This document provides information about various topics related to water sources and distribution. It discusses the following key points: - About 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water, with oceans containing over 97% of the planet's water. Other sources include rain, surface water bodies, and groundwater. - Common surface water sources are impounding reservoirs, rivers, streams, tanks, ponds and lakes. Groundwater sources include wells of different types. - Water is essential for life, with uses including agriculture, industry, power generation, domestic needs, and more. About 70% of water globally is used for irrigation. - The human body needs water for critical functions like nutrient transport, metabolic reactions, temperature

2. Seminar Topics
 Introduction- Balasubramanya
 Water Quality- Awais Mahaldar
 Water pollution- Ashish Kumar
 Water Borne Diseases- Ashwin. S. A
 Preventive measures- Basavaraj. Patil
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3. Water Forms and Distribution
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About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
with water.

4. Sources of water
1) Rain
2) Surface water
i)Impounding reservoirs
ii)Rivers and streams
iii)Tanks ,ponds, lakes
3) Ground water
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5. Oceans
 Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.
 Can be used after being desalinated.
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6.  Prime source of water
 Purest form of water
 Dissolved solids-
0.0005%
 Becomes impure as it
passes through
atmosphere
 Acid rain
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Rain

7.  Dams across rivers and streams
 Characteristics:
o Quality next to rain water
o Impurities derived from catchment area
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Impounding reservoirs

8. Rivers
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 Most of the times polluted and unfit for
drinking without treatment
 Turbid during rainy seasons and clear in other
seasons
 Impurities from sewage, drainage from
agriculture, industrial
wastes
 Self purification- by
oxidation, dilution,
aeration, sunlight

9. Tanks
 Tanks are large evacuations to store surface
water
 Major water source in Indian villages
 Certain amount of natural purification by
sunlight and oxidation
 Sand filtration prior to use
 Chlorination- additional protection
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10. Sand filtration in Tanks
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11. Wells
 Traditionally important source of water
 Different types of wells
 Katcha well
 Pucca well
 Step well
 Artesian well
 Tube well
 Sanitary well
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12. Deep and Shallow Wells
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13. Katcha well
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14. Pucca well
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15. Step well
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16.  An artesian well is a
pump-less water
source that uses pipes to
allow underground water
that is under pressure to
rise to the surface
 For centuries, people have
drilled artesian wells to
drink filtered water that
doesn't need to be
manually or mechanically
lifted up from the depths.
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Artesian well

17. Artesian Well
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18. 18
 Tubes made of
Galvanized iron are
drilled and is fitted with
a strainer.
 Lifted with hand-pump
 Shallow- Driven wells
 Deep- Bored wells
 Life- 5-30 years
Tube well

19. Sanitary well
 Properly located , well constructed, protected
against contamination
 Points to be considered in construction of
Sanitary well
1) Location
2) Lining
3) Parapet
4) Platform
5) Drain
6) Covering
7) Hand pump
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20. Sanitary well
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21. Types of Water
Hard water
Soft water
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22. What is hard water?
Hard water contains dissolved calcium and magnesium
compounds such as :
 magnesium bicarbonate [Mg(HCO3)2]
 calcium bicarbonate [Ca(HCO3)2]
 magnesium sulphate [MgSO4]
 calcium sulphate [CaSO4]
Hard water can be Temporary or Permanent.
Temporary hard water contains magnesium bicarbonate and
calcium bicarbonate.
Permanent hard water contains Magnesium sulphate and
calcium sulphate.
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23. Lime-scale deposits
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24. Softening temporary hard water
Temporary hard water contains calcium bicarbonate.
Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling the water.
Lime-scale would be left behind.
This is relatively easy to remove, because it decomposes on
heating to form solid calcium carbonate:
+
+


calcium
bicarbonate
Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
calcium
carbonate
CaCO3 (s)
water
H2O(l)
carbon dioxide
CO2 (g)
+
+

25. Softening hard water
Both temporary and permanent hard water can be softened by
adding sodium carbonate (washing soda).
The sodium carbonate reacts with the calcium compounds in
the water to form calcium carbonate and soluble sodium
compounds, which do not contribute to hardness:
+ +
calcium
bicarbonate
Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)
sodium
carbonate
Na2CO3 (s)
calcium
carbonate
CaCO3(s)
sodium
bicarbonate
2NaHCO3(aq)+ +

26. Soft Water
 Water with very low concentrations of
minerals.
 Advantages:
 Soap lathers easily and is sometimes difficult to rinse off.
 Nominimal lime scale formation in pipes, vessels
 Potable i.e. fit for human consumption
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27. Why do we need water?
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70%
22%
8%
World Water Use
Irrigation Industry Domestic

28. Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial
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29. In-Stream Uses
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Hydropower Recreation
Navigation Ecosystem Support

30. Water- Human body needs
 Water’s roles in the body
 Carries nutrients and waste products
 Maintains the structure of large molecules
 Participates in metabolic reactions
 Solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose
and others
 Lubricant and cushion around joints, inside the
eyes, the spinal cord, and in amniotic fluid during
pregnancy
 Regulation of body temperature
 Maintains blood volume
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31. Water and Human Body
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32. Drinking water consumption
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33. Legislations concerned to Water
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act was enacted in 1974 to provide for the
prevention and control of water pollution, and for the
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water
in the country. The Act was amended in 1988.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Cess Act was enacted in 1977, to provide for the
levy and collection of a tax on water consumed by
persons operating and carrying on certain types of
industrial activities. This tax is collected to
augment the resources of the Central Board and
the State Boards for the prevention and control of
water pollution constituted under the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The 33

34. Govt. of India Policies
 RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL DRINKING WATER
MISSION(RGNDWM)
The Accelerated Rural Water Supply
Programme(ARWSP) was introduced in 1972-
73 by the Government of India (GOI), to assist
the States and Union Territories to accelerate the
pace of coverage of drinking water supply.
The Technology Mission on drinking water and
related water management was launched in
1986. It was also called the National Drinking
Water Mission (NDWM). The NDWM was
renamed Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking 34

35. Rainwater Harvesting policies
 Bangalore
In order to conserve water and ensure ground water
recharge, the Karnataka government in February 2009
announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to
compulsorily adopt rain water harvesting facility. Residential
sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft (40 x 60 ft), shall
create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.
 Chennai
Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three
storied buildings (irrespective of the size of the rooftop area).
All new water and sewer connections are provided only after
the installation of rainwater harvesting systems.
Similar initiatives are also taken in other states.
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36. Water Day- 22 MARCH
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37. Water Day
 World Water Day has been observed on 22
March since 1993 when the United Nations
General Assembly declared 22nd
March as World Day for Water.
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38. 2013 Water Day
 In designating 2013 as UN International year
of Water co-operation the UNO recognizes that
 co-operation is essential to strike a balance between
the different needs and priorities and
 share this precious resource equitably using as an
instrument of peace.
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