Water is an essential macronutrient that makes up about 60% of the human body. It performs many vital functions like maintaining cell health, regulating temperature, lubricating joints, and aiding digestion. The average adult needs around 9 cups of total beverages per day from drinking fluids, food moisture, and metabolic water production. Not consuming enough water can lead to dehydration, while overconsumption can cause water intoxication. Various medical conditions can also cause fluid retention in the body.

2. Water is an important macronutrient. It is the precious
fluid that keeps the body functioning at an efficient
and healthy level.

3. • Maintain the health and integrity of every cell
in the body.
• Keep the bloodstream liquid enough to flow
through blood vessels.
• Help eliminate the by-products of the body’s
metabolism, excess electrolytes, for example
sodium and potassium, and urea which is a
waste product formed through the processing
of dietary protein.

4. • Regulate body temperature through
sweating.
• Keep mucous membranes moist, such as
those of the lungs and mouth.
• Lubricate and cushion joints.
• Carry nutrients and oxygen to cells.
• Reduce the risk of cystitis by keeping the
bladder clear of bacteria.
• Aid digestion and prevent constipation.

5. • Work as a moisturizer to improve the skin’s
texture and appearance.
• Serve as a shock absorber inside the eyes,
spinal cord and in the amniotic sac
surrounding the fetus in pregnancy.

6. Newborn Average adult Average adult
male female
75%-85% 60% 50%

7. • 2/3 is within the cells and 1/3 is outside the cells.
• 25% of fluids outside the cells is within the blood
vessels
• 75% is in between the cells
• Lymph is included in the interstitial fluid space;
that is, water in cerebrospinal fluids, intraocular
fluids, glands, excretory portion of the kidney, GI
secretions, and bone.
• “Potential spaces” includes pericardial cavity,
peritoneal cavity, joint space, brusa, and
thoracic cavity.

8. Fluid intake:
Fluid intake is supplied to the body via three
routes:
• By ingestion of fluids (oral fluids)
• From performed fluid of foods especially fruits
and vegetables (solid food)
• From the production of water during
metabolism of energy nutrients (metabolic
water)

9. Metabolic Water
For every 100 grams of fat, carbohydrate, and
protein, the estimated water produced is about 107
ml, 55 ml, and 41 ml, respectively.
Fluid excretion
Fluids in the body may find its way put through
formation of urine, part of the feces, through
breathing and sweating.

10. Your body absorbs water as soon as you
swallow the liquid and it starts its journey through your
digestive system. Water consumed on its own moves
through your system more quickly than solid food.
Water you drink during or after a meal mixes with the
food and helps your body digest it more efficiently by
breaking it down. The liquid also eases the swallowing
process.

11. • Water is necessary for human health, and makes up
60 percent of your body weight. You consume some
water through your food, and also when you drink
water by itself or as the base for other beverages.
Water goes through your digestive system, just as
solid food does, although it is absorbed rather than
digested, because liquid does not need to be
broken down.

12. Water is mainly absorbed in the small
intestine, along with any minerals it contains. The small
intestine is well suited for this task because it has
mucosa composed of folds covered with villi, which
are small, finger-like protrusions. Water and minerals
get absorbed through these structures, as well as
nutrients from food, which gets transported to the
bloodstream.

13. Drinking water before meals helped adult
dieters lose weight in a 2010 study by associate
professor Brenda Davy of Virginia Tech. Study
participants who drank 16 ounces of water prior to
meals lost over three pounds more than participants
who did not drink the water over the course of the
three-month study. The water drinkers were also more
successful at maintaining their weight loss. This method
helps you feel more full, but you must drink the water
shortly before meals because liquid moves so quickly
through your digestive system that the fullness does
not last long.

14. Recommendations vary on the amount of
water you should consume every day to stay healthy,
but the Mayo Clinic advises that most people need at
least 8 to 9 cups. Drink more if you are exercising
heavily and lose a lot of body liquid through sweat.

15. Every day you lose water through your breath,
perspiration, urine and bowel movements. For your
body to function properly, you must replenish its water
supply by consuming beverages and foods that
contain water.
So how much fluid does the average, healthy
adult living in a temperate climate need? The Institute
of Medicine determined that an adequate intake (AI)
for men is roughly 3 liters (about 13 cups) of total
beverages a day. The AI for women is 2.2 liters (about
9 cups) of total beverages a day.

16. Everyone has heard the advice, "Drink eight 8-
ounce glasses of water a day." That's about 1.9 liters,
which isn't that different from the Institute of Medicine
recommendations. Although the "8 by 8" rule isn't
supported by hard evidence, it remains popular
because it's easy to remember. Just keep in mind that
the rule should be reframed as: "Drink at least eight 8-
ounce glasses of fluid a day," because all fluids count
toward the daily total.

17. Infants: 1.5 ml per kilocalorie expended
Children: (1-18 years): If weight is 10 -20 kilos= 1000 ml
+ 50 ml per kg in excess of 10
• If weight is >20 kg= 1500 ml +
20 ml per kg in excess of 20
Adults: 1.0-1.5 ml per kcal expended (10-12 glasses a
day)
Older persons: (65 and above): 1500 ml
Pregnant women: extra 300 ml
• Lactating (1-6 months): additional 750-
1000 ml

18. DEHYDRATION - may develop if water consumption
fails to satisfy thirst; if the thirst mechanism is not
functioning properly, as during intense physical
exercise; or if there is excessive fluid loss, as with
diarrhea or vomiting.

19. During the first months of pregnancy, there are two
major concerns with dehydration:
• Being dehydrated (usually caused from morning
sickness) can cause nausea (and thus creating a
vicious cycle, where you can’t drink anything, and
therefore get more nauseous, which means you get
more dehydrated and can’t drink anything, causing
more severe nausea – etc.). If mom doesn’t drink
enough to avoid dehydration she may need to be
hospitalized for IV fluids.

20. • The biggest fear with dehydration in the first
trimester, and part of the second, is that there’s
not enough amniotic fluid for baby – a significant
lack of amniotic fluid can cause baby to lay
against the uterus (instead of floating in the
amniotic fluid) which could lead to deformities of
the arms, legs, and feet.
Babies and Children - Babies and children are more
prone to dehydration than adults, and babies can
quickly become dangerously dehydrated – so it's
something to watch out for.

21. • More than six to eight hours without a wet diaper
• Urine that looks darker in his diaper and smells
stronger than usual
• Lethargy (low energy)
• A dry, parched mouth and lips
• No tears while crying
• Signs that your baby may be seriously dehydrated:
• Sunken eyes
• Hands and feet that feel cold and look splotchy
• Excessive sleepiness or fussiness
• Sunken fontanels (the soft spots on your baby's
head)

22. WATER INTOXICATION - Water intoxication, also known
as water poisoning, is a potentially fatal disturbance
in brain functions that results when the normal
balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside
of safe limits (e.g., hyponatremia) by over hydration,
i.e., over-consumption of water.

23. • Low body mass (Infants)
• Endurance sports
• Overexertion and heat stress
• Psychological conditions

24. Edema, is swelling caused by fluid retention-
excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues. Swelling
caused by edema commonly occurs in the hands,
arms, ankles, legs and feet. It is usually linked to the
venous or lymphatic systems. Edema was formerly
known as dropsy or hydropsy.
Edema may be generalized or local. It can
appear suddenly, but usually develops subtly - the
patient may first gain weight, or wake up with puffy
eyes.

25. • Rain
Sources of Water

26. Surface of WATER
• OCEAN
• RIVERS
• PONDS AND LAKES
• SHALLOW WELLS
• DEEP WELLS
• SPRINGS