It is very important for every medical students for study material. and also for teacher for teach. It is about cardiac cycle . How is process and make a cardiac cycle.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Normal value = 5 Liters /Minute
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
The factors which regulate stroke volume and Heart rate are basically regulating Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in single systole; Normal Value = 70 ml/beat
Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume
So stroke volume is mainly controlled by
EDV
ESV
VENOUS RETURN: What ever blood volume returns to the heart, same is pumped forward through the Frank’s Starlings Law. According to this law 13- 15 liters of blood volume can be pumped out without cardiac stimulation.
DURATION OF DIASTOLE OR FILLING TIME: ventricular filling occurs during diastole, so there must be adequate ventricular filling time.
DISTENSIBILITY OF THE VENTRICLES: Normally ventricles are distensible to accommodate adequate blood volume. Infarction decreases the distensibility which decreases the EDV.
ATRIAL CONTRACTION: There must be adequate atrial contraction to have adequate EDV. If atrial function is not adequate then EDV will decrease.
E.S.V is basically CONTROLLED BY MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION: It depends upon the initial length of muscle fibers according to frank’s starlings law.
PRELOAD: The effect of EDV on initial length is called preload. So EDV also effects the ESV.
AFTER LOAD: Force of contraction is also dependant upon the resistance against which the ventricles have to pump
CONDITION OF THE MYOCARDIUM : It also effects the force of contraction.
AUTONOMIC NERVES : Sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases force of contraction
HORMONES: Catecholamines, thyroxine, glucagon, digitalis, calcium, increased temp, caffeine, theophyline increase the force.
Force decreases by hypoxia, acidosis, barniturates, procainamide and quinidine decrease the force of contraction.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Normal value = 5 Liters /Minute
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
The factors which regulate stroke volume and Heart rate are basically regulating Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in single systole; Normal Value = 70 ml/beat
Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume
So stroke volume is mainly controlled by
EDV
ESV
VENOUS RETURN: What ever blood volume returns to the heart, same is pumped forward through the Frank’s Starlings Law. According to this law 13- 15 liters of blood volume can be pumped out without cardiac stimulation.
DURATION OF DIASTOLE OR FILLING TIME: ventricular filling occurs during diastole, so there must be adequate ventricular filling time.
DISTENSIBILITY OF THE VENTRICLES: Normally ventricles are distensible to accommodate adequate blood volume. Infarction decreases the distensibility which decreases the EDV.
ATRIAL CONTRACTION: There must be adequate atrial contraction to have adequate EDV. If atrial function is not adequate then EDV will decrease.
E.S.V is basically CONTROLLED BY MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION: It depends upon the initial length of muscle fibers according to frank’s starlings law.
PRELOAD: The effect of EDV on initial length is called preload. So EDV also effects the ESV.
AFTER LOAD: Force of contraction is also dependant upon the resistance against which the ventricles have to pump
CONDITION OF THE MYOCARDIUM : It also effects the force of contraction.
AUTONOMIC NERVES : Sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases force of contraction
HORMONES: Catecholamines, thyroxine, glucagon, digitalis, calcium, increased temp, caffeine, theophyline increase the force.
Force decreases by hypoxia, acidosis, barniturates, procainamide and quinidine decrease the force of contraction.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Heart rate by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Heart rate
Regulation of heart rate
Vasomotor center – cardiac center
Motor (efferent) nerve fibers to heart
Factors affecting vasomotor center
Applied
This presentation describes the normal cardiac cycle referred to pressure-time curves for aorta, the left ventricle and left atrium, the electrocardiogram and the phonocardiogram.
Heart rate by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Heart rate
Regulation of heart rate
Vasomotor center – cardiac center
Motor (efferent) nerve fibers to heart
Factors affecting vasomotor center
Applied
This presentation describes the normal cardiac cycle referred to pressure-time curves for aorta, the left ventricle and left atrium, the electrocardiogram and the phonocardiogram.
Cardiac cycle is defined as the succession of coordinated events taking place in the heart during each beat. Each heart beat consists of two major periods called systole and diastole.
Cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat.
Cardiac events that occur from –
beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle and how the different chambers of the heart fill. We talk about the ventricular fillings and how diastole and systole work.
How pressure changes during all cycles
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Emerged from Hubei Province, China in December 2019
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2. DEFINITION
Cardiac cycle is defined as the succession of
coordinated events taking place in the heart
during each beat.
Each heart beat consists of two major periods
called systole and diastole.
During systole heart contracts and pumps the
blood through arteries.
During diastole heart relaxes and blood is filled
in the heart.
All these events are repeated in a cyclic manner.
4. DIVISION & DURATION
When the heart beats at a normal rate of
72/ minute duration of each cardiac cycle
is about 0.8 seconds.
AtrialEvents
Atrial Systole = 0.11 (0.1) sec
Atrial Diastole = 0.69 (0.7) sec
7. ATRIAL SYSTOLE
Atrial systole is also known as last
rapid filling phase or presystole.
It is usually considered as the last
phase of ventricular diastole.
The duration is 0.11 sec.
During this period, only a small
amount, i.e 10% of blood is forced
from atria into ventricles.
8. Pressure and Volume Changes – Intra atrial
pressure increases, intra ventricular pressure and
ventricular volume also increases but slightly.
Fourth Heart Sound – Contraction of the atrial
musculature causes the production of Fourth Heart
Sound.
9. ATRIAL DIASTOLE
Atrial diastole starts after atrial systole.
Simultaneously ventricular systole also starts.
Atrial diastole last for about 0.7 sec.
The long atrial diastole is necessary because, this is
the period during which atrial filling takes place.
10. VENTRICULAR EVENTS
Isometric Contraction Period
Ejection Period
Proto Diastole
Isometric Relaxation Period
Rapid Filling Phase
Slow Filling Phase
Last Rapid Filling Phase
11. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
PERIOD
It is the first phase of ventricularsystole.
It lasts for 0.05sec.
This is a type of muscular contraction characterized
by increase in tension, without any change in the
length of muscle fibers.
12. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
PERIOD
Immediately after atrial systole, the atrioventricular
valves are closed due to increase in ventricular
pressure.
Semilunar valves are already closed.
Now ventricles contract as closed cavities.
13. In such a way there is no change in the volume
of ventricular chambers or in the length of
muscle fibers.
Only the tension increases in ventricular
musculature.
First Heart Sound – closure of atrioventricular
valves at the beginning of this phases produces
first heart sound.
14. EJECTION PERIOD
Due to the opening of the semilunar valves and
isotonic contraction of ventricles, blood is
ejected out of both the ventricles.
Hence this period is called as ejection period.
Duration = 0.22 sec
Ejection period is of two stages
15. 1st Stage: Rapid Ejection
Period
1st stage starts immediately
after the openingof semilunar
valves.
During this stage, a large
amount of blood is rapidly
ejected from both the
ventricles. It last for 0.13 sec.
16. 2nd Stage: Slow Ejection
Period
During this stage, the blood is ejected slowly
with much less force.
Duration of this period is 0.09 sec.
17. PROTODIASTOLE
It is the first stage of ventricular diastole, hence
the name protodiastole.
Duration of this period is 0.04 sec.
Due to the ejection of blood, the pressure in
aorta and pulmonary artery increases and
pressure in ventricle drops.
18. PROTODIASTOLE (Cont)
When intraventricular pressure becomes less
than the pressure in aorta and pulmonary
artery, the semilunar valves close.
Second Heart Sound: Closure of Semilunar
valves during this phase produces second heart
sound.
19. ISOMETRIC RELAXATION
PERIOD
It is a type of muscular relaxation characterized by decrease in
tension without any change in the length of the muscle fibers.
During this period, once again all the valves of the heart are
closed once again.
Intraventricular pressure decreases.
Duration is 0.08 sec.
20. RAPID FILLING PHASE
When AV– Valves are opened, there is a sudden
rush of blood from atria into ventricles.
So, this period is called the first rapid filling
period.
Ventricles also relax isotonic ally about 70 % of
filling takes place during this phase, which last
for 0.11 sec.
Third Heart Sound – Rushing of blood into
ventricles during this phase causes production
of third heart sound.
21. SLOW FILLING PHASE
After the sudden rush of blood, the ventricular
filling becomes slow. Now it is called slow
filling,
It is also called as diastatsis.
About 20 % of filling occurs in this phase.
Duration = 0.19 sec.
22. LAST RAPID FILLING
PHASE
Last rapid filling phase occurs because of atrial
systole,
After slow filling period, the atria contract and push
a small amount o blood into ventricles.
About 10% of ventricular filling takes place during
this period,
Flow of additional amount of blood into ventricles
due to the atrial systole is atrial kick.