This document summarizes information about volcanoes and earthquakes. It describes the different types of volcanic rocks based on their silica content and viscosity, and how this determines the type of volcanic landform such as cinder cones, composite volcanoes or lava domes. The dangers of volcanic eruptions like pyroclastic flows and lahars are outlined. Earthquakes are explained through the elastic rebound theory, and field evidence of earthquakes like fault scarps and fissures is presented.
K-12 Module in TLE - ICT Grade 9 [All Gradings]Daniel Manaog
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K-12 Module in TLE-9 ICT [All Gradings]
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K-12 Module in TLE - ICT Grade 9 [All Gradings]Daniel Manaog
==========================================
K-12 Module in TLE-9 ICT [All Gradings]
Want to Download?
Click the Download at the bottom of the Slideshare :)
==========================================
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
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2. Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Game Plan:
Types of eruptions and the importance of
viscosity
Rock class and landform type
Dangers associated with volcanic eruptions
How earthquakes work
Earthquake danger
3. Volcanoes
Stem from the release
of magma on to
earth’s surface
At least 1,500 active
volcanoes on the
planet (1 eruption in
recorded history)
50 volcanic eruptions
every year
Mt. Pinatubo, 1990
4. Types of Rock Erupted
(igneous extrusive)
Basalt - silica content between 48%
and 55%
Andesite - silica content between
55% and 60%
Dacite - silica content between 60%
and 70%
Rhyolite - silica content between
70% and 77%
Increase in
silica
content,
increase in
viscosity.
Activity Time
5. Rock Types Generate Viscous
to Non-viscous flows of lava
Basalt - low silica, low viscosity (like……),
trapped gasses released easily
Andesite - medium silica, higher viscosity
(like……), trapped gasses release much less
easily
Dacite and Rhyolite - high silica, high
viscosity (like…….), trapped gasses have a
hard time escaping, but if they do…
6. Rock class determines landform
type and eruption style:
Cinder Cones - (basalt) mildly explosive
Shield Volcanoes - (basalt) mildly
explosive
Composite Volcanoes - (andesite to
dacite) mild to highly explosive
Lava Domes - (dacite to ryholite) non-
explosive
Calderas - (andesite to ryholite) extremely
violent and explosive
7. Cinder Cones -
SP Crater, N. AZ
Hawaii - Cinder Cone in Action
Constructed from fountains of
lava that rain around the vent.
They can
also issue
low volatile
flows,
quietly
oozing from
the vent.
“Basalt Landform”
8. Shield Volcanoes - Basically really big, long
duration cinder cones
“Basalt Landform”
Olympus Mons
Mauna Loa
9. Composite Volcanoes -
Build up over time with alternating ash fallouts
and lava flows, tendency to generate extremely
violent events mixed with more moderate events.
Mt. Fuji - classic
composite cone
“Andesite - Dacite Landform”
14. Lava Domes - Highly viscous eruptions that build
internally and externally
Mt. Elden, N. AZ
Lava Dome developing
in Mount St. Helens
“Dacite - Rhyolite Landform”
15. Calderas -
Highly explosive eruptions that
lead to structural collapse from an
emptied magma chamber
“Andesite to Rhyolite Landform”
Show Movie - Crater Lake, 6
miles wide, 7,700 years ago -
andesitic
Long Valley Caldera, 15 miles wide,
rhyolitic, 760,000 years old released
160 cubic miles of material
16. Dangers associated with eruptions:
Lahars
a hot or cold mixture of water
and rock fragments flowing (70
mph) down the slopes of a
volcano and into river valleys
Pyroclastic flows
fluidized masses of rock
fragments and gases that
move rapidly in response to
gravity
(can travel over 400 miles per
hour, and reach temperatures
approaching 2,000° F)
Mt. Pelée, 1902
Mt. St. Helens, 1980
Mt. St. Helens, 1980
17. Dangers associated with eruptions:
CO2 Emissions - Release of CO2 from buried magma
into the atmosphere through faults,
fissures, and lakes.
Mammoth, CA – 1,300
tons of sulphur dioxide
released every day. “What might some positives be?”
18. Positives associated with Volcanism:
Fertile Soils
Enriched soils from mineral rich volcanic
ashfalls
Geothermal Energy
Magma in the earth heats groundwater
and the steam is used to power
generators
New Land
Lava flows from continents into oceans
can generate new land for development
19. If you knew this would
happen….
What would you do… How sure do
you need to be?
20. Earthquakes
Detected with Seismographs (movie)
Rated based on the Richter Scale
Elastic Rebound theory (Demonstration)
Evidence and Damage from an Earthquake
3.0 on the Richter Scale represents 31.5 times more
energy than a 2.0, and 992 times more than a 1.0
22. 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
Epicenter - location
at the surface
Focus - actual
location of maximum
movement
23. Field Evidence of an Earthquake…
Fault Scarps – Steplike linear landform
coincident with a fault trace and caused by
geologically recent slip on the fault
Fissures – Cracks or ruptures on earth’s
surface from earthquakes, but without offset
25. Things to Know:
Basic volcanic rock breakdown based on silica and their
viscosity
Basics associated with volcanic forms linked to the different
rock types - Cinder cones, Shields, Composite Cones,
Lava Domes, Calderas
That low viscosity eruptions tend to be much less violent
than high viscosity eruptions and why
Dangers associated with volcanism
Positives associated with volcanism
Problems with volcanic or earthquake prediction
How Earthquakes are generated with regard to the
Elastic-Rebound Theory
Field evidence associated with earthquakes
Help: Chapter TL
