funding for the development of a water supply scheme if need be to stem the tides of economic and human
resource loss due to the consumption of contaminated and polluted water.
2. Background of Study Area
2.1 Location and economic activities
The study area, Bonwire, 6° 47’N 1° 28’W is a small town located in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipal of the Ashanti
Region of Ghana(http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). Bonwire is the fourth largest town in the Ejisu-Juaben
Municipality (http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh), with a current population of 7099(Ghana Statistical
Service, 2005). Bonwire is noted for its beautiful woven Kente, which attracts tourists, enhances Ghana’s Gross
Domestic Product (UN Country Profile, 2002) and strengthens the Asante identity ( Opoku-Dwomoh, 2006).
Besides Kente, the people of Bonwire engage in other livelihood activities like farming, animal husbandry and
trading. Crops grown in the community include: cocoyam, tomatoes, cassava maize, rice, oil palm and plantains
(http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh).
2.2 Climate, vegetation, topography and geology
Climate and vegetation of the area is that of the middle belt in Ghana, which experiences tropical rainfall, i.e.
bi-modal rainfall pattern and wet semi-equatorial climate. It is characterized by double maxima rainfall lasting
from March to July and again from September and normally ends in the latter part of November. The mean
annual rainfall is 1200mm which is ideal for minor season cropping.
Temperatures range between 20°C in August and 32°C in March. Relative humidity is fairly moderate but quite
high during rainy seasons and early mornings. The fair distribution of temperature and rainfall patterns enhances
the cultivation of many food and cash crops throughout the Municipality thus making Ejisu Juaben Municpality
food sufficient (http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh).
The Municipal lies within the semi-deciduous forest zone, which does not differ much in appearance from the
Rain Forest. Most of the trees shed their leaves during the dry season, but not at the same time for all the trees of
the same species (http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). .
The area is of Pre-Cambrian rock of Birimian and Tarkwain formation which rises from about 240m to 300m
above sea level. The type of rock underlying the study area is identified as the Voltaain rock formation
(http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh). The study area is generally undulating and is drained by a number of
streams notable among them are the Abumekum, Abutia, Aboyensua and Japimu (Site Reconnaissance).
2.3 Sources of water in Bonwire
The main sources of water supply predominant in Bonwire are surface water (rivers and streams), atmospheric
water in the form of rain and ground water.
Abumekum, Abuatia, Abuyensua and Japimu are the rivers that drain Bonwire. According to Berner and Berner
(1987), the four rivers are liable to pollution because they are open to the environment.
Rain water does not contain contaminants but may only be infested by other elements in air or atmosphere and
therefore need to be disinfected before use. The mean annual rainfall in Bonwire is about 1200 mm which is
ideal for minor season cropping as a result of climatic changes and seasonal drought. However rain water is not
dependable because it cannot be harvested at will to meet demand requirement and also because it requires large
storage space, which is expensive to construct.
Rainfall that infiltrates the soil and penetrates to the underlying soil strata is called ground water (Wilson,
1990).The community currently has three boreholes, one of which is dysfunctional. A pumping test undertaken
by Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) shows that, the yield of the remaining two boreholes
within the community (near the lorry station) is 70 Lmin-1 and the second borehole has a yield of 20 Lmin-1
which is too low to be pumped over a long distance. According to the CWSA, the average depth for water
abstraction from the confined aquifers of Bonwire is between 50 – 70m. Thus it is assumed that a borehole
drilled to a depth of 60m will be able to intersect the confined aquifer for water abstraction.
The issue of water coming under serious threat has been an outstanding issue in modern Bonwire. According to
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3. Civil and Environmental Research
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Berner and Berner (1987), the possible factors that may threaten the availability and usage of water in Bonwire
include pollution from human activities like farms on the river banks, overexploitation and droughts.
3.
Methods
3.1 The demographic characteristic
The assessment required the analysis of the basic demographic characteristics like the population size, structure,
and growth rate. This data was used to calculate the current as well as the projected population size. This data
played an important role in the estimation of water demand for Bonwire.
Data from the 2000 National Population and Housing Census was used to calculate the current and projected
population using the Geometric Growth formula (Punmia et. al, 2005):
Pn = Pc (1 + r) n ….. [ 1]
Where:
Pn: Projected population
Pc: Current population
n: Projected year ( design period)
r : Growth rate
The current water demand as well as the projected water demand were estimated from the CWSA design
guideline (CWSA, 2005).
3.2 Discharge measurement
The discharge measurements were done in April 2013. Site accessibility and flow influenced discharge
measurements. Dimensions (depth and width) of water features were measured by dip stakes and tape measure.
Flow velocities were determined by measuring the time of travel of leaves over a 4m distance on the stream
surface (Brassington, 2007; Weight, 2001). The product of velocity and area measurements yielded discharge for
the streams(Schwartz and Zhang, 2003).
3.3 Field sampling of rivers
Samples were collected using bucket and line at accessible sites of the study area. At each sample location,
samples were filtered through a 0.45um filter paper, into two (2) 50ml vials. On-site pH of filtered samples were
determined. Stored samples for metal analyses were acidified with 5ml of 10% HNO3. The samples were then
labelled and sent to the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) for storage and analyses. The cations were
measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) and the anions (SO42-, Cl-,
NO3-) by Ion Chromatography (IC). Duplicates and blank samples were used to check the consistency of the
laboratory testing methods.
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Catchment stream discharge
The discharge values for the four rivers in the study area are presented in Table 1. From the table of discharges,
Abuatia and Abuyensua rivers recorded maximum and minimum discharges of 73.8 and 8.4 Ls-1 respectively.
The total discharge for the four streams in Bonwire is 163.9 Ls-1 which translates to a daily stream discharge of
14,153 m3d-1
Table 1. Bonwire river discharge
Sample Code
S1
S2
S3
S4
Total discharge, Ls-1
River
Abemekum
Abuatia
Abuyensua
Japimu
Discharge, Ls-1
48.4
73.8
8.4
33.3
163.9
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A pumping test undertaken by Community Water and Sanitation indicates that, the yield of the functioning
borehole within the community (near the lorry station) is 1.2 Ls-1 whilst the second boreholes has a yield of 0.3
Ls-1. Assuming a pumping time of 16 hours for both boreholes, yields a borehole discharge of 86 m3d-1.
The total discharge for the Bonwire township is 165.37Ls-1, which translates to a total daily source supply of
14,239m3d-1 of which the rivers contribute about 99% of the discharge. The total source supply can only be
relied on assuming that the physicochemical properties of streams and the groundwater are to acceptable
standards and therefore potable.
4.2 Water demand estimation
The population of Bonwire for 2000 is 5085. Using a population growth rate of 2.6%, the geometric growth
formula in equation 1, the projected population for 2013 and 2028 using a design period of 15 years (CWSA
guideline), yields the data in table 2. Refer to the CWSA guidelines and detailed computations of demand at
Appendix A.
Table 2. Bonwire population and projections
Year
Population
2000
5085
2013
7099
2028
10433
The current and 15 year population water demands are 274 and 397 m3d-1 respectively.
4.3 Demand and supply comparison
A comparison of the source and demand indicates that the source discharge is far in excess of the demand for the
township, and surface water contributes 99% of the supply source. The caveat however is that, this assessment is
valid only if both sources ( river and groundwater) are potable, and this can only be done after an analysis of the
physicochemical state of the water sources.
4.4 Physicochemical characteristics of water sources
The physicochemical characteristics of the streams and European Commission Water Quality Directive
( Brassington, 2007) are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Streams physicochemical characteristics and EC standards
Parameter
Unit
Streams
EC Directive
80/778/ EEC
standards
Total
Coliform
pH
NO3
Fe
SO3
Cl
CaCO3
Hardness
TDS
Colour
No./100ml
Abumekum
44
Abuatia
43
Abuyensua
50
Japimu
47
0
pH units
mgL-1
ugL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
7.5
71
450
320
240
280
7.3
63
550
410
246
243
7.4
60
400
300
257
270
7.8
58
380
248
250
258
6.5 – 8.5
50
200
250
400
500
mgL-1
N/A
600
brownish
610
clear
540
clear
600
brownish
500
colourless
In terms of pH, Table 3 indicates that the rivers in Bonwire are all neutral and conform to the EC standard. From
the laboratory results obtained from the four streams, Aboyensua and Abuatia had the maximum and minimum
values of 50 mgL-1 and 43mgL-1 for coliform bacteria respectively. Japimu had the greater nitrate concentration
of 71 mgL-1. Abumekum recorded a maximum CaCO3 hardness of 280 mgL-1, whilst the chloride content of the
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four rivers varied slightly with Abuatia having the maximum of 257 mgL-1 and Aboyensua with a minimum of
240 mgL-1.
A comparison of the streams with EC Directive indicate that the stream properties except for pH, chloride and
CaCO3 hardness are objectionable.
The source of the nitrates could be from runoff containing fertilizer from farmlands that are on the banks of the
rivers. Another source is from animal droppings that wash into drains that finally find their way to the streams.
Nitrate concentrations above the recommended limits are dangerous to pregnant women and pose a serious
health threat to infants under 3 months of age because of the ability of nitrates to cause Methaemoglobinaemia or
“Blue Baby Syndrome” in which the blood loses its ability to carry sufficient oxygen. Distillation and reverse
osmosis units can remove nitrates and nitrites (Saskatchewan Watershed Authority, 2003).
Leaching and runoff from ammonium sulphate fertlisers on farms, decaying plant and animal matter may be the
source of sulphate into the rivers. Excess sulphate levels may have a laxative effect on new users and produce an
objectionable taste. Regular users tend to become accustomed to high sulphate levels. High amounts of various
sulphate salts may give drinking water an offensive taste. Excess sulphates can also give water and offensive
taste at
concentrations ranging from 250 to 1,000 mgL-1. High concentrations of sulphate may interfere in the efficiency
of chlorination in some water supplies. Also, sulphate salts may increase the corrosive properties of water
(Saskatchewan Watershed Authority, 2003).
The source of the coliform could be from animal and / or human waste that has been washed or deposited into
the streams. Coliforms are indicative organisms that suggest the presence of feacal matter in the streams. Feacal
matter contains microorganisms like bacteria, protozoa, and viruses; some algae and helminths (worms) that
cause waterborne related diseases. For this reason, water containing coliform is non-potable for human
consumption.
The borehole chemical characteristics are also presented in Table 4. The groundwater parameters in Table 4 as
compared to the EC directive show that the borehole is potable, as it meets all the quality standards.
Table 4. Borehole physicochemical characteristics and European Commission Directive standards
Parameter
Unit
Borehole
Coliform
pH
Na
K
Ca
Mg
SO3
NO3
Cl
F
HCO3
Fe
CaCO3hardness
Colour
No./100ml
pH units
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
ugL-1
mgL-1
N/A
0
7.2
160
2.2
9.2
0.2
246
43
210
0.71
150
100
255
Colourless
EC Directive
80/778/ EEC
standards
0
6.5 – 8.5
175
12
250
50
250
50
400
1.5
1000
200
500
Colourless
The physicochemical analysis of the sources indicates that currently, groundwater is the only non-treatable
potable source that Bonwire can rely on. For the groundwater source however, it has a discharge of 86 m3d-1
which is in deficits of 188 and 311 m3d-1 for the current and 15 year water demands respectively. Recollecting
that there are only two (2) boreholes which give a total discharge of 86 m3d-1, the extra boreholes required to
meet demand are 4 and 8 boreholes for 2013 and 2028 respectively.
However, if funding is procured to treat the rivers, the water threat could be eliminated, and even that, the
townsfolk need to be educated and entreated to reduce and eliminate the pollutant loading to the river sources, to
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reduce the cost of treatment.
5. Conclusions and recommendations
From the analysis, it is concluded that the two key sources of water for Bonwire are groundwater and river
sources. The discharge of the rivers far outweigh the groundwater source, but the abundant river source is
contaminated with agricultural pollutants and harmful microorganisms and can only be made potable via
treatment. The groundwater is however potable but does not meet the water demand of Bonwire.
In view of the analysis, the following are recommended to the local government (Municipal Assembly) and
donor/funding agencies:
•
•
•
•
The Municipal Assembly should inform and educate the Bonwire townsfolk about the state of the rivers
in Bonwire, and the water borne diseases that can be contracted from the consumption and usage of
river water for domestic and economic activities.
Farmers in Bonwire should be advised to stop farming along river banks.
Hydrogeological assessments should be conducted in Bonwire and additional boreholes should be
drilled to meet water demand of the town. In addition, the townsfolk should own a part of the water
supply system, to ensure the replacement of parts for sustainable functioning of the boreholes.
Considering the discharge of the four (4) rivers, a cost benefit analysis of the possibility of treating the
rivers for supply both to Bonwire and surrounding towns should also be explored, for the generation of
revenue for the Bonwire and the Municipal Assembly. This approach will alleviate poverty and create
jobs for Bonwire and other towns in the Ejisu Juaben Municipality.
References
Berner, E.K. and Berner, R.A., 1987. The Global Water Cycle: Geochemistry and Environment. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey. pp. 174 – 240 on Rivers.
Brassington, R. (2007). Field Hydrogeology. 3rd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. pp. 105 - 111.
Collins Opoku-Dwomoh. (2006). Bonwire Kente: The Pride of Asante. col-DB Publishers.
CWSA, 2005. Small Communities Water and Sanitation Sector Policy, Design Guidelines. Community Water
and Sanitation Agency, Ministry of Works and Housing Ghana. Government of Ghana.
Ghana Statistical Service. Volume 1 of 2000 Population and Housing Census [Ejisu Juaben Municipality, Ashanti
Region]: Analysis of District Data and Implications for Planning.(2005).
Gleick, P.H. Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs. Pacific Institute for Studies
in Development, Environment and Security. Oakland, CA, 41612, USA (1996).
http://ejisujuaben.ghanadistricts.gov.gh ( assessed 17th April 2013).
Nyarko K. B., Dwumfour-Asare, B., Appiah-Effah, E. and Moriarty, P (2010). Cost of delivering water services
in rural areas and small towns in Ghana.IRC Symposium 2010. Pumps, Pipes and Promises.
Punmia B.C., Jain A.K., Jain A.K. (2005). Water Supply Engineering. Laxmi Publications Ltd., New Delhi,
India.
RWSN, 2010. Handpump Data. Rural Water Supply Network. Available from http://www.rural-watersupply.net/en/region-and-countries/sub-saharan-africa/ghana. Accessed on 15th September, 2013.
Saskatchewan Watershed Authority. Water Quality Parameter Factsheet for Private Water and Health Regulated
Public Water Supplies, 2003. https://www.wsask.ca/Water-Info/Drinking-Water/. Accessed on 15th September,
2013.
Schwartz F.W. and Zhang H. (2003). Fundamentals of Groundwater. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. pp. 26 - 31.
United Nations Country Profile on Ghana. Johannesburg Summit, 2002.
Weight, D.W., 2001. Hydrogeology Field Manual, 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill, New York. pp. 287 – 320.
WHO/UNICEF, 2010. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2010). Estimates for the
use of Drinking Water Sources in Ghana. World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund.
Wilson E.M. (1990), Engineering Hydrology, Macmillan Education Limited, London.
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APPENDIX A
Table A1: CWSA Design Guidelines
Criteria
CWSA
Design
Guideline
Value
a. Standpost Demand for 80% of population
20lcd
20lcd
b. House connection for 20% of population
60lcd
60lcd
2. Industrial and Commercial Demand (…% of 1)
10%
10%
3. Unaccounted for Losses (…% of 1+2)
8-10 %
10%
4. Design Period for Distribution
10years
10years
5. Design Period for Transmission
15years
15years
6. Design Period for Source Capacity
15years
15years
7. Peak Hour Demand Factor
2.5
2.5
8. Peak Day Demand Factor
1.2
1.2
9. Population per Tap outlet
300
300
35-40%
36.4%
1. Domestic Demand
10. Service Reservoir Capacity (…% of Daily Demand)
Population Projections
The present population P0 = 7099
The projected population is computed as follows:
Pn
=
Po (1+ r) n
Pi
=
Design Projected Population
Po
=
Present Population= 7,099
r
=
Regional Population Growth Rate=2.6%
n
=
Projected Design Period =15 years
Where;
15 year projected Population P15 = 7,099 (1 + 0.026)15
= 10,433
Table A2. Population and projections
BONWIRE
POPULATION
2000
5085
2013
7099
2028
10433
Water Demand Projections
Present Water Demand (2013)
Domestic = 7,099 x [(60 x 0.2) + (20 x 0.8)] = 198,772lpd
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Commercial +Industrial Provision=10 % (198,772) = 19,877lpd
Provision for Market days 10 % (198,772) = 19,877 lpd
Provision for Hospital (100 beds @ 100 liters per bed per day) = 10,000 lpd
Physical Losses 10% x (198,772 + 19,877 + 19,877 + 10,000) = 24,852 lpd
Total = 198,772 + 19,877 + 19,877 + 10,000 + 24,852 = 273,378 lpd Say 274m3d-1
15 years Projected Water Demand (2013)
Domestic = 10,433 x [(60 x 0.2) + (20 x 0.8)]
=292,124lpd
Commercial +Industrial Provision=10 % (292,124) = 29,212
Provision for Market days 10 % (292,124) = 29,212
Provision for Hospital (100 beds @ 100 liters per bed per day) = 10,000 lpd
Physical Losses 10% x (292,124+ 29,212+ 29,212 + 10,000) = 36,055 lpd
Total =292,124+ 29,212+ 29,212 + 10,000 + 36,055 = 396,603 lpd Say 397m3d-1
119
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