Warren court
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The Warren Court examined every aspect of the criminal justice system between 1961-1969, using the 14th Amendment to apply constitutional protections to state courts. This "nationalized" Bill of Rights protections. Key cases addressed the right to legal counsel, searches, confessions, and treatment of juvenile criminals. The Court began revolutionizing criminal justice with Mapp v. Ohio, applying the 14th Amendment to state judicial systems and evaluating unreasonable search and seizure. Later cases like Terry v. Ohio, Miranda v. Arizona, and Brown v. Board of Education further established civil rights and liberties protections.
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C:\Documents And Settings\Teacher\Desktop\Us History\Ch 20\Ch 20 Sec 1
During his presidency from 1961 to 1963, John F. Kennedy faced three major foreign policy crises related to the Cold War: the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Berlin Wall crisis, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 was an unsuccessful CIA-backed effort to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba that embarrassed the U.S. The Berlin Wall crisis from 1961-1989 saw the Soviet Union construct the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from defecting to the West. Finally, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 brought the U.S. and Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war over Soviet missiles placed in Cuba but was eventually peacefully resolved through negotiations.
The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape
The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape in the 1950s and 1960s. Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the South. Lynchings and violence by groups like the KKK aimed to intimidate blacks and deny their rights. In the North, systemic racism denied blacks access to economic opportunities like loans and education available to whites. Two major turning points were the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that ended school segregation and the brutal 1955 murder of 14-year-old Emmett Till in Mississippi, which inspired activists like Rosa Parks to challenge racial injustice.
V:\Ch20 Powerpoint\New Frontierandthe20 Great Society
The document provides an overview of the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, outlining their domestic and foreign policy agendas. It discusses Kennedy's New Frontier program and space race with the USSR, as well as events like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis. It then covers LBJ's Great Society domestic reforms targeting poverty and civil rights, while the Vietnam War eroded his popularity and ended his presidency.
Chapter 10 Section 2
The document summarizes the key events and factors that led to the Spanish-American War in 1898, including Cuba's 30-year fight for independence, American business interests in Cuba totaling millions of dollars, and yellow journalism in U.S. newspapers highlighting Spanish atrocities in Cuba. It also briefly outlines major figures and battles in the war, such as George Dewey, Emilio Aguinaldo, the Rough Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan Hill, and the Treaty of Paris that ended the war with Spain ceding Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States in exchange for $20 million.
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C:\Documents And Settings\Teacher\Desktop\Us History\Ch 20\Ch 20 Sec 1
C:\Documents And Settings\Teacher\Desktop\Us History\Ch 20\Ch 20 Sec 1
V:\Ch20 Powerpoint\New Frontierandthe20 Great Society
V:\Ch20 Powerpoint\New Frontierandthe20 Great Society
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11&12.judicial branch
The Supreme Court has the power and duty to interpret laws and decide what the law is when two laws conflict. If a lower court's decision conflicts with the Constitution or other laws, the Supreme Court can exercise appellate jurisdiction to review the case and make a final ruling. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and its rulings cannot be appealed.
11&12.judicial branch
Dred Scott, an enslaved African American, sued for his freedom after living in free states with his owner. The Supreme Court ruled against Scott, finding that African Americans could not be citizens and that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in U.S. territories, exacerbating national tensions over slavery ahead of the Civil War.
Case law project
The document provides details and summaries of three important Supreme Court cases that have shaped constitutional rights:
1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review, allowing it to determine the constitutionality of laws and strike down those deemed unconstitutional. This established an important check on the other branches of government.
2. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) extended the exclusionary rule resulting from the Fourth Amendment to state courts, requiring illegally obtained evidence to be excluded from trial. This was a significant expansion of due process protections.
3. New Jersey v. TLO (1985) determined that the exclusionary rule does not fully apply to searches by public school officials, establishing
Unit 2 civil liberties and civil rights chapters 4 & 5
The document provides explanations of key Supreme Court cases and legal concepts related to constitutional law and civil rights in the United States. It defines terms like strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, de jure segregation, de facto segregation, prior restraint, probable cause, symbolic speech, and the exclusionary rule. It also summarizes important cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, Roe v. Wade, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Lemon v. Kurtzman.
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36 supreme court-cases
The document discusses several important Supreme Court cases related to constitutional rights:
- Miranda v. Arizona established that suspects must be read their rights (known as the Miranda rights) upon arrest based on the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
- In re Gault ruled that juveniles have the same fundamental rights as adults, including the right to be notified of charges and to have private names and details.
- Tinker v. Des Moines Schools determined that students have limited free speech rights at school under the First Amendment's freedom of expression.
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Plessy 1Plessy v. Ferguson and Miranda .docx
Plessy 1
Plessy v. Ferguson and Miranda v. Arizona
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Plessy v. Ferguson and Miranda v. Arizona
Two landmark rulings made by the Supreme Court involve the cases of Plessy v. Ferguson and Miranda v. Arizona. In both rulings the impact to society was great with one resulting in the segregation of African American citizen for the next fifty years while the other affected the way law enforcement officers’ question and interrogate criminal offenders. While both of these cases occurred in two different centuries the ruling of the court had a direct impact on functions in American society and the rights of the individual citizen. In Plessy the rights of the African American where limited but in the case of Miranda individual rights were broadened.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson the case began when an African American male who was half white and appeared white went against a Louisiana law that requires separate accommodations for separate races. Homer Plessy was a member of a group in New Orleans known as the Citizens Committee that fought for the equal right of the African American citizen. The Citizens Committee decided to test a Louisiana Law known as the 1890 Louisiana Separate Car Act. When Homer Plessy entered the train and took accommodations in the white section of the railcars he was detained by a police officer and held in a separate car until he was arrested upon exiting the train. Plessy was charged with breaching Louisiana Law and was jailed and fined.
On appeal the Louisiana Appeals Court ruled declared forced segregation in railroad cars traveling between states to be unconstitutional (Wolf, 2011). The case was then appealed to the Louisiana Supreme Court that upheld the ruling of the district court and found the state had a right to establish laws that provide separate but equal accommodations. The case was then appealed for the last time when it went in front of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the state and the laws concerning the segregation of the White and African American citizen was not addressed for over sixty years when the Supreme Courts ruling was reversed in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education.
When the Plessy case was brought in front of the Supreme Court by the defendant and the members of the Citizens Committee the claim was the defendant was denied his Fourteenth and Thirteenth Amendment rights. Plessy claimed that the 1890 Louisiana Separate Car Act violated his Thirteenth Amendment right against involuntary servitude. In other Plessy was claiming that by being forced into separate accommodations he was being placed in involuntary servitude. The court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not apply to segregation so the defendants Thirteenth Amendment right could not have been violated.
Under the Fourteenth Amendment the defendant, Plessy, claimed he was denied the right to equal protection.
Brief of Mapp v. Ohio (1961) (Case Study Sample)
This is a case study sample written by our writers. You can order a custom written case study like this on our website: http://www.essaytigers.com
Stop and Frisk
This document provides an overview of stop and frisk practices and their relationship to Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. It discusses the historical origins of these protections in English common law and early American constitutions. It then examines the 1968 Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio, which established the reasonable suspicion standard for stop and frisk practices. While this ruling aimed to balance law enforcement needs with civil liberties, critics argue it has led to the disproportionate and discriminatory use of stop and frisk against minority groups. The document surveys ongoing legal and policy debates around how to address these concerns.
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11&12.judicial branch
The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not claim citizenship and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories, effectively nationalizing slavery. This landmark decision had wide-ranging legal and social consequences for decades.
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Roper v. Simmons: Evaluation
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Unit 2 civil liberties and civil rights chapters 4 & 5
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Zodiac
The Zodiac killer operated in Northern California in the late 1960s, killing at least five people. Some of the victims included high school sweethearts David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen, as well as taxi driver Paul Stine. The killer taunted police with ciphers and letters and was never identified. Crime scenes were processed using techniques like triangulation, baselines, and polar coordinates to map evidence and recreate the crimes. The Zodiac killer remains one of the most infamous unsolved serial murder cases.
Hacking
Hacking takes many forms including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, denial of service attacks, and more. Viruses are pieces of code that can copy themselves and harm systems by corrupting or destroying data. Common types of hacking include inside jobs by employees, exploiting rogue access points, backdoors, and weaknesses in networks. Hackers include anarchists who break into systems for fun, crackers who steal passwords or develop harmful software, and script kiddies with no skills who use pre-existing harmful tools. Protecting against hacking requires secure passwords, firewalls, antivirus software, and awareness of potential threats.
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Juvinile cases
This document summarizes several important Supreme Court cases related to juvenile justice:
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Warren court
- 1. Warren court By conor stellman
- 2. Warren court • The Warren Court left an unprecedented legacy of judicial activism in the area of civil rights law as well as in the area of civil liberties—specifically, the rights of the accused as addressed in • Amendments 4 through 8. In the period from 1961 to 1969, the Warren Court examined almost every aspect of the criminal justice system in the United States, using the 14th Amendment to extend constitutional protections to all courts in every State. This process became known as the “nationalization” of the Bill of Rights. During those years, cases concerning the right to legal counsel, confessions, searches, and the treatment of juvenile criminals all appeared on the Court's docket. • The Warren Court's revolution in the criminal justice system began with the case of Mapp vs. Ohio, the first of several significant cases in which it re-evaluated the role of the 14th Amendment as it applied to State judicial systems.
- 3. Terry vs. Ohio • Talked about unreasonable search and seizure • terry and two other men were observed by a plain clothes policeman in what the officer believed to be casing a job, a stick-up. The officer stopped and frisked the three men, and found weapons on two of them. Terry was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon and sentenced to three years in jail.
- 5. Miranda vs. Arizona • Case gave the rules for a car stop
- 6. Brown vs. board of education • After its decision in Brown I which declared racial discrimination in public education unconstitutional, the Court convened to issue the directives which would help to implement its newly announced Constitutional principle. Given the embedded nature of racial discrimination in public schools and the diverse circumstances under which it had been practiced, the Court requested further argument on the issue of relief