Introduction
History
Definition
Types of H bond
Hydrogen bond in water
Bifurcated and over - Coordinated hydrogen bond in water
Hydrogen bonds in DNA and proteins
Hydrogen bonds in polymers
Systematic hydrogen bond
Importance of hydrogen bond
Conclusion
References
Introduces the concept of covalent bonding with macro-molecules and simple covalent molecules.
Next, it covers inter-molecular attraction but explaining how temporary dipoles form
Finally, heating and cooling curves together with an explanation for how energy is absorbed or given out during boiling or freezing
Introduction
History
Definition
Types of H bond
Hydrogen bond in water
Bifurcated and over - Coordinated hydrogen bond in water
Hydrogen bonds in DNA and proteins
Hydrogen bonds in polymers
Systematic hydrogen bond
Importance of hydrogen bond
Conclusion
References
Introduction
History
Definition
Types of H bond
Hydrogen bond in water
Bifurcated and over - Coordinated hydrogen bond in water
Hydrogen bonds in DNA and proteins
Hydrogen bonds in polymers
Systematic hydrogen bond
Importance of hydrogen bond
Conclusion
References
Introduces the concept of covalent bonding with macro-molecules and simple covalent molecules.
Next, it covers inter-molecular attraction but explaining how temporary dipoles form
Finally, heating and cooling curves together with an explanation for how energy is absorbed or given out during boiling or freezing
Introduction
History
Definition
Types of H bond
Hydrogen bond in water
Bifurcated and over - Coordinated hydrogen bond in water
Hydrogen bonds in DNA and proteins
Hydrogen bonds in polymers
Systematic hydrogen bond
Importance of hydrogen bond
Conclusion
References
Describe the intramecular and intermolecular forces of water mole.pdfarihanthtoysandgifts
Describe the intramecular and intermolecular forces of water molecules. How do these forces
relate to their importance in biology?
Describe the intramecular and intermolecular forces of water molecules. How do these forces
relate to their importance in biology?
Solution
If two atoms share electrons, in order to have a completely filled outer shell then the bond
formed between the two atoms is called, covalent bond. Covalent bond is the strongest of all the
chemical bonds.
In a covalent bond, if the electrons are not shared equally, then it induces partial charge on each
atom, such a type of bond is called, “polar covalent bond.” For example, in water molecule, the
two hydrogen atoms share electrons with the more electrophilic oxygen atom. So, the electron
pair spend most of the time towards the nucleus of the oxygen atom than the hydrogen nucleus.
Thus, the intramolecular bonds in water molecules are covalent bonds. And the intermolecular
bonds are hydrogen bonds.
Water properties and the biological importance of water:
1). Due of the presence of hydrogen bonds and strong intermolecular forces, water has high
specific heat index. Specific heat capacity of water is defined as; the amount of heat (energy in
joules) required for raise of temperature of water per unit mass by 10C.
Our body temperature is maintained higher than the surrounding temperature. The heat of
vaporization of the water is higher (40.65 kJ/mol), this is due to the hydrogen bonds that connect
water molecules. So, due to the temperature difference, water escapes out and carry the body
heat (the specific heat capacity of the water is 5 times more than the sand). So, during the process
of vaporization of water, water releases heat into the environment and cool the body.
2). Because of the hydrogen bonding, water exhibits high surface tension. So, water molecules
on the surface are more strongly attracted to each other than to the air above. This is necessary
for the functioning of alveoli. The layer of moisture over the alveoli is necessary for the gaseous
exchange.
3). Due to the polar nature of water, water can dissolve inorganic salts that dissociate into ions in
the presence of water (like dissolves like). So, the blood can carry many of the water soluble
substances throughout the body. Water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances; they are dissolved
in non-polar solvents.
4). Plasma contains approximately 91% of water; this maintains the viscosity of the blood..
The Kinetic Molecular Model and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction in Matter is one of the important topic in Grade 12, General Chemistry 2 subject. In here, it includes topics that discusses theory of solids and liquids, the different intermolecular and intramolecular forces such as covalent and ionic bonds, dipole- dipole, hydrogen bonds, london dispersion,
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. 1. Water is essential constituent of all forms of life.
2. Water is present in every cell. It is the medium in which all
cellular events occurs.
3. It is required for enzyme action and for the transport of
solutes in the body.
4. Water aids the folding of biomolecules like proteins, nucleic
acids etc.
MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
3. 5. Semi-fluid nature of body is due to water.
6. Water regulates body temperature.
7. Water accelerates biochemical reactions by providing
ions.
8. Water content in the body alters in dehydration and
edema.
5. Oxygen atom is more electronegative that hydrogen atom --
> electrons spend more time around oxygen atom than
hydrogen atom --> result is a POLAR covalent bond.
Creates a permanent dipole in the molecule.
Can determine relative solubility of molecules “like dissolves
like”.
6. hydrogen bonds
Due to polar covalent bonds
--> attraction of water
molecules for each other.
Creates hydrogen bonds =
attraction of one slightly
positive hydrogen atom of
one water molecule and
one slightly negative
oxygen atom of another
water molecule.
7. The length of the bond is
about twice that of a
covalent bond.
Each water molecule can
form hydrogen bonds with
four other water molecules.
Weaker than covalent bonds
(about 25x weaker).
8. Hydrogen bonds give water a high melting point.
Density of water decreases as it cools --> water
expands as it freezes--> ice results from an open
lattice of water molecules --> less dense, but more
ordered.
9.
10.
11. Hydrogen bonds contribute to water’s high specific heat
(amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gm
of a substance 1oC) - due to the fact that hydrogen bonds
must be broken to increase the kinetic energy (motion of
molecules) and temperature of a substance -->
temperature fluctuation is minimal.
Water has a high heat of vaporization - large amount of
heat is needed to evaporate water because hydrogen
bonds must be broken to change water from liquid to
gaseous state.
12. universal solvent
Water can interact with and dissolve other polar
compounds and those that ionize (electrolytes) because
they are hydrophilic.
Do so by aligning themselves around the electrolytes to
form solvation spheres - shell of water molecules around
each ion.
Solubility of organic molecules in water depends on polarity
and the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water.
13. Functional groups on molecules that confer solubility:
carboxylates
protonated amines
amino
hydroxyl
carbonyl
As the number of polar groups increases in a molecule, so
does its solubility in water.
14. hydrophobic interactions
Nonpolar molecules are not soluble in water because water
molecules interact with each other rather to nonpolar
molecules
--> nonpolar molecules are excluded and associate with each
other (known as the hydrophobic effect).
15. Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic.
Molecules such as detergents or surfactants are
amphipathic (have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
portions to the molecule).
16. Other noncovalent interactions in biomolecules
1) hydrogen bonds
More important when they occur between and within
molecules --> stabilize
structures such as proteins and nucleic acids.
2) hydrophobic interactions
Very weak.
Important in protein shape and membrane structure.
17. 3) charge-charge interactions or electrostatic interactions
(ionic bonds)
Occur between two oppositely charged particles.
Strongest noncovalent force that occurs over greater
distances.
Can be weakened significantly by water molecules (can
interfere with bonding).
18.
19. 4) van der Waals forces
Occurs between neutral atoms.
Can be attractive or repulsive ,depending upon the distance of
the two atoms.
Much weaker than hydrogen bonds.
The actual distance between atoms is the distance at which
maximal attraction occurs.
Distances vary depending upon individual atoms.
20. Nucleophilic nature of water
Chemicals that are electron-rich (nucleophiles) seek electron-
deficient chemicals (electrophiles).
Nucleophiles are negatively charged or have unshared pairs of
electrons --> attack electrophiles during substitution or
addition reactions.
Examples of nucleophiles:
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, water (weak).
21. Important in condensation reactions, where hydrolysis
reactions are favored.
e.g. protein ------> amino acids
In the cell, these reactions actually only occur in the
presence of hydrolases.
Condensation reactions usually use ATP and exclude water
to make the reactions more favorable.
22. Ionization of water
Pure water ionizes slightly can act as an acid (proton
donor) or base (proton acceptor).