Due to the ever-increasing population, surface water is not enough to meet all the demands and the dependence automatically goes to ground water that drastically leading to a constant depletion of ground water level causing the wells and tube wells to dry up. To enhance the availability of groundwater at specific places and times and utilize rainwater for sustainable development.
The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collection of water from surfaces on which rain falls, and subsequently storing this water for later use. Normally water is collected from the roofs of buildings and stored in rainwater tanks.
Concept Of rainwater harvesting
Why rainwater is harvested
Rainwater harvesting today
Not new to India
Johads of Rajasthan
Rain water harvesting potential in India
Rain water harvesting system
How to harvest rain water
Components of roof top rainwater harvesting system
Filters used
Methods of roof top rain water harvesting
Advantage of rainwater harvesting
Do's and Dont's
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
Concept Of rainwater harvesting
Why rainwater is harvested
Rainwater harvesting today
Not new to India
Johads of Rajasthan
Rain water harvesting potential in India
Rain water harvesting system
How to harvest rain water
Components of roof top rainwater harvesting system
Filters used
Methods of roof top rain water harvesting
Advantage of rainwater harvesting
Do's and Dont's
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams.
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off
Introduction
• Water is essential for all life of forms on earth-including human, animal and vegetation.
• It is therefore important that adequate supplies of water be developed to sustain such life
• Where there is no surface water, where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due to hard ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or unfit to drink, another source must be sought.
• In areas that have regular rainfall, the most appropriate alternative is the collection of rainwater, called rainwater harvesting .
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams.
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off
Introduction
• Water is essential for all life of forms on earth-including human, animal and vegetation.
• It is therefore important that adequate supplies of water be developed to sustain such life
• Where there is no surface water, where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due to hard ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or unfit to drink, another source must be sought.
• In areas that have regular rainfall, the most appropriate alternative is the collection of rainwater, called rainwater harvesting .
Prayas, the word in Sanskrit means making an effort, attempt, try, exercising, and practicing some positive actions for the betterment of individual and the community as well.
Here, in Tenet, “Prayas” is entitled as an interim effort of Tenetians for betterment in professional, educational, cultural and social aspects of life. It includes different training, exercising and performing activities to share the best of a person’s thought with others.
In Prayas, presently we have several agendas like Prayas-1, the “share-your-knowledge” programme, exercising a power-point presentation in every Wednesday by an individual under a senior’s mentorship. This exercise also helps in improving our communication skill. In Prayas-2, “personality development” programme, we conduct language skill building classes for our Tenetians in every Monday evening. Apart from these, we are arranging several cultural activities by individual’s performances under Prayas-1 to enjoy environment with work.
We also have a few more sports activities already started to refresh our body and mind to enhance an overall growth for all of us to come under Prayas very shortly.
Prayas Session : Rain Water Harvesting by Soumalya Nandi
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface runoff). One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting.
Water: water is renewable resource. Three- fourth of surface is covered with water but only a small proportion of it accounts for freshwater fit for use.
Some facts about water
Only 2.5% of the world’s water is fresh water and most of this are in the form of polar ice-caps.
Water use as increased by 70% since 1970.
A recent report by credit issues stated that by 2025 18 will
countries experience water demand beyond supply capabilities.
It describes necessity of rain water harvesting, what is the solution, methods and techniques of rain water harvesting.
Additional it also includes Packaged water treatment, its necessity and working.
Coastal aquaculture is having an adverse impact on the environment due to intensive shrimp culture. several other factors are also getting affected due to intensive coastal aquaculture.
Ideally, the role of data collection is to support the monitoring of stated objectives and support for management processes. States should ensure that timely, complete, and reliable statistics on catch and fishing efforts are collected and maintained in accordance with applicable international standards and practices and in sufficient detail to allow sound statistical analysis. Such data should be updated regularly and verified through an appropriate system.
Conservation strategies for LOKTAK lake ecosystemSWAGATIKA SAHOO
LOKTAK lake Largest freshwater lake in Northeast India.
Situated in Moirang town of Bishnupur District in the state of Manipur, India. Considering its ecological status and biodiversity values the lake was designated as a Ramsar site on 23rd March 1990, with the reference number 463. It is listed under the Montreux Record on 16th June 1993 which is a record of Ramsar sites ‘where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur by human activities and pollution.
The exponential decay model is a corer-stone of the theory of exploited fish stocks because in exploited fish stock numbers surviving end to decrease exponentially with time and age according to total mortality.
A fishing system is the combination of the observations and handling methods before, during, and after the catch. It is also referred to as an integrated fishing system. This system will be steered by computers being used to collect and evaluate data, and to apply fully automatic fishing methods combining searching, catching, and processing, so bringing the optimum of success. fishing with modern computerized systems is also a fishing system.
The system also includes all the navigation required to bring the vessel and gear into the best position in relation to the prey desired to be caught. Computers will calculate the right time to shoot the gear, in order to control the catching process and the quantity of fish caught.
Finally, the system includes automatic hauling of the gear and the handling of the catch for processing.
Climate change ,adaptation and mitigation in fisheriesSWAGATIKA SAHOO
Climate change impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems and associated livelihoods are growing, and the purpose of this circular is to provide a brief overview of potential impacts and details of ongoing and completed adaptation activities. Sharing examples will aid planning and development of adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture, and this compilation is intended to provide a starting point for planners, policy-makers, and practitioners who are involved in sectors related to fisheries and aquaculture around the globe. This introduction provides an overview of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The presentation reviews potential mitigation and adaptation options for fisheries and aquaculture at various scales. This is followed by an overview of selected adaptation activities at various scales to demonstrate the types of activities underway or completed around the world, primarily in developing countries. This is not a comprehensive review of adaptation actions – there are other resources that provide more in-depth reviews of adaptation. However, this circular aims to provide examples of the kinds of adaptation activities specifically addressing fisheries and/or aquaculture.
The Kerala backwaters are a network of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India, as well as interconnected canals, rivers, and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 kilometres (560 mi) of waterways, and sometimes compared to American bayous.[3] The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both man made and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range. In the midst of this landscape, there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and endpoints of backwater cruises.
Asian Seabass is a very popular food fish in South Asian countries. This presentation deals with Asian seabass farming in Thailand which includes breeding, larval development, and growout technology. This presentation is a part of my internship work at the Asian Institute of technology.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. Table of contents
o What is Rainwater harvesting ?
o Need for rainwater harvesting
o Objectives
o Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
o Ground water recharge techniques
o Advantages & Disadvantages of RWH system
o Applications
o Rain water harvesting in India
o Conclusion
o References 2
3. 3
What is Rainwater
harvesting ?
o The harvesting of rain water simply
involves the collection of water from
surfaces on which rain falls, and
subsequently storing this water for later
use. Normally water is collected from the
roofs of buildings and stored in rainwater
tanks.
o It is the accumulation and deposition of
rainwater for reuse on site.
4. 4
Acc. to WHO around the world
roughly 2.1 billion people lack reliable
access to clean drinking water
The global NEED for water will EXCEED the
global SUPPLY of water 40% by the year
2030.
Everyday GROUNDWATER provides
drinking water for over 158 MILLION
PEOPLE.
1 litre of waste
water pollutes 8
litres of fresh
water.
5. Need for Rainwater Harvesting
● Due to ever increasing population, surface water is not enough to meet all the demands and the
dependance automatically goes to ground water that drastically leading to constant depletion of ground
water level causing the wells and tube wells to dry up.
5
According to NOAA (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration), nearly 30% of our
freshwater consumption accounts from groundwater
sources.
● To enhance availability of ground water at specific place and time and utilize rain water for sustainable
development.
● Regional Variations in water availability
● Responsibilities towards protecting Nature
● Quality of water supplies
● To increase infiltration of rain water in the subsoil this has decreased drastically in urban areas due to
paving of open area.
● To increase agriculture production.
Out of 8760 hours in a year, most of the rain in India falls in just 100 hours.
6. Objectives of RWH
• Increase availability of water during dry season
• Substitute ground water
• Prevent overuse of Aquifers
• Reduce flood risk and soil erosion
• Save money on water bills and improve living conditions
6
7. 7
Methods for Rainwater Harvesting
● Rooftop rainwater Harvesting
There are broadly 2 ways of harvesting rain water.
● Surface (ground) runoff Harvesting
o Rainwater flows away as surface runoff.
This runoff could be caught and used for
irrigation and recharging aquifers by
adopting appropriate methods.
o It is less expensive.
o It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls.
In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the
catchments, and the rainwater is collected from
the roof of the house/building.
o It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to
artificial recharge system.
Driveway
Source. Vikaspedia.in
8. 8
Rooftop rainwater
harvesting system
● Components
1. Catchment area
2. Conveyance system
3. Storage tank
4. Recharge structure
• Gutter and down take pipe
• First flush and filter
• Delivery system
3 Discharge of waste 6 Flow meter
7 water discharge
Source. Theconstructor.org
9. 9
Catchment
● Any surface or the paved areas can be treated as catchment. Even the footpaths and roads can act as
the catchment, as these areas too receive the direct rainfall.
● Rooftops are the best among them because of the large coefficient of runoff and less chances of
contamination of water.
● Tiles and Metal roofs are even better as concrete absorb some water .
● The amount of water harvested depends on the quantity of rainfall, and the size of the surface and the
slope of the catchment area.
Rain Water harvesting potential = Amount of Rainfall x area of catchment x Runoff coefficient
10. 10
Conveyance
• Conveyance system basically includes rain gutters and down pipes which collects the rain water from
catchment to the storage tank.
• These rain gutters are usually built during the time of construction. They need to be designed appropriately
as to avoid the loss of water during the conveyance process.
Fig. gutters and down pipes
Source. Theconstructor.org
11. 11
● Roof washers - a device that diverts the "first flush" of rain before it enters the storage tank. Most
rainwater suppliers recommend that the "first flush" of water is diverted to an outside area of
the storage system, since the catchment surface may accumulate bird droppings, debris and other
pollution.
● Leaf screens - To prevent the entry of leaves and other debris in the system, the coarse mesh
should be provided at the mouth of inflow pipe.
Source; vanislewater.com
thegreenmanproject.com
Fig. first flush device Fig. leafscreens
12. 12
● Delivery systems - Piping systems that convey the stored rainwater till the point of end-use.This
include devices such as hand pumps, motorized pumps or taps.
● The device depends on the position of the tank and the use of water.
fig. Devices to draw water out i.e.taps (left) handpumps (right)
Source; solarhaven.org
13. 13
• Purification/treatment system - needed for making the water safe for human consumption,
and meeting certification requirements.
• A sand filter or water filter used to make the water usable for daily activities and RO filter is
used to make the water potable.
Fig. sand filter Fig. charcoal water filter
IS 10500 (2012): Drinking water
14. 14
Storage
● The storage tank can be cylindrical, rectangular or square in shape. The material of construction can be
RCC, ferrocement, masonry, PVC or metal sheets.
● Depending upon the availability of space, the storage tank can be above ground, partially underground or
fully underground.
● The storage system should be properly sealed and does nor leak. Chlorine is used from time to time to
keep the water clean.
● The design of storage tank is dependent on many factors
a) Number of persons in the household
b) Average annual rainfall
c) Rainfall pattern
d) Type and size of catchment
Fig. Storage tanks in different shapes
Source; pinterest
16. 16
Following precautions should be taken to ensure quality of water:
● Roof over which water falls, should be cleaned before rain fall.
● The suitable type of first flushing device to be installed and initial 10 to 15 minutes of runoff should
be diverted.
● The water collected from roof top only, should be stored in storage tank for direct use.
● The runoff from surface/ground should be preferably be used for recharging ground water aquifers
after proper filtration.
● The rain water collected from roof top should pass through suitable type of filter and only then it
should be stored in storage tank / used for recharging ground water aquifers.
The rain water is one of purest form of water and does not contain suspended / dissolved impurities.
However when this water is collected through rain water harvesting, it gets contaminated because of
contact with roof surface/ground and some of the impurities get mixed in it. These impurities are
required to be removed before collecting the harvested rain water in storage tank or diverting it or
recharging of ground water aquifers.
Quality issues
17. 17
Recharging subsurface aquifers
● Under natural conditions it may take days to centuries to recharge ground water by rain water. As
we need to replenish the pumped water, Artificial Recharge of Ground water is required at some
locations.
● It is estimated that only 10 to 25% of rain water is utilized to charge ground water but artificially with
rain water harvesting, it can be charged upto 50%. (source: para 2.6.3 of manual of rain water
harvesting & conservation - Govt of India)
18. 18
1. Through recharge pit
● This method is suitable where permeable strata
is available at shallow depth.
● Recharge pit of any shape is constructed generally
1-2 m wide and 2-3 m deep. The pit is filled with
boulders, gravel and sand for filtration of rain
water.
Source; clearwaterdynamics.com
Fig. recharge pit
19. 19
2. Through recharge trench
● Trenches are constructed when the permeable stream is
available at shallow depth.
● Trench may be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m. deep and 10 to
20 m. long depending up availability of water. These are
back filled with filter materials.
Fig. Ground water recharge through recharge trench
Source: frontdesk.co.in
20. 20
3. Through existing dugwells
● Existing dug wells may be utilised as recharge
structure and water should pass through filter
media before putting into dug well.
Fig. recharge through wells
21. 21
4. Through recharge shaft
● This method is suitable where shallow aquifer is located below clayey surface.
● Recharge shaft of diameter 0.5-3 m and 10-15 m deep is excavated mechanically. The shaft should end in
more permeable strata below the top impermeable strata.
● The shaft should be filled with boulders, gravel and sand for filtration of recharge water. Top sand layer
should be cleaned periodically.
● By constructing recharge shaft in tanks, surplus water can be recharged to ground water. The top of shaft is
kept above the tank bed level preferably at half of full supply level.
Fig. Aquifer recharge through recharge shafts
22. 22
5. Through recharge trench with bore
● This method is used where sub-soil is
impervious and large quantity of roof water/
surface run off is available.
● In this, trench is made 1.5-3 m wide and 10-30 m
length depending upon water availability. Wells of
150-300 mm dia. and 3-5 m deep (below pervious
layer) are constructed in the trench.
● Numbers of wells to be dug are decided in
accordance to water availability and rate of
ingression.
● Trench is filled with filtration media .
● A suitable silt chamber is also inserted with
grating for water diverting arrangements.
23. 23
6. Spreading techniques
• When permeable strata starts from top then this technique is used.
• Spread the water in streams/Nalas by making check dams, nala bunds, gabion structures or a
percolation pond may be constructed.
Source; aamjanata.com
fig. check dams fig. Percolation ponds fig. gabions
Gettyimages.ae
25. 25
Advantages of rain water Harvesting
● Provide self-sufficiency to water supply.
● Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water.
● Provides the high quality water, soft and low in minerals.
● Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged.
● Reduce soil erosion & flooding in urban areas.
● The roof top water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct, optimum and maintain.
● In desert , RWH only reliefs.
● No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population displacement is involved.
● Ground water is not directly exposed to evaporation and pollution.
● Effects rise in ground water levels.
● Mitigates effects of drought.
26. 26
Disadvantages
● In terms of complex constructions, there is a requirement for high costs, trained
professionals. Maintenance costs may add to the monetary burden.
● If not maintained properly then it can cause various problems in terms of algal or
bacterial growth.
● Tanks if not constructed properly might result in leakages and metal tanks may
also lead to problems such as corrosion harming the water quality.
● All these factors might prove harmful and result in various kinds of health issues.
● The system is very much rainfall dependent and hence if there are problems with
the rainfall in the area, it may not be very effective.
27. Completeness
Both rooftop and driveway runoff water must be harvested
Apportioning of water
04
02
01
03
Volume of water likely to flow through and the nature of
the soil in the area should be considered
Proper design
Design should incorporate features
allowing for periodic maintenance of the
structure
Characteristicsof a good RWH System
To avoid overload of any one system, leading to
overflow and loss
Maintainability
28. 28
Applications of RWH
o Rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and flooding.
o The combination of urban ‘green’ rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce
building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius.
o Rainwater harvesting in conjunction with urban agriculture would be a viable way to help meet
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and
wellbeing, and food and water security.
o Many countries, with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source
of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap
and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough
water is collected for crops to grow.
1. Agriculture
2. Domestic use
31. 31
5. Green building
● A ‘green’ building is a structure that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates
negative impacts, and can generate positive impacts, on our health and natural environment.
● Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our living standard. There are a
number of features which included to make a building ‘green’.
o Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
o Protecting occupant health and improving employee
productivity
o Reducing waste, pollution and environmental
degradation
common objective of green buildings
Fig. green roof with rain water harvesting system
33. Rajendra Singh
● Rajendra Singh, also known as the ‘Waterman of India’, is a renowned water conservationist
and environmentalist from Rajasthan.
● He used an ancient method of conserving rainwater called ‘Johad’
● Johads are large crescent-shaped earthen check dams made of rocks and earth.
● In 1975, Rajendra Singh founded an NGO Tarun Bharat Sangh.
● starting from a single village in 1985, over the years TBS helped build over 8,600 johads and
other water conservation structures to collect rainwater for the dry seasons, has brought water
back to over 1,000 villages and revived five rivers in Rajasthan, Arvari, Ruparel, Sarsa, Bhagani
and Jahajwali.
● In recognition of his work, Rajendra Singh was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Community Leadership in 2001 and Stockholm Water Prize in 2015.
34. A. R. Shivakumar
● A.R. Shivakumar, also known as the ‘Rain Man’, built an eco-friendly home way back in 1995.
● Being a senior scientist at the Karnataka State Council of Science and Technology, he studied the rainfall
pattern in Bengaluru before constructing his house and found out the city receives an average rainfall of
around 1000mm every year.
● Shivakumar’s house ‘Sourabha’ has a rainwater harvesting system along with a solar energy plant to
power the house, a solid waste management system and a natural cooling system.
● The rainwater harvesting system installed in Shivakumar’s house has a storage capacity of 45,000 liters,
which suffices the drinking water and other water needs of his family
Sourabha doesn’t have a water connection and
Shivakumar hasn’t paid anything to the Bangalore
Water Supply & Sewerage Board since constructing
his eco-friendly home!
35. 35
1. TAMIL NADU’S SUCCESS
● While the rest of the country is busy devising methods to conserve water for the forthcoming months,
Tamil Nadu seems to have a head start with its successful rain water harvesting scheme.
● In 2016, Tamil Nadu witnessed the worst drought in the last 140 years. The drought triggered a series
of measures to prevent such a crisis.
● The district collectors were directed to analyse historical data to identify blocks and villages that face
drinking water crisis in the event of rainfall deficit.
● Water bodies and supply channels were cleaned. Small check dams were set up to store water near
streams and borewells with drinking water. Defunct borewells were converted into water recharging
ones through rainwater harvesting.
● Tamil Nadu has been a trendsetter in rain water harvesting, making it mandatory for all buildings as
far back as 2003.
● Today, according to the State government website, out of the 23.92 lakh buildings in town Panchayats
(government, residential, commercial and industrial), 22.94 lakh have rainwater harvesting facilities.
37. 37
India’s effort on water conservation
● Many efforts are there by the central and state government on Rain water Harvesting and Artificial
recharge.
● The largest activity is under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,2005
(MGNREGA)
● Roof top rainwater harvesting has become mandatory in many urban areas like Chennai , Hyderabad
etc. Though strict implementation is an issue.
● RWH and aquifer recharge remained disseminated small structures. Many a times community driven.
www.thehindubusinessline.com
38. 38
22 march 2021, on World Water Day, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi launched “Jal Shakti Abhiyan : Catch
the Rain” (JSA:CTR) campaign of National Water
Mission (NWM) .it will run from 22 March 2021 to 30
November, 2021 in the pre-monsoon and monsoon
periods of 2021, covering both urban and rural areas of
all the districts in the country.
The campaign aims at encouraging the states and stake-
holders to take steps towards rainwater harvesting by
creating appropriate Rain Water Harvesting Structures
(RWHS) suitable to the climatic conditions and sub-soil
strata before the monsoon.
To facilitate the activities, states have been requested to
open ‘Raincenters’ in each district - in
Collectorates/Municipalities or Gram Panchayats offices.
these ‘Raincenters’ will have a dedicated mobile phone
number and will be manned by an engineer or a person
well trained in RWHS. The center acts as a technical
guidance center to all in the district as to how to catch the
rain, as it falls, where it falls.
39. 39
Conclusion
Harvesting and collection of rainwater is an adequate strategy that can be used to
address the problem of water crisis globally. The use of a rainwater harvesting system
provides excellent merits for every community. This simple water conservation method
can be a boost to an incredible solution in areas where there is enough rainfall but not
enough supply of groundwater. It will not only provide the most sustainable and efficient
means of water management but also unlock the vista of several other economic
activities leading to the Empowerment of people at the grass-root level.
For this, the Government should come out with an appropriate incentive structure and
logistic assistance to make it a real success.
40. 40
References
o www.Wikipedia.org/rainwater harvesting
o Search | www.gardenorganic.org.uk
o Pdf. WATER CONSERVATION & RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR BRIHANMUMBAI Released ;-
15th Oct. 2003
o https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/IRICEN 2… · PDF file
o Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) | India Water Portal
o Rainwater Harvesting Pro Directory - Find Rainwater Harvesting Pros - rainwaterharvesting.com
o Rainwater harvesting Manual. Indian railways institute of civil engineering ,Pune august 2006
o www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com
41. 41
o Green Building with Rain Water Harvesting Approach Latif Shaikh B-Tech Civil Engineering,
Department of Technology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India, International Journal of Science and
Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064
o Government Initiatives | Department of Water Resources, RD & GR | Government of India
(mowr.gov.in)
o Bore well Recharge RWH | Sankalpa Rural Development Society (srdsindia.org)
o Rain water harvesting techniques to augment ground water — Vikaspedia
o SELECT CASE STUDIES RAIN WATER HARVESTING and ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE. Central
Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources New Delhi May 2011
o Methods of Rainwater Harvesting -Components, Transport and Storage (theconstructor.org)
o www.slideshare.net/rainwaterharvesting