This document provides definitions and descriptions of various terms related to civil engineering and construction. It defines key concepts like water distribution systems, types of beams, reinforced concrete, types of portland cement, and many other structural and materials terms. Examples and diagrams are included to illustrate different structural elements, materials, and processes in civil engineering projects. The document serves as a vocabulary guide for students to learn terminology in the field of civil works.

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UNIVERSIDAD MEXIQUENSE DEL
BICENTENARIO
VOCABULARY
STUDENT: CORONA SALINAS MARTIN
AARON

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Defines the water distribution
system as “including all water
utility components for the
distribution of finished or
potable water.
INTRODUCTION TO WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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Means of gravity
storage feed
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Pumps though
distribution
pumping networks

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Means of gravity
storage feed
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
The gravity fed water system is used to pull
the water from springs, streams, creeks, rain
barrels, and rivers upstream or uphill from the
water source.

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WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Pumps though distribution
pumping networks
Pumping stations in a water distribution system are
necessary where water is pumped directly into the system
or where pressure has to be increased because there is an
insufficient difference in water levels in gravity flow
distribution systems.

6. A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist
the lateral loads applied to the beams axis. The structural
member which resists the forces laterally or transversely applied
to the (beam) axis is called a beam.
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WHAT IS BEAM?

7. In it, the loads are acting transversely to the longitudinal axis,
which produces the shear forces and bending moment. The
lateral load acting on beams are the main cause bending of the
beam.
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WHAT IS BEAM?

8. • Resist loads
• Counter bending moment
and shear forces.
• Connect the structure
together.
• Provide a uniform
distribution of loads.
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Purpose of beams

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CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS
1: SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAMS:
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2: CONTINUOUS BEAMS:
3: FIXED BEAMS: 4: CANTILEVER BEAMS:

10. A simply supported beam is supported at both ends. These
beams are mostly used in general construction.
• Supported freely to rotate at the two ends on walls or
columns.
• Have no moment resistant at support.
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1: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS:

11. Two or more than two supports are used between these beams and these
beams are similar to the simply supported beams.
• Supported on two or more vertical supports.
• It is considered as a more economical beam as compared to others.
• The beam over which both sides have an overhanging called double
overhanging beam.
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2: CONTINUOUS BEAMS:

12. A beam that is fixed at both ends is called a fixed beam. Fixed
beams are not allowed the vertical movement or rotation of the
beam.
• Both ends of the beam rigidly fixed with supports.
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3: FIXED BEAMS:

13. Cantilever beams are special types of beams that are
constrained by only one support, as seen in the above example.
These members would naturally deflect more as they are only
supported at one end.
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4: CANTILEVER BEAMS:

14. The point load is defined as a load applied on a single location of
the whole span length.
• It is also called a concentrated load.
• Act over a small distance.
• The load is denoted by P and the arrow shows the load
direction.
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1: POINT LOAD OR CONCENTRATED LOAD

15. This load is divided into two main loads such as, UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOAD (UDL). The loading magnitude remains the
same to the whole span called uniformly distributed load.
• It is denoted by q or w.
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2: DISTRIBUTED LOAD:

16. Reinforced Concrete is the common term
given to a concrete member (or slab) that
contains steel reinforcement (usually in the
form of steel bars) to increase the strength of
the structure. The material that results from
the combination of concrete and reinforcing
bars is called Reinforced Concrete (RC).
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WHAT IS REINFORCED CONCRETE?

17. A mixture of water, sand, stone,
and a binder (Usually portland
cement) which hardens to a
stonelike mass. There are four
types of portland cement:
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WHAT IS CONCRETE?

18. Type I: Normal portland cement: This is a
general-purpose cement used whenever
sulfate hazards are absent and when the heat
of hydration will not produce objectionable
rises in temperature. Typical uses are
sidewalks, pavement, beams, columns and
culverts.
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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

19. Type II: Modified portland cement (Sulfate-
resistant Portland cement): This type of
cement is applicable when exposure to
severe sulfate concentration is expected,
generally used in hot weather in the
construction of large concrete structures.
Its heat rate and total heat generation are
lower than for normal portland cement.
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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

20. Type III: High-early strength portland
cement: This type develops its strength
quickly. It is suitable for use when the
structure must be put into early use or when
long-term protection against cold
temperatures is not feasible. Its shrinkage
rate, however, is higher than for types I and
II, and extensive cracking may result.
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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

21. Type IV: Low-heat portland cement:
For extensive concrete structures,
such as gravity dams, low-heat cement
is required to minimize the curing heat.
The ultimate strength also develops
more slowly than for the other types.
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TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

22. The process of supporting the. existing structure for renewing or
repairing the lower Walls or foundations.
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UNDERPINNING :

23. A partition or load-bearing wall
carries the load of the
structure above it. As a result,
they cannot be removed
without compromising the
integrity of the structure.
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LOAD-BEARING WALL :

24. A particulate material which is
made up of sand or crushed
stone. Aggregates are used in
materials such as concrete and
are a fundamental part of
building foundations.
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AGGREGATE

25. Cant (Architecture): Or canted, is an oblique or angled line of a
surface. Think of it as chamfering the edges of a building's plan. This
design was heavily used in Baroque architecture to create a
continuous feel to the composition.
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CANT

26. One of the few construction elements that
is used in the vast majority of all
structures, a concrete slab is the thick
(average of 10-40 cm) horizontal concrete
platform which is created to construct the
floor or ceiling. There are several slab
designs (corrugated, ribbed, waffle, one-
way) and each one corresponds to the
design or endurance required.
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CONCRETE SLAB:

27. While creating railways and canals, construction workers would
create cut slopes (like a mini valley) to install the railways. The soil
that’s been moved, the fills, would subsequently create adjacent
embankments, minimizing the labor. The approach is now frequently
used on construction sites of any size.
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CUT AND FILL:

28. Mostly used for large arch structures and bridges, falsework is a
temporary structure constructed to support and hold the span during
construction or repairs.
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FALSEWORK:

29. Formwork is falsework’s best friend. It is the construction of a
temporary structure into which concrete is poured for it to be settled
and set in the desired form.
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FORMWORK:

30. Joints are inserted between two distinct materials in a structure
which do not have any physical connection to one another but are
either aligned next to each other or overlap.
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JOINT (BUILDING):

31. One of the most commonly used forms of concrete, precast concrete
is concrete elements are created off-site to be transferred or lifted to
the site later on. Designs could range from blocks to panels, and
create solid but maneuverable elements.
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PRECAST CONCRETE:

32. You’ve probably seen shiplaps everywhere, but may have referred to
them as wood panels. Shiplaps are a type of inexpensive wooden
board or panels fixed onto the sides of barns, sheds, and homes.
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SHIPLAP:

33. In general terms, superstructure simply
means a structure built on top of
another structure. Typically, this term is
used to describe any part of a building
that is above ground, with the parts of
the building below ground conversely
referred to as the substructure.
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SUPERSTRUCTURE:

34. A natural or artificial mixture in which bitumen is associated with inert
mineral matter.
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ASPHALT:

35. An artificial horizontal ledge in an earth bank or cutting to ensure the
stability of a steep side slopes of roadbed (Shoulder). Also berms are
built to hold water on land that is to be flood irrigated.
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BERM:

36. Occurs during compaction, water can flow out of concrete, lie on its
surface, and thus encourage good curing for the first few hours
during hot weather.
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BLEEDING :

37. A single or multiple span structure,
including supports, erected over a
depression or an obstruction such
as water, a highway or railway and
having a track or passageway for
carrying traffic.
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BRIDGE:

38. Artificial increase of the dry density of a granular soil by mechanical
means such as rolling the surface layers, or driving sand piles for
deep compaction, vibroflotation, or impact methods.
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COMPACTION:

39. Any open channel, pipe, etc., for
flowing fluid. A pipe or tube in
which smaller pipes, tubes, or
electrical conductors are inserted
or are to be inserted.
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CONDUIT:

40. The highest point of a curved road surface, commonly at or near the
center. The level of crown is called road surface level.
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CROWN:

41. A covered channel up to about 12 feet in width or a large pipe for
carrying a watercourse below ground level, usually under a road or
railway.
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CULVERT:

42. An asphaltic pavement structure having sufficiently low bending
resistance to maintain intimate contact with the underlying structure,
yet having the required stability furnished by aggregate interlock,
internal friction between particles and cohesion to support traffic.
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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:

43. The moisture content at the point between the liquid and the plastic
states of a clay.
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LIQUID LIMIT:

44. A layer of weak and non-durable cement concrete caused by bleeding
as a result of excessive vibration of concrete or over trowelling the
mortar. It is weaker than the rest of the concrete and should be cut
away and covered with a pure cement wash before laying more
concrete on it.
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LAITANCE:

45. A wide column or a wall of masonry, plain or reinforced concrete for
carrying heavy loads, such as a support for a bridge.
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PIER:

46. The water content at the lower limit of the plastic state of a clay. It is
the minimum water content at which a soil can be rolled into a thread
of 1/8 inch diameter without crumbling.
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PLASTIC LIMIT:

47. A piece of timber whose cross- sectional dimensions exceeds 5 cm
but do not exceed 20 cm in both directions.
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SCANTLING:

48. Modification of soils or aggregates by incorporating materials that
will increase load bearing capacity, firmness and resistance to
weathering or displacement. Common methods are mixing the soil
with cement or waste oil or imported soil, also compaction or merely
covering with a primer.
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SOIL STABILIZATION:

49. A tool which vibrates at a speed form 3,000 to 10,000 rpm and is
inserted into wet concrete or applied to the formwork to compact the
concrete. Concrete vibrators are of six types.
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VIBRATOR:

50. A concrete support wall constructed at both ends of a bridge or an
arch, in order to resist the horizontal force from the bridge or the
arch, support the ends of the bridge span and to prevent the bank
from sliding under.
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ABUTMENT:

51. The slope of a wall of buttress built at an inclination to the vertical
plane.
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BATTER: