Water issues in mozambique
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The city of Beira, Mozambique faces significant water issues. Over 300,000 of its population of 412,588 drink dirty water, leading to widespread health problems. Major causes of death include waterborne diseases like hepatitis A and typhoid fever, which account for 38 out of every 100 deaths. Three-quarters of the city is affected by drought and lower river levels, exacerbating water scarcity and disease. Solutions will require coordination across physical, human, and immaterial resources and organizations.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
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RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
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Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Water issues in mozambique
- 1. Water issues in Beira,Mozambique By Abbasi Dawood
- 2. Contents • Introduction • Social problems • Beira • objective • 3 axis (SWOT)
- 3. Objectives • Identify resources used to solve water issue in Beira?
- 4. introduction • Located at southeast Africa • Population : 22million • GDP (Nominal) : $582 • Natural gas reserves: 127.4 billion cubic meter • Average income : 40cent a day • land: 786,380 sq km water: 13,000 sq km
- 5. Social problems • Low life expectancy & high child mortality rate • 17 million drinking dirty water • Only 17% of households • Health issues 50 children dying everyday
- 6. Beira Second largest city Lies on Pungue River meeting indian ocean Easiest place to catch malaria Population of 412,588 300,000 drinking dirty water Major issue : Drought Major cause of deaths Waterborne disease : hepatitis A, typhoid fever 38/100 deaths
- 8. Drought & lower river level • 75% of city • Resulting • Waterborne disease
- 10. 3 axis : Physical (Water, Land)
- 11. 3 axis : human (affected people, labor, engineers)
- 12. 3 axis :immaterial (government, NGO)
- 14. References • http://www.glica.org/topics/show/69 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique • https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html • http://www.indexmundi.com/mozambique/area.html • http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw23water.htm • http://greatindaba.com/issue/march-2010-vol-7/article/pungwe- river-floods-beira-zimbabwe-road • http://www.planet- action.org/automne_modules_files/polyProjects/public/r9594_93_ kusangaya_cc_sea_level_rise_beira_planet_action.pdf
Editor's Notes
- low river levels
- Rainwater harvesting